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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
МОСКОВСКИЙ АВИАЦИОННЫЙ ИНСТИТУТ. МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИСтр 1 из 10Следующая ⇒
МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ ___ МОСКОВСКИЙ АВИАЦИОННЫЙ ИНСТИТУТ (национальный исследовательский университет) И.Э. КОРОТАЕВА, Л.А. РОГОЖИНА, Н.И. ХРИСТОФОРОВА, О.В. ЧУКСИНА
AVIATION ENGLISH: AIR TRANSPORT AND OPERATION STRUCTURE Авиационный английский: Воздушный транспорт и инфраструктура Допущено Учебно-методическим объединением высших учебных заведений Российской Федерации по образованию в области авиации, ракетостроения и космоса в качестве учебного пособия для студентов высших учебных заведений РФ, обучающихся по специальностям высшего образования 24.05.07 «Самолёте- и вертолётостроение», 24.05.01 «Проектирование, производство и эксплуатация ракет и ракетно-космических комплексов», 24.05.02 «Проектирование авиационных и ракетных двигателей», 24.05.06 «Системы управления летательными аппаратами», 24.05.05 «Интегрированные системы летательных аппаратов», 24.05.03 «Испытание летательных аппаратов», 27.05.01 «Специальные организационно- технические системы» и направлениям подготовки бакалавров 24.03.04 «Авиастроение», 24.03.01 «Ракетные комплексы и космонавтика», 24.03.05 «Двигатели летательных аппаратов», 24.03.02 «Системы управления движением и навигация», 24.03.03 «Баллистика и гидроаэродинамика», 27.03.03 «Системный анализ и управление»
Москва Издательство МАИ 2015
Тем. план 2015 ББК 81.2 Англ я 73 К 68 Рецензенты: кафедра русского, иностранных языков и литературы МИСиС; доктор филологических наук, профессор В.В.Ощепкова Коротаева И.Э., Рогожина Л.А., Христофорова Н.И., Чуксина О.В. Aviation English : Air transport and operation structure / Авиационный английский: Воздушный транспорт и инфраструктура: Учебное пособие по английскому языку. – М.: Изд-во МАИ, 2015. – 88 с.
Коротаева Ирина Эдуардовна Рогожина Лада Александровна Христофорова Наталья Игоревна Чуксина Оксана Владимировна Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов 1-го курса 2-го семестра всех факультетов авиационных вузов и является логическим продолжением учебного пособия «Learn about aviation and space flight in English». Представленные в пособии тексты и упражнения посвящены работе воздушного транспорта и инфраструктуре, связанной с эксплуатацией летательных аппаратов. Цель пособия – развитие у студентов межкультурной коммуникативной профессионально-ориентированной компетенции. Пособие направлено на подготовку студентов к самостоятельному чтению, пониманию и обсуждению технической литературы авиационной тематики на английском языке. Учебное пособие составлено в рамках разработанного на кафедре УМК по дисциплине «Иностранный язык». Пособие соответствует программе по дисциплине для подготовки бакалавров и специалистов в неязыковых вузах и выполнено с учетом основных положений монографии «Общеевропейские компетенции владения иностранным языком: Изучение, обучение, оценка».
Aviation English: Air transport and operation structure Авиационный английский: Воздушный транспорт и инфраструктура
© Московский авиационный институт (национальный исследовательский университет), 2015
CONTENTS Предисловие………………………………………………………p.4
Appendix 1. Supplementary reading …………………………………….…p.68 ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ Настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для студентов 1-го курса авиационных вузов и является логическим продолжением учебного пособия «Learn about aviation and space flight in English». Цель учебного пособия – подготовить студентов к самостоятельному чтению и обсуждению технической литературы авиационной тематики на английском языке, что будет способствовать развитию у них межкультурной коммуникативной профессионально-ориентированной компетенции. Пособие представляет собой сборник текстов и упражнений к ним и состоит из десяти разделов: 1. Полет на современном авиалайнере. 2. Авиакомпания «Боинг». В каждом разделе содержится несколько неадаптированные научно-популярные тексты на различные темы, связанные с работой воздушного транспорта и инфраструктурой для эксплуатации летательных аппаратов. Упражнения направлены на развитие различных видов речевой деятельности (перевод, чтение, говорение, письмо). Данное пособие содержит лексические упражнения и упражнения на проверку понимания текста. В приложении представлены дополнительные тексты для чтения и перевода, которые могут быть использованы для самостоятельной работы студентов. Exercises 1. Answer the following questions. 1) Who does the flight deck crew consist of? 2) What do the abbreviations INS, DME, ILS stand for? 3) What does the safety in flight depend on? 4) How did jet transports alter patterns of consumption? 5) How did progress in engine design change aircraft? 6) Does a further leap in aircraft size might make economic sense? 7) Why did the events of 11 September 2001 lead to a temporary downturn in aviation business?
2 . Give the Russian equivalents for the following expressions: (1) navigational equipment, (2) a long-haul flight, (3) more fuel efficient, (4) increased operating range, (5) transatlantic flight, (6) progress in avionics and navigation systems, (7) digital fly-by-wire controls, (8) to supervise the work of the autopilot and other onboard computers, (9) provide weather forecasting, (10) a major contribution to safety and comfort, (11) to plot the aircraft’s movements, (12) to provide waypoint markers along airways, (13) the display of data on altitude, airspeed, position and other essential, (14) a high degree of accuracy, (15) a flight deck crew.
3. Rearrange the words to make sentences. 1. The/ uses /composite/ and/ design/ advanced/ reduces/ materials/ noise. 2. The/ of/ and /stronger/ safer/ future/ be/ airplane/ the/ will/ smarter. 3. With/ flight/ flying /may/ as/ driving/ someday/ new/ controls / be /easy/ as. 4. The/ efficiency/ advanced /of/ the /787/ increase/ operation/ features/ simplify. 5. All/ planes/ on/ environment/ less/ electric/ have/ impact/ will/ negative/ our. 6. Companies/ produce/ from /will /fiberglass/ parts/ lightweight. 7. Structural/ and/ are/ concepts/ rapidly/ evolving/ materials/ design.
4. Match the sentence halves.
5. Complete the text with the words from the box.
Filling the demands of passengers has always been a challenge for (1). The general airline (2) wants to save money, airliners use various methods to provide cheaper alternatives to their competition so long as (3) is not compromised. Other airlines attempt to save money by fitting more passengers into the same aircraft, bringing down the cost per head. A major convenience for passengers lies with conducting (4) in a single leg, the use of aircraft such as the 777LR or ER, and the airbus A340-500 removes the necessity of stopping for (5). All passengers want comfort, some are willing to pay extra for those (6) hence our use of first class and so on. But regardless of the class of seat passengers deserve to receive a level of comfort such as an (7) service, food, or entertainment. There is many aircraft providing general items of comfort to passenger ranging from larger (8) to holistic solutions to lighting, (9) reduction and airsickness abatement, air filtration and many other items, in order to make the passengers feel comfortable on the aircraft. 7. Translate the following sentences into English. Какими будут самолеты будущего? НАСА попросило главных авиаинженеров мира решить самую трудную проблему гражданской авиации: как сделать авиаперелеты чище, тише и дешевле. Современные пассажирские самолеты потребляют довольно много топлива, например Boeing 747 берет до 10 литров топлива на каждый километр полета, и в связи с постоянной тенденцией роста цен на топливо соответственно растет цена на авиабилеты. Благодаря использованию легких материалов и особенностям конструкции крыльев отношение подъемной силы к лобовому сопротивлению будет на 16 процентов выше, что позволит этим самолетам летать на большие расстояния и потреблять меньше топлива. 8. Tell about the future of aircraft. Mind the use of Gerund.
Exercises 1. Answer the following questions. Begin your answers with such introductory phrases as: as far as I know; as far as I remember; to my mind; certainly; it's hard to tell; probably; of course; if I am not mistaken etc. 1) What is the British Airways famous for? 2) What information does British Airways provide on its site? 3) What fleet does the British Airways maintain? 4) Where is the British Airways' main base? 5) What are the advantages of buying tickets online? 6) What should you do before going through security? 7) What engineering services does the British Airways offer? 2 . Find in the texts the English equivalents for the following expressions: (1) good quality customer service, (2) taking off or landing safely, (3) an enormous fleet capable of circling the globe, (4) the flagship of the British Airways fleet, (5) go through security, (6) a domestic flight, (7) a wide range of technical and support services, (8) the flight attendant, (9) boarding a plane, (10) luggage limitation, (11) increased security, (12) the boarding pass. 3. Rearrange the words to make sentences. 1. British/ based/ the/ United/ is/ largest/ the/ Airways/ airline/ in/ Kingdom 2. BA /of /The/ operate/ from/5 /majority/ services/ Terminal 3. Airways/ over/ British/ destinations/ serves/ six /domestic/ 160 /including 4. The/introduced/ fleet/ airline/737/ the /Boeing / the/ and/ Boeing/ into/757/ the/ 1980s/ in 5. The /fleet/ branch/ own/ to/ company/ maintain/ its/ has/ its/ engineering/ aircraft 6.World /class/ long-haul/ offered/ Traveller/ the /is/ economy/ on/ international/ to/ destinations/ flights/ Europe/ outside 7. It/ complimentary/ drinks/ offers/ and/ entertainment/ seat-back/ and/ several/ meal. 4. Match the sentence halves.
5. Complete the text with the words from the box
Over the years, airlines have made flying a little more bearable with the offering of (1) entertainment. The addition of personal (2) for every passenger has meant you can select your own entertainment and are no long subjected the two or three family friendly in-flight movies. However, these screens are often switched off during (3) and (4), which means we're left to entertain ourselves during those periods. However, it looks like those (5) British Airways don't have to worry about that anymore. Travel Daily Media reports that, following approval from the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), (6) will be able to interact with their screens as soon as they (7) and continue to watch until the plane taxis at their (8). "We know how much our customers enjoy our carefully selected in-flight entertainment so we’re delighted that now they’ll be able to pack even more of the programmes and films into their (9) flights," Frank van der Post, director of brands and customer experience at BA, told Travel Daily Media. 6. Translate the following sentences into English: Британские авиалинии – крупнейший европейский перевозчик, который занимает третье место в Европе по объёмом продаж после Air France 7. Read the review from the Internet forum about British Airways and tell about the seating policy of the BA. Express your attitude to the facts given in the review.
"London to Barcelona and vv. Using A320’s there and an A319 back." British Airways customer review Review Both flights were excellent. Terminal Five at Heathrow is the best. The flights to and from Barcelona were on time and superbly operated. My only regret is the British Airways seating policy whereby one has to pay extra for seat selection in advance. I checked in on-line for my BA flight 24 hours in advance and even then had to sit separately from the friend who was travelling with me. No chance to do an on-line check on the way back- No facilities at the hotel I was staying at, but the airport staff were very helpful and I got a good seat just where I like to sit.
Unit 4 Airbus
Airbus is one of the two largest global manufacturers of heavy commercial aircraft. The Airbus consortium of European aircraft manufacturers is a successful example of regional and global economic cooperation in the production of a highly valuable, strategically significant, and high-technology product. Airbus, headquartered in Toulouse, France, is owned by two leading European aerospace companies. One is the European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company (EADS), born of the merger between Airbus consortium partner companies Aerospatiale-Matra of France, Daimler Chrysler Aerospace of Germany, and CASA of Spain; the other is BAE Systems of the United Kingdom. In June, 2000, EADS and BAE Systems announced the creation of Airbus Integrated Company, intended to consolidate Airbus Industrie resources and practical knowledge in existing locations around Europe into a single entity. As a result, all Airbus-related design, engineering, and manufacturing assets located in France, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom became part of a new Airbus company under the day-to-day control of a single management team. As of 2001, the company employed some forty thousand people throughout Europe. The consortium members are both industrial participants and shareholders. Their role is to carry out most aircraft design and all manufacturing under Airbus’s management. Each partner company operates under the laws of the country in which it is incorporated. The partners are responsible for their own financing of the research, development, and production phases of the aircraft programs. Airbus Industrie’s production system is flexible and appears to be quite effective and efficient, as evidenced by the fact that approximately 96 percent of all aircraft work is performed in plants operated by the partner companies. Fully equipped sections of Airbus Industrie aircraft are produced in factories throughout Europe and transported to Toulouse, France, or Hamburg, Germany, for the final assembly. The production network is set up in an innovative way that uses the specialized skills of each partner and associate. Airbus Industrie has more than 1,500 suppliers in twenty-seven countries and cooperative agreements with aerospace industries in nineteen countries. More than 35 percent of the components for the company’s aircraft are supplied by over five hundred United States companies. Numerous suppliers are also located in the Asia-Pacific region, such as Singapore Technologies Aerospace, which produces wing ribs and passenger doors for the A320, A321, A319, and A318 and engine mounts and thrust reverser doors for the A340 and A330; and the Indian company Hindustan Aeronautics, which also builds A320 passenger doors. One of the keys to Airbus’s sales success has been the flight operational commonality that exists among all the company’s fly-by-wire, or fully automated and computerized, aircraft. The Airbus philosophy has been to develop families of fly-by-wire controlled aircraft with similar cockpits and flight handling characteristics and common systems and hardware. As a result, pilots trained to fly any Airbus fly-by-wire aircraft feel equally at home in any of the single-aisle models in the A320 family, such as the A318, A319, A320 and A321, and the wide-body A330 and A340 models. This commonality may result in millions of dollars of savings for airlines. It reduces training costs, increases crew productivity, and provides pilots with the flexibility of flying a wide range of routes, from short-haul to ultra-long-haul. Airbus Industrie was created on May 29, 1970, and was formed as a public interest group on December 18, 1970. The company was formed under French law, in the absence of a functional legal framework accepted throughout the European Union, then known as the European Economic Community. The public interest group is a form of business organization that permits participating firms to integrate their activities in certain domains while preserving their individual identities. The French public-interest law was used as an appropriate legal framework for the company as it was beneficial to Airbus Industrie’s goals in establishing itself in the market and managing its risk, at least initially. Originally, two partners, Aerospatiale and Deutsche Airbus, had equal ownership of the company. Each partner assumed equal unlimited liability relative to the project. Because the company was a public interest group, new members could be admitted with the consent of both partners. To provide oversight of the entire project, an organizational structure was formed in December, 1970. This department dealt directly with third parties to sell aircraft and provide pilot and crew training. There were two representatives from each industrial partner in the assembly of members. A supervisory council was organized to administer the assembly. This structure was intended to act as a true multinational collaboration. Airbus is an outstanding example of successful multinational cooperation in the large commercial aircraft sector of the aerospace industry. Airbus was developed with the support and cooperation of the governments of the European Union member states with companies in the consortium (France, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom).
Exercises 1. You should check the pronunciation of key words. Transcribe the words and word combinations: Сonsortium, European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company (EADS), merger, shareholder, equipped, associate, fly-by-wire, functional legal framework, short-haul, ultra long-haul, beneficial, goal, ownership, equal unlimited liability, supervisory council, multinational collaboration
2. Match the words from the texts (1-10) with the definitions (A-J):
3. Find in the texts the English equivalents for the following expressions: (1) всемирное экономическое сотрудничество, (2) высокотехнологичная продукция, (3) ведущие аэрокосмические компании, (4) повседневный контроль, (5) участники и акционеры, (6) работать в соответствии с законами страны, (7) приблизительно 96 процентов, (8) многочисленные поставщики, (9) монтажные опоры двигателя, (10) реверсор тяги, (11) инструментальный, относящийся к полёту по приборам, (12) небольшое расстояние, (13) длинное расстояние, (14) характеристика управляемости, (15) соглашение/ договор о кооперации (договор между несколькими независимыми лицами о кооперации в какой-л. области), (16) правовая система (государства, общества), (17) группа людей, объединенная общими интересами, (18) Европейское экономическое сообщество (ЕЭС), (19) неограниченная ответственность (акционера) 4. Complete the sentences with the words from the box .
1) Since its inception, Airbus has played a pioneering role in the international air transport industry’s … . This trend will continue over the coming decades, as Airbus leverages innovative solutions to further improve the economic efficiency and environmental performance of commercial … . 2) Airbus’ highly successful jetliner product line ranges in size from the 107-seat single-aisle A318 to the … A380 widebody, which is the world’s largest commercial aircraft in service today. 3) The A320 single-aisle jetliner family is used in a full range of … from very short-haul airline routes to … segments, on operations from challenging in-city airports to high-altitude airfields and an Antarctic ice runway, and on VVIP and government missions with the most discerning passengers. 4) With the A380, the sky is yours. Designed for 21st century growth, it offers 40 per cent more capacity and the lowest seat mile costs in its class. The A380 has been winning over business and leisure … alike since its service introduction in 2007, providing levels of comfort and reliability that have led travelers to specifically request flights on Airbus’ 21st century flagship – which is in operation with carriers around the globe. 5) The double-deck A380 is the world’s largest commercial aircraft flying today, with … to carry 525 passengers in a comfortable three-class configuration, and up to 853 in a single-class configuration that provides wider seats than its competitor. Overall, the A380’s two … offer 50 per cent more floor surface than any other high-capacity aircraft. 6) The A320 Family offers all of the benefits from Airbus’ … in innovation and technology, which result in increased revenue opportunities. These aircraft were the first commercial jetliners to incorporate … flight controls. In addition, their optimised fuselage improves passenger revenue with the widest cabin in the single-aisle marketplace, and increased cargo revenue due to the larger cargo holds and integrated on-board loading systems. 7) On most … flights, Premium Voyageur passengers now have a new food service throughout the entire flight. 8) Some routes are operated with Air France … , on a franchise basis or a code-share basis. 9) ‘Code-sharing’ means the agreement between two or more airlines to list certain … in a reservation system under each other's names. 10) … flights operate from Heathrow and Gatwick. 11) The new aircraft was developed by a European … .
5. Airbus jetliners have become the aircraft of choice for operators worldwide – from low-cost carriers to full-service airlines flying many of the longest routes around the globe. Choose one of Airbus’ Families and give a 5-minute presentation. Prove the advantages of this aircraft family.
6. Explain the slogans of Airbus’ Families. Translate them into Russian: A320 Family: The best keeps getting better A330 Family: The right aircraft, right now A340 Family: Versatility on long-range and ultra-long-range flights A350 XWB: Shaping efficiency A380: The sky is yours Unit 5 Exercises 1. Answer the following questions. Begin your answers with such introductory phrases as: as far as I know; as far as I remember; to my mind; certainly; it's hard to tell; probably; of course; if I am not mistaken etc. 1) What advantages might a supersonic aircraft have compared with transonic and subsonic ones? 2) What do Mach numbers refer to? 3) What kind of ways did engineers find out for aircraft to endure the extremely high temperatures generated by friction on the craft’s outer surface? 4) What is the impact of shock waves on the controls at supersonic speeds? 5) What are the implications of using such heat-resistant metals as titanium to cover the exteriors of most subsonic aircraft for the commercial aircraft industry? 6) Why do supersonic and hypersonic aircraft create shock waves? 7) What are the advantages and disadvantages of supersonic and hypersonic aircraft from an environmental and safety standpoint?
2. Transcribe the words: Occur; circumstance(s); outer; hypersonic; sudden; approach; Mach number; unwittingly; ratio; hypersonic; supersonic; subsonic 3. Match the words from the texts (1-10) with the definitions (A-J):
4. Find in the texts the English equivalents for the following expressions: (1) в подобных обстоятельствах, (2) иметь далеко идущие последствия, (3) нарушения биоритмов в связи с перелётом через несколько часовых поясов, (4) на сверхзвуковых скоростях, (5) преодолеть эффект ударной волны, а также сверхвысоких температур (как…, так и…), (6) несгораемый, (7) соотношение скорости самолёта и скорости распространения звука, (8) катапультироваться, (9) вредное влияние звукового удара, (10) резкие колебания давления
5. Complete the text with the words from the box. The words may be chosen more than once.
1. Mach numbers refer to … of an aircraft’s speed to the speed of sound at the altitude of the vehicle. Speeds from Mach 1 to Mach 5 are designated …; speeds above Mach 5 are …. When a plane travels at exactly the speed of sound, its speed is described as …. Speeds below the speed of sound are considered …. 2. U.S. Air Force test pilot Chuck Yeager first achieved … speeds in the Bell X-1 rocket plane in 1947. 3. Numerous pilots unwittingly achieved such speeds during …. Under such …, they could not control their vehicles, because shock waves … around the controls, locking them in place and rendering them useless. Some pilots ejected under such circumstances; others died when their planes plowed into the earth at … speeds. 6. Explain it in a different way. To have broad implications; to cope with; to withstand; effects of jet lag; sonic boom; sonic boom; create 7. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Числом Маха или числом М называется соотношение скорости самолёта и скорости распространения звука. 2. Кроме основного значения “подход” это слово в английском языке имеет значение заход самолёта на посадку. 3. В связи с тем что звуковые удары являются разрушительными и беспокоят людей, многие маршруты сверхзвуковых самолётов проложены над океанами. 4. Сверхзвуковые самолёты Concorde позволили одновременно сократить время полёта и отрицательное влияние нарушения биоритмов в связи с перелётом через несколько часовых поясов. 5. На сверхзвуковых скоростях ударные волны блокировали и выводили из строя приборы управления, в таких обстоятельствах пилоты не могли управлять самолётами и вынуждены были катапультироваться. 6. Многие пилоты непреднамеренно достигали сверхзвуковых скоростей, когда пикировали. 7. Для обшивки корпуса сверхзвуковых самолётов используются такие термостойкие металлы, как титан. Они выдерживают сверхвысокие температуры, возникающие в результате трения внешней поверхности самолёта при высоких скоростях.
8 . a) The following directives relate to modifications to made Concorde safe for the skies. The message was issued by the design team to the Airline’s and Concorde’s manufacturers and specialist contractors . You are attending a weekly Health and Safety meeting. The senior safety officer of your plant is chairing the meeting and explaining hazards and suitable safety precautions that should be taken. On the first verification the potential problems the liners could have caused with fuel cooling, heat distribution in the fuel, fuel flow between tanks, fuel flow into the engines and the aircraft's centre of gravity, were not seen. On subsequent tests the results were confirmed paving the way for other aircraft in both the BA and Air France fleets to go though the multi-million pound modification programme: · It was decided that the main cause of the accident was the ignition of the kerosene flowing from a massive rupture in a fuel tank caused by debris hitting the underside of the tank. After researching the possibilities for shielding the tanks the best source of protection was found to be lining the insides of certain tanks with kevlar-rubber panels. The Kevlar-rubber panels have been designed to match the density of the fuel. The installation of these panels would displace some fuel, thus reducing very slightly the overall range of the aircraft, but should not significantly alter the centre of gravity and balance calculations. · The fitment of Kevlar lining to key fuel tanks - this will reduce the flow of fuel from any leak which may occur, which together with the removal of electrical ignition sources will make sustained fire impossible. · The use of the new aircraft tire technology on all eight main wheels - these tyres are designed to be more resilient to damage by foreign objects and only in extreme cases can smaller, lighter tread pieces be released, giving a much lower level of energy on impact than that which occurred at Gonesse. · · The water deflector retention cable must be removed and there is a slight reprofiling of the deflector to accommodate the new tyre. · The antiskid protocols are changed. This is necessary because of the tyre change. (The anti-skid system is common to most airliners. If an aircraft is about to skid it automatically releases the brakes, for a short time, to prevent a skid developing.) · The flat tyre detection and warning system must be working on departure. · The electrical power to the brake cooling fans is switched off before take off and landing.
b) Make notes of the potential problems andthe advantages of the modifications. Complete the chart below. In pairs, discuss the main precautions you think should be taken by Concorde’s manufacturers with regard to the existing hazards.
c) Mind the use of highlighted language in the text. d) You are engineers of the design team. Evaluate the project and discuss the advantages of the modifications above. Use the following expressions:
e) Student A is a safety officer. Student B is an engineering manager. In pairs, discuss suitable safety precautions and engineering works that should be carried out at several plants to made Concorde safe for the skies . Swap roles and practices again. Use the words and expressions in the box.
Exercises 1. Answer the following questions. Begin your answers with such introductory phrases as: as far as I know; as far as I remember; to my mind; certainly; it's hard to tell; probably; of course; if I am not mistaken etc. 1) What purposes was Morse code radio equipment used for in time of World War I? 2) Why had aviation radios become widespread in all but the smallest airplanes? 3) What are the advantages of aviation radio appliances? 4) What are the features that distinguish aviation from other transportation forms? 5) What is meant by "long haul"? 6) Why do pilots spend more time assessing aircraft status than searching out nearby planes during the long-haul portion of a flight? 7) Where must flight clearance be received? 2. You should check the pronunciation of key words. Transcribe the words: Appliance; equipment; fledgling; reliable; distinguish; feature(s); clearance 3. Find in the texts the English equivalents for the following expressions: (1) приобрести широкое распространение (2) несмотря на, (3) для военных целей, (4) при взлёте и посадке, (5) дальние перевозки, (6) разрешение на полёт, (7) в противоположном направлении, (8) поблизости от, (9) надёжный, (10) Правила полёта по приборам, (11) авиадиспетчерская служба, (12) иметь важнейшее значение, (13) Федеральное управление гражданской авиации (США), (14) наземный центр управления
5. Match the words from the texts (1-10) with the definitions (A-J):
6. Complete the text with the words from the box.
As World War I progressed, airships and specially equipped airplanes carried Morse code radio equipment for … . Early pilots considered radios an unwelcome intrusion in the …, and some pilots refused to use them. … these protests, aviation communications provided undeniable benefits to safe and efficient operation, so the system expanded. Following World War II, this truly useful … had become … in all but the smallest airplanes, as airspace around major cities became congested. Air traffic control (ATC) uses technology and trained staff to assure safe movement of aircraft in airspace and at airports. ATC continually monitors every instrument flight rules (IFR) flight from … to … , as well as visual flight rules (VFR) flights upon pilot request and controller availability, enabling …, efficient transportation of people and goods by airlines. Air transportation is essential to modern life, and it requires that passengers feel safe during air travel. The features of aviation that … it from other transportation forms are its high speed and vertical operation.
7. Translate the following sentences into English: 1. Во время первой мировой войны кабины самолётов были оснащены радиоаппаратурой, использовавшей азбуку Морзе для военных целей. 2. Несмотря на протесты первых пилотов, считавших радиоаппаратуру нежелательным инородным элементом в кабине пилота, эти устройства приобрели широкое распространение. 3. Авиаперевозки имеют важнейшее значение в современной жизни, а авиадиспетчерская служба использует технологии и подготовленный персонал для обеспечения безопасности в воздушном пространстве и аэропортах. 4. Авиадиспетчерская служба постоянно контролирует каждое правило инструментального полёта с момента взлёта до посадки, а также правила визуального полёта, что способствует безопасной транспортировке пассажиров и грузов. 5. Во время длительных полётов пилоты тратят больше времени на оценку состояния самолёта, чем на обнаружение находящихся поблизости самолётов, потому что столкновения между самолётами обычно происходят вблизи аэропортов, в то время как аварии, связанные с техническими неисправностями чаще случаются во время длительных полётов. 6. Каждый полёт должен быть согласован с Федеральным управлением гражданской авиации, разрешение на полёт выдаётся наземным центром управления или управлением заходом на посадку (если пилот находится в полёте).
8. FAA's new air traffic system hits turbulence а ) The Federal Aviation Administration's program is aimed at to replace the current air traffic control system with a system based on satellite technology. The software program is the main tool air traffic controllers will use to identify and track aircraft, except when planes are immediately approaching and departing airports. The software program is expected to increase the number of planes controllers can handle by nearly two-thirds. That system is used by controllers to track planes as they approach and depart airports October 05, 2011 Air News Times
b) Look at some of program's problems that have been made public and discuss them in pairs. Make notes of the potential problems andthe advantages of the modifications. In pairs, discuss the main precautions you think should be taken by software program ’s developers with regard to the existing hazards. Mind the use of highlighted language in the text: The FAA's program is being held back by software problems that have delayed full deployment of a critical flight tracking system. The agency also hasn't set deadlines for when key aspects of the new air traffic control system will be in place. Nor has FAA made clear to airlines and other air traffic system users exactly what benefits they can expect and when they'll be achieved. As a result, airlines and others are being discouraged from spending money on cockpit equipment necessary to take advantage of the new air traffic system. Many of the new system's benefits hinge on airlines equipping their planes with expensive new equipment to communicate with air traffic controllers and broadcast their location to other planes and controllers. The program's persistent problems, including glitches that incorrectly identify planes and interfere with the ability of controllers to pass along responsibility for tracking a plane from one control center to another, have raised concerns about the overall design of the system. c) Read the e-mail on the strategies for preventing and dealing with technical problems in aviation and discuss them. Mind the use of highlighted language in the text: The FAA has focused much of its initial NextGen efforts on improving the flow of air traffic at congested airports in 21 major metropolitan areas. The agency's NextGen modernization program will be as revolutionary for civil aviation as was the advent of radar six decades ago. It's actually a collection of new programs aimed at moving planes faster and more efficiently that will markedly change almost every major aspect of today's air traffic system. Those changes are considered critical to enabling the system to absorb substantial predicted increases in air traffic without becoming paralyzed by congestion. However, the agency has been slow in developing the flight procedures that will allow airlines to save fuel and time by flying shorter, more direct routes. The FAA did a study that identified ways to streamline the process for deploying new procedures, but agency officials estimate it would take five years just to put the streamlining initiatives in place. d) Student A is a safety officer. Student B is an engineering manager. In pairs, discuss suitable safety precautions and engineering works that should be carried out by software program ’s developers . Swap roles and practices again. Use the words and expressions in the box.
Exercises 1. Answer the following questions. 1) What is the goal of ICAO’s English language proficiency standard for aviation? 2) What is this standard addressed to? 3) What is the most important commodity in pilot-controller communications? 4) What was a pilot/controller glossary established for? 5) What does aviation communication rely on? 6) Why is standard phraseology essential? 7) How is the issue of letters and numbers spoken over aviation radios dealt?
2. You should check the pronunciation of key words. Transcribe the words: Implement; relevant; appropriate; circumstance(s); suggest; proficiency requirement; deficiency, sufficiently, deficiency, syntax, vocabulary, fluency, comprehension, ICAO scale, glossary, terminology, objectives, work domain; aviation circumstances, emergencies, distinguish, misheard
3. Find in the texts the English equivalents for the following expressions: (1) метод проб и ошибок, (2) самое важное в общении пилота и авиадиспетчера, (3) зависеть от, (4) устанавливать, (5) иметь особое значение, (6) соответствовать, (7) выполнять, (8) справляться с нестандартными и аварийными ситуациями, (9) имеющий отношение к, (10) международный проект, (11) квалификационные требования, (12) Международная организация гражданской авиации, ИКАО
4. Find in the texts the English equivalents for the following expressions: (1) enterprise, (2) airfield, (3) mischance, (4) message, (5) aim, (6) proficiency standard, (7) ability to understand, (8) mutual action, (9) the act of speaking, (10) a person, who directs the movement of airplanes, (11) handbook, (12) pilot’s ABC, (13) a collection of specialized terms with their meanings, (14) difficult to understand figures, (15) to hear wrongly. 5. Rearrange the words to make sentences 1. сommodity/ in pilot-controller/Understanding/communications/is/the most important 2. FAA of the United States/To establish a solid basis for understanding/ set up/a pilot/controller glossary 3. goal/ to implement/The ICAO’s/is/in the twenty-first century/an English language proficiency standard/for aviation 4. also/had to/The FAA/deal with/spoken over aviation radios/the issue of letters and numbers. 5. registers/using letters and numbers/its airplanes/ or letters alone/these tail numbers establish an/Each nation/airplane’s identity/in radio communication. 6. To/the communication/facilitate/one segment of the AIM/displays/wherein /a phonetic alphabet/individual letters/are pronounced/as specific and familiar words. 6. Translate the following sentences into English: 1. В конце Второй мировой войны ведущие предприятия различных стран осознали усиление интернационального характера авиации и учредили Международную организацию гражданской авиации. 2. Целью ИКАО является обеспечение выполнения стандартов в области квалификационных требований к знанию английского языка для целей авиации. ИКАО объявила английский язык стандартным языком общения в авиации; международное общение в авиации происходило и должно происходить на английском языке. 3. Стандарт профессионального владения состоит во владении навыками произношения, ударения и интонации, грамматикой и синтаксисом, лексикой, беглостью произнесения, понимания и взаимодействия. 4. Понимание – самое важное в общении пилота и диспетчера. Для того чтобы установить прочную основу понимания, в начале 70-х годов Федеральное управление гражданской авиации США учредило глоссарий «пилот - диспетчер». В этом глоссарии слова и фразы для использования во время полёта имеют специализированные значения. 5. ФАА надо было решить проблему передачи букв и цифр с помощью бортового радио. 7. Complete each sentence (1-10) with one of the endings (A-J).
8. Match the words from the texts (1-5) with their synonyms (A-E):
9. а ) Complete the text with the words from the box. Use the correct grammar forms
Hybrid Systems (Discrete Logic + Continuous Dynamics) Exercises
1. You should check the pronunciation of key words. Transcribe the words: Procedures, issuing, departure, en route, surveillance, jurisdiction, ceilings, routinely, visual
2. Find in the texts the English equivalents for the following expressions: (1) departure runways, (2) the en route segment of the flight, (3) descent instructions, (4) aircraft landing sequences, (5) to handle aircraft flow, (6) obtain a landing slot, (7) a defined airway corridor, (8) instrument flight rules, (9) visual flight rules, (10) a magnetic direction indicator
3. Rearrange the words to make sentences. 1. сommodity/ in pilot-controller/Understanding/communications/is/the most important 2. FAA of the United States/To establish a solid basis for understanding/ set up/a pilot/controller glossary 3. goal/ to implement/The ICAO’s/is/in the twenty-first century/an English language proficiency standard/for aviation 4. also/had to/The FAA/deal with/spoken over aviation radios/the issue of letters and numbers. 5. registers/using letters and numbers/its airplanes/ or letters alone/these tail numbers establish an/Each nation/airplane’s identity/in radio communication. 6. To/the communication/facilitate/one segment of the AIM/displays/wherein /a phonetic alphabet/individual letters/are pronounced/as specific and familiar words.
4. Match the words from the texts (1-5) with their synonyms (A-E):
5. Complete each sentence (1-10) with one of the endings (A-J.)
6. Answer the following questions. 1. What do ATC procedures include? 2. What do ATC controllers determine? 3. What are the minimum instruments needed for visual flight rules? 4. When are instrument flight rules used? 5. What does en route ATC include?
7. Translate the following sentences into English: Попробуем разобрать этапы этого полета на примере работы авиадиспетчеров. Eще на земле экипаж должен получить разрешение на этот полет от диспетчера аэродромного диспетчерского пункта.
Exercises 1. You should check the pronunciation of key words. Transcribe the words: Boarding, passenger, destination, schedule, departure, origination, determine, assign, arrive, initiate, adjust, customary, crew, finalize, revenue 2. Match the words from the texts (1-10) with the definitions (A-J):
3 . Find in the texts the English equivalents for the following expressions: (1) an established way of getting into an airplane, (2) a person who is traveling having a piece of paper that allows him to travel, (3) a list of an appointed moment for something to happen, begin, or end, (4) a traveler, whose flight begins with an airplane departure, (5) a traveler, who become joined to somebody else, (6) to allow too many people to buy tickets or to reserve seats, (7) a business representative in an area for departure , (8) a business representative in board of an airplane, (9) an apparatus including a microphone and loudspeakers used for broadcasting, (10) a customer, that gets priority, (11) concentration in a narrow space, (12) a notification about completed boarding, (13) records on setting out on a course, (14) to give seats, (15) travelers, who are held in reserve. 4. Complete the text with the words from the box.
Boarding procedures are (1) procedures that process passengers and allow them onto the correct aircraft for their destination. Boarding procedures ensure that only (2) passengers board the correct aircraft for their (3). Boarding procedures ensure on time departures by taking place within a scheduled time period. Operations departments determine whether the flight is on schedule, what (4) will be assigned for the departure, and the expected number of (5). Passengers are of three types: first, local passengers are those beginning their trip; second, (6) passengers are those arriving on other aircraft to continue their trip on the (7) flight; and third, (8) passengers are those arriving and continuing onto the flight’s destinations. If the flight is oversold, or overbooked, (9) procedures are initiated. 5. Answer the following questions. Begin your answers with such introductory phrases as: as far as I know; as far as I remember; to my mind; certainly; it's hard to tell; probably; of course; if I am not mistaken etc. 1) What are boarding procedures intended for? 2) What types of flight departures do you know? 3) What types of passengers do you know? 4) What are duties of gate agents? 5) What happens within the hour before aircraft departure? 6) Why does boarding happen from the rear rows to the front? 7) What happens after preboarding and while general boarding is conducted? 6. Translate the following sentences into English: 1. Посадка пассажиров происходит по расписанию. 2. Службы организации движения определяют, происходит ли полёт по расписанию, какой выход на посадку предназначен для вылета, а также ожидаемое количество пассажиров. 3. Пассажиры бывают трёх видов: во-первых, местные пассажиры – те, кто начинают поездку; во-вторых, пассажиры стыковочных рейсов – те, которые прибывают на другом самолёте, чтобы продолжить путешествие на вылетающем самолёте; и в-третьих, транзитные пассажиры - те, кто прибывают и продолжают полёт до места назначения. 4. Посадка управляется и координируется сообщениями, обычно передаваемыми системой публичного оповещения. 5. Почти каждая авиалиния делает объявление о прекращении посадки за двадцать минут до вылета.
Unit 10 Air shows
MAKS 2013 Eleventh International Aviation and Space Salon held from August 27 to September 1, 2013, has become the largest event in the history of aviation salons in Zhukovsky, Moscow region. MAKS 2013 participants demonstrated a record-breaking scale of commercial operations. During the aviation salon, the industry leaders made contracts, entered into memorandums of understanding and agreements for the supply of aircraft and aviation components for a total amount exceeding $21.2 bln, which is much more than in 2011. Most deals were struck by home aircraft manufacturers for the supply of civil aircraft. In particular, bookings for MS-21 were supplemented with 82 pieces, Sukhoi Superjet-100 – for 96 machines. The aggregate value of transactions exceeded $9 bln. Besides, arrangements of United Aircraft Corporation and Russian Ministry of Defence in the maintenance of aircraft airworthiness are valued at some $3 bln. Agreements of intent to purchase 100 Bombardier Q400 NextGen airplanes were entered into by two Russian leasing companies; transactions are valued at $3.4 bln. Leasing companies also considerably increased their bookings. VEB-Leasing and Ilyushin Finance Co. (IFC) signed contracts and memorandums of understanding with airlines for 32 MS-21, 6 SSJ-100 and 15 Tu-204SM airplanes (plus five airplanes as an option). Their total value exceeded $3.8 bln. IFC also signed a number of agreements for the supply of An-148 / -158, Bombardier CS300 and Bombardier Q400 NextGen airplanes. A continuous increase in the number of participants is the evidence of dynamic development of the home aviation industry and strengthening of international co-operation. “As you know, this year, a great number of companies exhibit; there are more than a thousand of them, including such global tycoons as Boeing, Airbus, Bombardier, Siemens and other key players. Russian aviation holdings also exhibit, which is definitely very important to us”, – underlined D.A. Medvedev in his speech. The salon of 2013 features broad global representation: 287 foreign exhibitors from 44 countries took part in the exhibition. Expositions covered the following area: indoor pavilions (net area) – 19,385 sq.m, open area – 7,352 sq.m, 97 chalets with a total area of 9,300 sq.m, static stand – more than 140,000 sq.m. Despite adverse weather conditions, Interdepartmental Supervisory Committee and Flight Directorate of Gromov Research Institute FSUE delivered a spectacular and eventful demo program of MAKS 2013. 256 aircraft including 49 foreign ones were displayed in the sky and at the static stand. Zhukovsky skyline featured 116 aircraft, including 60 airplanes and helicopters from 9 aerobatic teams. 176 aircraft were demonstrated at the static stand. Domestic novelties of the Salon included Il-76MD-90A heavy military transport aircraft, Sukhoi Superjet-100LR regional liner, Mi-171A2, Ka-62 helicopters with Turbomeca engines, Mi-28UB operational trainer. Airbus A380 world’s largest passenger airplane aroused much interest of the public. From among the events scheduled and included into the Business Program of MAKS 2013, 70 were held, including the International Aviation Congress held for the first time, scientific and technical and workshop conferences, workshops and round-table discussions (some with foreign companies as participants) as well as presentations of various projects and programs in aircraft engineering, history of aviation and social sciences. More than 4,500 specialists took part in the Business Program. The exhibition was covered by 3.5 th. journalists from more than 900 Russian and foreign mass media. The Salon of 2013 drew both aviation professionals and amateurs. Despite unfavorable weather conditions, the total amount of visitors exceeded 350 th. people this year. During the first three days, some 70 th. specialists visited the Salon.
Exercises 1. You should check the pronunciation of key words. Transcribe the words: Aviation salon, manufacturer, airworthiness, evidence, development, strengthening, exhibit, aerobatic, amateur, exhibition
2. Match the words from the texts (1-10) with the definitions (A-J):
3 . Find in the texts the English equivalents for the following expressions: (1) part, (2) total amount, (3) when an airplane is fit for flying , (4) an arrangement, contract, etc., by which people agree about what is to be done, (5) a top leader, (6) an event at which objects are put out in a public space for people to look at, (7) the apparent juncture of earth and sky, (8) difficult and exciting movements of an airplane often performed for entertainment, (9) airplane meant for training and execution of military operations, (10) aircraft, which carries travelers, (11) a planned piece of work that has a specific purpose (such as to make something new) and that usually requires a lot of time, (12) an activity in which someone shows, describes, or explains something to a group of people, (13) the act of talking about something with another person or a group of people, (14) the work of designing and creating large structures or new products or systems by using scientific methods, (15) engaged in by persons receiving financial return. 4. Complete the text with the words from the box
MAKS 2013 participants demonstrated a record-breaking scale of commercial operations. During the aviation (1), the industry leaders made contracts, entered into memorandums of understanding and agreements for the (2) of aircraft and aviation components for a total amount exceeding $21.2 bln, which is much more than in 2011. Most deals were struck by home aircraft (3) for the supply of civil aircraft. In particular, (4) for MS-21 were supplemented with 82 pieces, Sukhoi Superjet-100 – for 96 machines. The aggregate (5) of transactions exceeded $9 bln. Besides, arrangements of United Aircraft Corporation and Russian Ministry of Defence in the maintenance of aircraft (6) are valued at some $3 bln. Leasing companies also considerably increased their (7). VEB-Leasing and Ilyushin Finance Co. (IFC) signed contracts and memorandums of (8) with airlines for 32 MS-21, 6 SSJ-100 and 15 Tu-204SM airplanes (plus five airplanes as an option). Their total value exceeded $3.8 bln. IFC also signed a number of (9) for the supply of An-148 / -158, Bombardier CS300 and Bombardier Q400 NextGen airplanes. 5. Answer the following questions. Begin your answers with such introductory phrases as: as far as I know; as far as I remember; to my mind; certainly; it's hard to tell; probably; of course; if I am not mistaken etc. 1) What is “MAKS”? 2) What was remarkable in MAKS 2013? 3) What were most deals struck for and by whom? 4) What were the activities of leasing companies? 5) What included a demo program of MAKS 2013? 6) What domestic novelties were demonstrated during the Salon? 7) What scheduled events were held on MAKS? 6. Translate the following sentences into English: 1. Во время работы авиасалона ведущие предприятия заключали контракты, подписывали протоколы о намерениях и соглашения на поставку самолётов и комплектующих на общую сумму, превышающую 21.2 млрд долларов. 2. Большинство сделок были заключены отечественными производителями на поставку гражданских самолётов. 3. Непрерывное увеличение количества участников - свидетельство динамичного развития отечественной авиационной промышленности и интенсификации международного сотрудничества. 4. Несмотря на неблагоприятные погодные условия, Межведомственный комитет по надзору и управлению полётами при Лётно-исследовательском института имени М. М. Громова представил яркую зрелищную программу МАКС- 2013. 5. В рамках деловой программы МАКС-2013 было проведено 70 мероприятий, среди них – Международный авиационный конгресс, проводившийся в первый раз, научные и технические конференции, семинары и круглые столы (некоторые с участием иностранных компаний), а также презентации различных проектов и программ в области авиастроения, истории авиации и общественных наук. Supplementary reading
MODERN FIGHTERS
MODERN FIGHTERS ARE AMONG the wonders of modern technology. These astonishing machines can typically reach speeds well in excess of Mach 2; climb around 10,000m (30,000ft) a minute to an operational altitude of about 16km (10 miles); execute high-speed jinks and twirls in close combat; and, of course, operate by day and night in all weathers. Reliable engines, improved design, and fly-by-wire controls have made these aircraft much safer to fly than earlier high-performance jets. Immense engine power – up to 22,700kg (50,000lb) total thrust – means that they have been able to grow heavier without losing out on performance. Fitted with an array of radar and infrared devices able to identify enemy aircraft at distance and warn against incoming missiles, their own missile systems are able to engage targets well beyond visual range. They are also very expensive. Economics dictate that even the most dedicated air-superiority fighters end up being used in the ground-attack role too.
The US Air Force’s perennial demand for a lightweight fighter produced, in the 1980s, the F-16. Fast, extremely manoeuvrable and relatively cheap, over 2,500 were produced. The F-16A was limited to the daylight interceptor role and most of these aircraft have now been transferred to the Air National Guard. The F-16C has greater all-weather and attack capability and is regarded as a fighterbomber. The F-16’s many export customers, who include Belgium, Holland, and Israel, use it as an attack aircraft.
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23M “Flogger” The MiG-23 was the first Soviet swing-wing aircraft, and its main purpose was to take on Phantoms and other Western attack aircraft. To do this, it carried more interception radar and so was bigger than its predecessor, the MiG-21. Fitting variable-geometry wings reduced the take-off and landing run, so the aeroplane could still use small front-line airfields in the traditional Soviet manner. MiG-23s served with the Soviet Union and its allies from 1973 until the 1990s. Engine 12,500kg (27,512lb) thrust Khachaturov turbojet Wingspan 14m (45ft 9in) Length 15.7m (51ft 7in) Top speed 2,490kph (1,546mph) (Mach 2.35) Crew 1 Armament 1 x 23mm twin-barrel cannon; 10 x air-to-air missiles
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29 “Fulcrum” The US Navy’s and Marine Corps’ strike aircraft since 1981, the Hornet (NASA safety support aircraft shown) has been given the unusual dual designation “F/A”, as it can be used as both a fighter and an attack aircraft. Though slower than the F-14, its small size makes it extremely manoeuvrable. Formations of attack F/A-18s can defend themselves en-route to their target and chase enemy fighters after they have dropped their bomb load. The MiG-29, with the now familiar layout of twin tails with twin underslung engines, uses the fuselage between the engines as part of the lift area, giving it amazing manoeuvrability. Like the Su-27, it was designed to counter the newest American aircraft – F-15, F-16, and F-18. In service since 1984, the MiG demonstrated its abilities by performing “tail-slides” at air shows during the 1990s – something no Western aircraft could do.
Tupolev Tu-154 By the mid-1990s, the Tu-154, with approximately 900 built, was the standard medium-range airliner throughout the former USSR. Designed in the mid-1960s with the ability to operate from the more rural areas of Russia, the first tri-jet 154 flew in October 1968. The improved Tu-154M appeared in 1982, with quieter and more economical engines and continued in production into the late 1990s. The type is currently being replaced by the twin-jet Tu-204.
Airbus A320-200 Aimed at the 150-seat market, the advanced A320 first flew in February 1987. With its fully computerized cockpit and fly-by-wire control system, the design set the standard by which all future airliners were judged. Based on the A320, Airbus developed a further two jets: the A319 (up to 120 passengers) and the A321 (up to 220 passengers). All three remain in production.
FLYING CAR Molt Taylor’s Aerocar, marketed in the 1950s, was one of the most ambitious efforts to create an aircraft for people to keep in their garage. It is shown here in both flight and automobile mode – the wings are folded up in the trailer. The idea of flying an aircraft as an activity open to millions has remained one of the frustrated dreams of aviation. As early as 1924 American automobile manufacturer Henry Ford envisaged a future in which aircraft would be produced in similar numbers to cars. In the 1930s American air administrator Eugene Vidal was a prominent campaigner for a “poor man’s airplane”, a Model T Ford of the air, that would transform flying from “a rich man’s hobby to a daily utility or inexpensive pleasure for the average American citizen”. From the 1920s onwards, private aviation in light aircraft did become a popular sport open to the moderately affluent. But the notion of an aircraft parked in every driveway never came off. There were several attempts to produce flying cars – vehicles that could be driven on roads as well as fly through the air. Perhaps the most promising was Molt Taylor’s Aerocar, produced in the 1950s. The flying surfaces folded up to turn the aeroplane into an automobile; the engine drove a propeller when in aircraft mode and the wheels when it was being driven on the ground. But the Aerocar’s dual function involved too many compromises to perform well enough in either genre. There were also attempts at making aviation very cheap, of which perhaps the most memorable was Frenchman Henri Mignet’s Pou du Ciel, or Flying Flea. Brought out in 1933, this tiny aircraft was sold in kit form, to be assembled at home. After some 30 days’ hard work, the purchaser would have a machine capable of reaching 130kph (80mph), but with a landing speed of only 30kph (19mph).
THE FUTURE OF FLIGHT IN THE GREEK MYTH that so fascinated many of the earliest pioneers of flight, Daedalus’ son Icarus died after flying too close to the sun, which melted the wax on his feathered wings. In 2001, ironically inverting the mythical experience, a NASA Helios ultralight flying wing powered by the sun’s rays flew to the outer edge of the earth’s atmosphere. Surely one of the most extraordinary aircraft yet built, Helios is “piloted” by a controller on the ground and travels at a sedate 32kph (20mph). Its wing, measuring 75.25m (247ft) and thus longer than that of a Boeing 747, is covered in solar panels that generate the electricity to drive its 14 motors. Storing electricity in fuel cells during the day allows it to continue to operate through the night. Totally ecologically friendly, Helios is destined for sustained flight at the edge of space. On 13 August 2001 it set an altitude record for a propeller-driven aircraft, rising to 29,511m (96,863ft). The earth’s atmosphere at that altitude is similar to the atmosphere of Mars, so the flight allowed NASA scientists to learn about the feasibility of a flying machine that might cruise the skies of the “red planet”. Helios could also serve many of the functions of a satellite – in communications or weather observation, for example – at a fraction of the cost. With no need to refuel, NASA believes Helios will eventually be able to fly for months at a time – in effect until its parts wear out. Distance travelled Helios is a superb example of the constant power of aviation to amaze with unexpected feats of technological innovation, revealed time and again through the 20th century. Looking back at the distance flight advanced in its first 100 years offers a vertiginous perspective. Any measure of aircraft performance reveals dizzying progress – speed, for example, accelerating from Glenn Curtiss’ record-breaking 75kph (47mph) in 1909 to top speeds passing 640kph (400mph) in the 1930s; the breaking of the the sound barrier by the end of the 1940s; and aircraft reaching Mach 2 and Mach 3 in the 1960s, topping out with the X-15 at Mach 6.7 in 1967. C-5 transport introduced at the end of the 1960s could carry about 100 times the payload of a World War I bomber, and has itself been far surpassed by transports such as the extraordinary Airbus Beluga series, capable of carrying cargoes well in excess of 50 tonnes. The history of flight’s impact on the world shows a similar acceleration. If you were writing a general account of life in the 20th century, aircraft would only figure marginally for the first three decades. Some reputable single-volume histories of World War I barely mention aviation at all. Until the late 1930s, aircraft were a craze that generated heroes, but really had little effect on the lives of any but a small minority of people. It was World War II that truly brought aircraft centre stage, transforming the practice of warfare. Commercial aviation took until the jet age to begin to effect a dramatic change in leisure and business. Even in the United States, in the early 1960s half the population had still never flown. But by the 1990s over a billion passengers were flying worldwide every year. It was an open question at the start of the third millennium whether flight still had revolutionary possibilities, or whether it hadbecome, like tanks in warfare or railways in passenger transport, an established feature of the landscape that would endure (with improvements) but undergo no further dramatic expansion or transformation. BIGGER JUMBO The giant Airbus A380 should be carrying its payload of 550 passengers in airline service by 2006. The A380’s unprecedented wingspan and weight will require airports to upgrade their facilities, as they had to when the Boeing 747 was first introduced in the 1970s. The latest American fighter ready to go into service in the first decade of the new millennium, the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor, was an advance over its predeccesors in its stealth features and its ability to cruise at supersonic speed – all previous fighters could only “go supersonic” in short bursts because of fuel consumption. But it was not a dramatic revision of the fighter concept. Vectored thrust was one of the most radical areas being explored in experiments with fighters, Passenger travel Before the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 (see page 410), the aircraft industry was predicting that four billion passengers a year would be carried by 2020 – almost triple the current level of air travel. Boeing confidently stated that the world’s commercial air fleet would increase from 14,500 to 33,000 airliners in the first 20 years of the new millennium. The implications of this for airports and airways was, in its way, daunting. After 11 September the shocking fall in passenger numbers made a permanent end to growth in air traffic seem not out of the question. Perhaps the best that can be said is that the future is unpredictable. The airline and aircraft-manufacturing businesses have always been financially precarious, subject to downward pressure on prices and upward pressure on costs. And so it will remain. The two options open to the airline business, if it were to change, were bigger airliners or faster airliners. The only two manufacturers left in the civil-aviation big league, Boeing and Airbus, seemed to have opted for opposite strategies. Airbus A380 looked ready to head the field in the size stakes, promising to carry 550 passengers and be in service by 2006. Boeing instead were pushing development of the Sonic Cruiser, intended to carry 200 to 250 passengers at almost the speed of sound – upwards of 0.95 Mach – over a distance of 9,500 to 14,500km (6,000 to 9,000 miles). The supersonic option seemed to have taken refuge in the private aviation sector, with ideas being floated for a supersonic private jet, the ultimate personal and corporate status symbol. Military aircraft Military aviation was in a sense in the ascendant in the early 2000s, the key to power projection in a still-hazardous world, with citizens in technologically advanced democracies accustomed to peace and reluctant to countenance the level of casualties ground war usually involves. Drones were an increasingly popular and effective option, both for battlefield reconnaissance and carrying out air-strikes, completely obviating the risk of human losses. But cost-conscious politicians were increasingly inclined to query the need for ever more expensive aircraft, which could easily seem like toys for the boys to play with. In the United States, the technological lead over any currently conceivable enemies might prove a deterrent to investment in expensive high-tech military SHRINKING WORLD allowing previously impossible manoeuvres, but again it could hardly be seen as a revolutionary innovation. The Raptor’s extreme cost was controversial, although it was argued that it was justified by the need to keep up with Russian technology. It was increasingly difficult to see why a war with Russia would be fought, but it could plausibly be argued that the Russians might sell their most advanced aircraft to a country that America might feel called upon to fight. The Russian Sukhoi S-37 Berkut, with its forward-swept wing, was, on the face of it, a more radical design break than any experimental Western fighter, but it was unclear whether the Russians had the money or the will to press on at the cutting edge. Western governments certainly showed signs of tightening the purse strings. The cheaper Joint Strike Fighter, planned to be mass-produced as NATO’s future standard fighter aircraft, was a deliberate compromise between cost and technology.
Open frontiers Space exploration remained the open frontier where, at least in theory, boundless possibilities existed for new achievement. Although the ideal of an aircraft that would take off under its own power and fly into space has still to be realized, the shuttle and space stations have already begun to make space flight a once-in-a-lifetime vacation experience available to the ultra rich. Enthusiasts such as former astronaut Buzz Aldrin are seriously talking about journeys to Mars in the 2020s. Projects for moon colonies and Mars colonies still have plausibility, and serious scientists speculate about a future in which humans or their self-replicating computers spread through the galaxies. At the start of the third millennium it was hard to see space travel affecting most people’s lives except in science fiction scenarios, yet the apparently fantastic has become real before.
WHITE WHALE The extraordinary Airbus Beluga is the world’s largest transport aircraft by volume. It is basically the bottom half of an A300 wide body airliner with a bulbous cargo hold mounted on top. The Beluga was designed to carry sections of Airbus airliners between factories in different countries
FEAR OF FLYING
Statistics prove that flying is by far the safest way of travelling long distances, the airline industry has always known that its success depends on convincing the public that air travel is safe. This has never been an easy task. The drama of major air disasters impresses itself so intensely on the public consciousness – partly, no doubt, precisely because they are rare – that flying is often inextricably associated in people’s minds with sudden and violent death. Yet measures to reduce the number of air accidents and aviation-related deaths may undermine the image of air travel as a normal, safe, everyday experience. The more safety procedures air passengers are subjected to, the less secure they are likely to feel. Surely flying cannot be that safe if we are searched before boarding and flight attendants insist on telling us where the oxygen masks and emergency exits are? For the nervous, there is nothing quite so disquieting as constant reassurance “for your comfort and safety”. Yet the figures are unequivocal. Although accident statistics fluctuate from year to year, flying on a commercial airliner always emerges as by far the safest way of travelling long distances. In 1996, for example, a relatively bad year for aviation deaths, a total of 1,187 people were killed on commercial jet flights worldwide. This compares with over 40,000 people killed that year in road accidents in the United States alone, and worldwide probably a quarter of a million roadaccident deaths. Flying is far from being equally safe in different parts of the world: in a typical year, the United States might have one flight fatality for every two million passenger-hours flown, while Africa might have 13 fatalities per million flight hours. But even in Africa you are more likely to be killed or injured driving to and from the airport than on board the aeroplane. The risk of a fatal accident each time you board an airliner has been calculated at roughly three in a million. This means that if an otherwise immortal individual made a flight every day, he or she could expect, on average, to survive for over 900 years before dying in an air accident. (Flying in a private aircraft carries a quite different risk – it is almost 50 times more dangerous than flying in a commercial jet.) Progress on safety has been the necessary condition for the development of mass air travel. In the early 1930s, there was a fatality for every 4.8 million passenger-miles flown in the United States. In a single, admittedly exceptional, period in the winter of 1936–37, there were five fatal air crashes in the US in 28 days. Translated into the contemporary world of widebody jets, a 1930s style accident rate would have produced a totally unacceptable mass of fatalities. By the 1980s, American airlines flying major routes had reduced the death rate to around one for every 300 million passenger-miles. Even so, recent decades set all the records for air disasters, because of the large numbers of passengers on a single flight. The worst year for air-accident fatalities worldwide was 1985, with 2,129 people killed – although 1,105 of the victims died in just three incidents. In 2000, a fairly average year for aviation in recent times, there were 1,126 deaths worldwide. To put this figure in perspective, there were by then some 1.5 billion passenger flights being made worldwide every year, over 600 million of them in the United States. The safety of commercial flying is a triumph of organization and regulation, and a tribute to the professionalism of all involved in the aviation business, from those who make the airframes, engines, and avionics, through the ground maintenance staff and flight crews to administrators and air-traffic controllers. The volume of traffic that air-traffic control has to cope with has, of course, increased dramatically in the jet age. By the late 1990s there were some 7,000 flights a day into and out of New York. To look at it another way, controllers at Chicago’s O’Hare airport were responsible for the safety of around 70 million passengers a year. But despite occasional panics about overstretched air-traffic controllers being overwhelmed by numbers, the system has continued to cope well. So has the system of periodic checks and overhauls designed to ensure that aircraft are fit to fly, with faultless engines and free of structural weaknesses. Considering what amazingly complex machines modern aircraft are – a Boeing 747 has about 4.5 million moving parts – it is astonishing how rarely they suffer serious faults. A modern jet may have ten hours ground maintenance for every hour it spends in the air.
FUTURE BOEING PROJECTS For sale after 2007, Boeing planned to build a new 700- mile-per-hour Sonic Cruiser, which will reduce the current seven-hour transatlantic airline journey by one hour. Boeing also planned to increase aircraft speeds significantly with an entirely new engine technology using a mixture of conventional jet fuel—derived from oil, a fossil fuel— with clean-burning hydrogen. Prior to Boeing’s new tests, the top speeds of commercial aircraft had been stagnant since 1970, when the record for the fastest civilian aircraft (1,600 miles per hour) was set by a Russian Tupolev Tu- 144. Typical jet aircraft speeds (500 miles per hour) had not changed since the 1950’s. In 2001, Boeing unveiled a prototype superfast aircraft that could fly passengers between London and New York in forty minutes. In May, the Hyper-X, “a flying engine that looks like a surfboard with fins,” designed jointly by Boeing and NASA, was tested over the Pacific Ocean 75 miles off Los Angeles. In the engine test, the Hyper-X was bolted beneath the wing of a B-52 bomber. The B-52 released the “flying surfboard” at 20,000 feet, as a conventional booster rocket drove it to about 2,000 miles per hour. Revolutionary scramjets then cut in and, for ten seconds, the hypersonic plane reached a maximum speed of 5,000 miles per hour, making it the fastest aircraft in history. Ordinary jet engines are propelled by blades that drag air into a chamber, compress it, mix it with jet fuel, and explode it out of the rear to create forward momentum. Scramjets have no blades, but depend on previously generated speeds to force air through an oval-shaped mouth into a copper chamber, where it mixes with hydrogen to produce a much more powerful explosion. The Hyper-X can fly at speeds of up to 5,000 miles per hour, more than three times as fast as the next-fastest airliner, the thirty-year-old Concorde, which had become technologically obsolete by the year 2000. Other tests were foreseen with prototypes able to fly as fast as 7,000 miles per hour. Such vehicles could circumnavigate the earth in fewer than four hours. Boeing intended initially to design such aircraft for the U.S. military and then to build a bigger version for cargo operators. After all tests were completed, Boeing would build a version for commercial customers, such as British Airways, starting in 2016. Boeing’s hypersonic aircraft would be much smaller than the jumbojets that comprised parts of many airline fleets during the late twentieth century. The bigger planes lack the structural integrity required to withstand vastly accelerated speeds. The development of hypersonic aircraft also has been made possible by advances in the strength of manufactured metals. For structural reasons, the new airliner probably will have no windows. Passengers will be protected from a gravitational force of 6 g’s by a highly pressurized cabin. The aircraft also will accelerate and decelerate slowly to lessen the effects of changing gravity. Such aircraft also will produce sonic booms as they accelerate, so routes will need to be configured to avoid large population areas at the point of transition to hypersonic flight. Pilot/Controller Glossary Even pilots native to English-speaking countries may have widely diverging accents, and syntax differs from region to region in many countries. In the United States, after 1972 the FAA established a pilot/controller glossary in the AIM that put forth words and phrases that were largely compatible with those of the ICAO. These words had developed by trial and error since the 1930’s, and the FAA found them both efficient and effective. Common words include “Affirmative” to answer a question “yes,” while “negative” answers such a question with “no.” Flight students soon learn that on the radio, monosyllabic words such as “yes” or “no” might not transmit over the radio. Within the United States alone, different regions say “yes” in fashions confusing to the inhabitants of other localities. A commonly misused aviation word, “Roger,” means simply that the hearer has received all of the last transmission. It does not indicate compliance with an instruction, nor understanding of information. When pilots or controllers do not understand a transmission, they should ask the sender to “Say again.” AIM Phonetic Alphabet Letter Word Pronunciation A Alpha al-fah B Bravo brah-voh C Charlie char-lee or shar-lee D Delta dell-tah E Echo eck-oh F Foxtrot foks-trot G Golf golf H Hotel hoh-tel I India in-dee-ah J Juliet jew-lee-ett K Kilo key-loh L Lima lee-mah M Mike mike N November no-vem-ber O Oscar oss-cah P Papa pah-pah Q Quebec key-beck R Romeo row-me-oh S Sierra see-air-rah T Tango tang-go U Uniform you-nee-form or oo-nee-form V Victor vik-tah W Whiskey wiss-key X X ray ecks-ray Y Yankee yang-key Z Zulu zoo-loo Not all pilots agree with the principle of standard phraseology. To teach standard phraseology takes time, and its benefits are not readily apparent with each use. Articles in aviation magazines occasionally have derided established phraseology, some authors belittling aviators who used it or instructors who taught it. Many of these too quickly embraced the AIM’s allowance that, should a pilot’s understanding of phraseology fail, he might simply speak conversational English. Others retorted that every pilot’s public duty is to learn the system and be a fully functioning part of that system, which includes established communications standards. Within the aviation community, as in most others, effective communication remains elusive. Yet while other industries tend to have codes or jargon for internal use, the decades have forged aviation’s communications system into an English-based specialty language. As such, aviation- speak is inefficient for face-to-face conversation but very succinct for time-critical communications in a fluid environment. That fact and its implications are only just beginning to make inroads into the flight training environment. Flight schools still concentrate on teaching aerodynamics, airplane systems, maneuvers, regulations, weather, or myriad other subjects that at the time seem far more immediate than communications. Overall, the aviation industry continues to awaken to communications as a serious public safety issue. Air shows are events featuring the exhibition of aircraft and the demonstration of aviation skills. Early air shows helped to promote aviation and increase public awareness about the excitement of flying. Air shows continue to display the latest in aviation techniques and development. The first airplanes had more value as curiosity pieces than as means of transportation. For ten years after the Wright brothers’ flight of 1903, aviation was kept alive by devotees who toured the country while performing at circuses, fairs, and anywhere else people would pay to see them. These daredevils performed aerobatic feats, walked on airplane wings, made parachute jumps, and took paying customers for joyrides. Many of these pioneer pilots died in pursuit of their aerial adventures, but they lent an air of romance and danger to the new field of aviation. World War I-era pilots often had little or no training, flying instead by instinct and sheer courage. During the war, these daring pilots flew into combat zones with courage and determination. After World War I, the U.S. government offered thousands of surplus airplanes, most of them Curtiss Jennys, for sale at bargain prices. Although these airplanes were stronger than those that had been built before the war, they were not always safe. Made mostly of wood and cloth, they also lacked satisfactory navigational equipment. However, many former military pilots bought these airplanes and used them for an exciting and dangerous type of flying called barnstorming. Barnstormers toured the United States in the 1920’s and put on daring air shows at county fairs and other events. Audiences were thrilled to watch. The pilots flew the airplanes in wild aerobatics and daring stunts. Performers, called wing-walkers, stepped from wingtip to wingtip in midair or leaped from the wing of one flying airplane to another. There were many accidents, some fatal. Highly skilled World War II pilots were used to faster, more technically advanced airplanes than those of World War I. Although World War I dogfights had spurred aviators to postwar displays of courage and craziness with aerobatics, barnstorming, and cow-pasture thrill shows, post- World War II pilots had more venues in which to display their skills, including air races, air shows, carnivals of the sky, and precision flying. The air shows of the 1940’s and 1950’s were also showcases for new and sometimes customized aircraft. Parachuting and mock dogfights remained popular parts of air show activities.
Литература 1. Grant R.G. Flight 100 years of aviation: Dorling Kindersley Limited A Penguin Company, London, 2002 2. Encyclopedia of FLIGHT Edited by Tracy Irons-Georges: Salem Press, Inc. Pasadena, California, 2002 3. МАКС - авиационно-космический салон [Электронный ресурс] URL: http://www.aviasalon.com 4. Какими будут самолеты будущего? Мир науки и техники [Электронный ресурс] URL: http://mirnt.ru/aviation/budushee-aviacii 5. Future of the Super Airliners [Электронный ресурс] URL: http://taa-t.co.za/future-of-the-super-airliners 6. British Airways Extends In-flight Entertainment [Электронный ресурс] URL: http://www.tomshardware.com/news/British-Airways-In-flight-Entertainment-Movies-TV-Shows,19463.html 7. Fly smart [Электронный ресурс] URL: http://honeymoons.about.com/od/flying/tp/fly_smart.htm 8. Boeing 787 [Электронный ресурс] URL: http://www.boeing.com/boeing/commercial/787family/background.page? 9. Самолеты семейства Boeing 737 (Боинг-737) [Электронный ресурс] URL: http://www.airlines-inform.ru/commercial-aircraft/Boeing-737-family.html 10. Starting up a new generation of engines [Электронный ресурс] URL: http://www.boeing.com/Features/2010/05/bca_engine_runs_05_11_10.html 11. Share your opinion about airlines and airports [Электронный ресурс] URL: http://www.airlikes.com/british-airways-reviews 12. Summary writing[Электронный ресурс] URL:http://www.kfmaas.de/summary1.html 13. Future Technology and Aircraft Types [Электронный ресурс] URL: http://adg.stanford.edu/aa241/intro/futureac.html
МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ ___ МОСКОВСКИЙ АВИАЦИОННЫЙ ИНСТИТУТ (национальный исследовательский университет) |
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The armouring of electrical wiring in the undercarriage bay – the investigators believe that the fire may have been ignited by an electrical spark in the undercarriage bay, and that protecting this area eliminates that risk.
