Activity 6. Insert prepositions

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1. Because such publications do not conform ___ any standardized rules, this information is not computer readable.

2. It must be terrible to be subject ___ cyberbullying.

3. We never thought him to be prone ___ suicide.

4. She went to the shop where she was diddled ___ ___ £15 when buying a pair of flip-flops.

5. He regarded it as an infringement ___ his privacy.

6. I would not imagine him acting ___breach of law.

7. The companies would have to comply ___ the new safety standards and procedures.

Activity 7. State the type of logical relations between the following concepts:

Concepts	Type of logical relations
1. bootlegging – piracy	A. general and specific
2. phracking – cracking	B. cause and effect
3. spoofing – identity theft	C. contrast
4. stealing – salami slicing	D. method and purpose
5. worm – virus	E. part and whole
6. cyberslacking – loss of productivity	F. equivalence
7. firewall – malware protection

Activity 8. Decode a Jewish proverb about crime and comment on it:

http://puzzlemaker.discoveryeducation.com/cryptogramSetupForm.asp

Activity 9. Explain the difference between the following concepts using the Venn diagram below:

stealing vs jacking

phracking vs phreaking

hijacking - page-jacking - click-jacking

keylogging – mouse-trapping

malware – grayware

fraud – theft

hacker – cracker

Activity 10. Name at least 2 kinds of crime that involve:

1. violation of social norms

2. telephone calls

3. copyright violations

4. misdirecting or impeding traffic

5. stealing confidential data

6. identity theft

Activity 11. Arrange the computer crimes in the ascending order of the difficulty of committing them.

Activity 12. What kind of crime you might be a victim to if:

1. Your telephone/Internet bills have risen significantly.

2. Your account information has changed.

3. You receive threats and insults on the net.

4. The money in your bank account has disappeared.

5. You receive a lot of unwanted e-mails.

6. Your copyright is violated.

7. You can’t leave an Internet page.

Activity 13. Describe an instance of your suffering from an Internet crime.

Activity 14.What could you do not to fall prey to Internet criminals (name at least 3 measures).

Activity 15. Do a mini-research and add to the above list more recent types of computer crime.

TEST

1	Mark the odd word: a) oppose b) combat c) fight d) struggle
2	All of these may be committed EXCEPT FOR: a) crime b) a mistake c) a murder d) suicide
3	What is the logical relationship between the concepts “breach - compliance ”: a) general and specific b) cause and effect c) method and purpose d) contrast
4	A hacker and a cracker differ mostly in the ___ of their activity. a) method b) purpose c) nature d) location
5	Which of these is synonymous to the word “cyberbullying”: a) cyberslacking b) cyberstalking c) cybersquatting d) cyberloafing
6	Modifying data for fun and profit is known as ___. a) phishing b) spoofing c) data diddling d) phreaking
7	One can filter any of these EXCEPT FOR: a) fraud b) a list of customers c) incoming e-mail d) traffic
8	What is the logical relationship between “malware” and “a virus”: a) general – specific b) method – purpose c) part – whole d) equivalence
9	Names of all crimes which consist in taking sth in a manner forbidden by law, rules, or custom contain the root ___. a) cide b) jack c) tap d) cyber
10	Choose the correct preposition: Anyone subject ___ cybercrime should be protected by law. a) of b) in c) to d) with
11	The words “trolling”, “cyberbullying”, “cyberstalking” relate to: a) ill-treatment of people online b) loss of confidential information c) stealing sb’s property d) deceiving people
12	The concepts of “keylogging”, “mousetrapping”, “pharming” relate to all of these EXCEPT FOR: a) manipulation of people b) loss of confidential information c) blackmailing d) deceiving people
13	The words “hijacking”, “pagejacking”, “clickjacking” relate to: a) loss of confidential information b) illegal takeover c) stealing sb’s property d) deceiving people
14	The words “piracy”, “bootlegging”, “copyright” relate to: a) ill-treatment of people online b) loss of confidential information c) stealing sb’s intellectual property d) deceiving people
15	All of these are synonymous to the word “disseminate ” EXCEPT FOR: a) promote b) spread c) propagate d) promulgate
16	Purchasing a domain name that contains a well-known trademark or commercial name to sell it to the rightful owner for a big profit is known as ___. a) cyberslacking b) cybersquatting c) cybercide d) cyberbullying
17	He is a convicted credit-card ___. a) fraudster b) fraud c) fraudulent d) fraudulence
18	All of these collocate with the noun “worm” EXCEPT FOR: a) install b) commit c) download d) detect
19	The difference between “copyright” and “copyleft” concerns mostly the authors’ ___ (their) work. a) income from b) manner of c) method of d) interest in
20	A blackhat and a whitehat differ mostly in the ___. a) colour b) size c) shape d) purpose

Module 8. CYBER SECURITY

№

Term

Definition

Usage

Attack (n)

an attempt to gain unauthorized access to system services, resources, or information, or to compromise system integrity

a(n) violent/aggressive/active/passive/ inside/outside/spoofing ~;

come under ~; be open to/ launch an ~;

syn. penetration, intrusion

Authenticate (v)

prove or show sth to be true, genuine, or valid; confirm the correctness of the claimed identity

~ a document/identity;

authentication (n): certificate-based/biometric ~;

authenticity (n);

syn. verify, validate, confirm

Cf. authorize

Authorize (v)

grant a right or a permission to a system entity to access a system resource

~ sb to do sth; be ~ed to do sth;

authorization (n): obtain/sign/present ~; authorized (adj): an ~ payment/dealer; authority (n): have/exercise ~ over sth/sb; delegate ~ to sb;

syn. entitle

Cf. authenticate

Back door (adj)

a feature or a defect of a computer system that allows secret unauthorized access to data

leave/activate a ~ to a computer; open a ~ to hackers; syn. trap door

Certificate (n)

an official document recognizing sb as possessing certain qualifications or meeting certain standards

issue/renew/revoke/ grant/get/obtain a ~; ~ renewal/revocation; certify (v); certified (adj): a ~ CISCO programmer/accountant/ instructor; certification (n): ~ authority/procedure syn. accredit, qualify

Cipher (n)

sth written in a code; a cryptographic algorithm

~ text/mode/key; write sth in ~;

(de)cipher (v), (de)ciphered (adj): a ~ message

syn. code, encrypt

Classified (adj)

sth or sb arranged in categories according to shared qualities or characteristics; sth categorized as officially secret, access to which requires authorization

a ~ document/information/ advertisement; be ~ according to into some categories;

classify (v): ~ sb/sth into … according to…; classification (n): ~ level/type/category;

syn. categorize

ant. declassified, unclassified

Code (n)

a system of symbols used to represent information in the form other than the original one

write/crack a ~; ~ string/generator/ inspection/length/point; source/malicious/machine/ASCII ~;

decode (v), encode (v);

syn. cipher, cryptogram

Compromise (v)

reach an agreement or settlement of a dispute by each side making concessions; cause to become vulnerable or function less effectively

~ a system/data/security/one’s principles; ~ on sth; compromise (n): reach a ~; (un)compromised (adj);

syn. undermine, weaken, concession

Confidential (adj)

information to be disclosed only to those authorized to view it

~ information/service/details/ performance check; keep sth ~; on a ~ basis; divulge ~ information; confidentiality (n): ~ agreement, breach of ~, total ~, under the terms of ~, guarantee/request ~; confidentially (adv);

syn. private, personal, secret, sensitive, classified

ant. open, public

Corruption (n)

dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery; degradation of a computer database or program by alteration or the introduction of errors

expose/root out ~; allegation of ~; prevent accidental data ~; lead to/cause data ~; rotten with ~;

corrupt/ed (adj);

ant. integrity

Cf. bribery

Dedicated (adj)

devoted to a task or purpose; exclusively allocated to or intended for a particular purpose; a mode of IS operation, wherein all users are authorized to access all data handled by the system

be ~ to a career/cause/team;

a ~ channel/security mode/link/ terminal/web page/graphics/card/ employee/LAN /line; dedicate (v): ~ oneself to sth/sb; ~ sth to sb; dedication (n);

syn: committed, exclusive, allocated

Deny (v)

refuse to give sth requested or desired to sb; refuse to admit the truth or existence of sth

~ access/the existence of sth/evidence/a law/a privilege/a claim; ~ sb the right to sth; ~ oneself the pleasure of sth/doing sth; ~ that…; denial (n): ~ of service/access;(un)deniable (adj);syn: reject, decline

Encrypt (v)

convert (information or data) into a code, especially to prevent unauthorized access

~ information/data/a password/a message; cryptography (n), (un)encrypted (adj);encryption (n): ~ standards/code;

syn. code, cypher

ant. decrypt, decode

Expire (v)

(of a document, authorization, or agreement) reach the end of the validity period

license/contract/term/authorization ~s on/ at …; expiry (n): ~ date; upon/before/after ~; best before ~;

expiration (n), expired (adj)

Expose (v)

make sth visible by uncovering it; release sensitive data to an unauthorized entity (as a result of theft, wiretapping, etc.), cause someone to be vulnerable or at risk

~ sb to danger/risk/treatment/injury; ~ the nature/flaw/defect of sth; exposed (adj): ~ to culture/best practices; ~ and vulnerable; exposure (n): deliberate/unintentional ~;

syn. endanger, imperil, jeopardize sb/sth;

familiarize/acquaint sb with sth

Detect (v)

discover or identify the presence or existence of sth

~ (a/n) intrusion/virus/attempt/cancer /crime/changes/trend;

detector (n): fire ~; detective (n);

syn. become aware/conscious of, perceive

Digital (adj)

relating to, using, or storing data or information in the form of signals expressed as series of the digits 0 and 1

~ certificate/signal/age/map/assistant/ TV/generation/technology/revolution/ recording/cassette/copier/image; digitize (v); digit (n);

syn. computerized

ant. analogue

Disrupt (v)

interrupt or prevent the correct operation of system services and functions

~ the workflow/operations/activities/ a(n) application/mechanism/process/ system/production/plans; disruption (n), disruptive (adj);

syn. discontinue, interfere

Fail (v)

be unsuccessful in achieving one’s goal; cease to work properly; break down

~ to qualify/to meet the standards/to do sth; ~ in one’s attempt to do sth /an exam; a ~-safe mode; a ~ grade; ~;

failure (n): ~ control; control ~; be doomed to ~;

syn. breakdown, malfunction, go wrong;

ant. succeed

Filter (n)

a piece of software that processes data before passing it to another application, for example by reformatting characters or removing unwanted types of material

~ out/through sth;

~ a system/a message/traffic/ information/calls; filter (n): water/oil/software/removable ~; install a ~; ~ capability

syn. sift, purify

Firewall (n)

either a hardware program or a feature intended to filter incoming and outbound traffic

install/construct/bypass a ~; monitor computers and networks through a ~; invest in a software ~; up-to-date/outdated/personal ~; voice ~;

syn: security, gateway

Identity (n)

the characteristics determining who or what a person or thing is

~ card; personal/mistaken/group/corporate/ racial/social/ethnic/national ~;

identify (v): ~ sb (oneself) with sth/sb; identifier (n); identification (n);

syn. selfhood

Integrity (n)

the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles; the state of being undivided; internal consistency or lack of corruption in electronic data

a man of ~; data/database ~ check; check sth for ~; structural/moral/territorial ~; ensure/preserve ~; integral (adj), (dis)integrated (adj);

syn. soundness, wholeness, solidity

Intrude (v)

enter with a disruptive or adverse effect;gain access to sensitive data without authorization by circumventing a system's security protection

~ on sb’s privacy/into sb’s private life; intruder (n), intrusion (n): defend sth against ~; syn. encroach, infringe on, invade, disrupt Cf: trespassing, penetration, reverse engineering

gain access to a session to use system resources usually by providing a user name and password to an access control system

~ to one’s computer/account/network;

log (n): keep a ~ of sth; a logbook (n);

ant. log off/out

Password (n)

a secret word or phrase used to gain admission to a place; a string of characters that allows access to a computer, interface, or system

type/enter/change/require/supply/ know/forget the ~; ~ protection; be protected by a ~; a(n) (in)valid ~

Penetrate (v)

go into or through sth especially with force or effort; gain unauthorized access to sensitive data by circumventing a system's protections

~ the market/into a system/sb’s words; penetration(n): high/deep ~; ~ level; (im)penetrable (adj): ~ barrier/network;syn. infiltrate, invade

Privacy (n)

the state of being free from public attention; the right of a personto determine the degree to which s/he will share information about him/herself with others

loss/guarantee of ~; invade/protect ~;

~ concerns/issues/policy/setting;

for ~ reasons/considerations/ protection;

private (adj): a ~ network

syn: confidentiality

ant. publicity, public

Proprietary (adj)

sth owned by an individual or a company, which needs to be licensed from the owner before it can be used

~ information/brand/rights/interests/ name /OS/database/software/ system/features; proprietorship (n);

ant. open, public/generic (brand)

Rely (v)

depend on sb/sth with full trust or confidence

~ on/upon sb/sth;

(un)reliable (adj), (un)reliability (n);

syn. be confident of; depend on, trust

Risk (n)

exposure to danger, the possibility that something unpleasant or unwelcome will happen

~-averse/aversion; the ~ factor; pose a ~; run/take the ~ of; a security ~; a ~ to safety; ~taker;risky (adj), riskiness (n);syn. insecurity,

Safety (n)

the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury

cyber/public ~ ; assure/jeopardize sb’s ~; ~ barriers/precautions;

safe (adj): stay ~ on the Internet, be ~ for sb/from sth; safely (adv);

syn. security

ant. insecurity

Scan (v)

look quickly but not very thoroughly through sth; convert a document or picture into digital form; check manually or automatically for viruses and malware

~ for/through/into the computer; ~ data/information/library/the contents/pages/headings; scan (n): a quick ~ of sth;

scanner (n): optical/ultrasound/colour/ desktop ~; buy/test/run the ~

Secret (n)

not known or seen or not meant to be known or seen by others

guard/keep/divulge a ~; a(n) open/state/commercial/military ~; meet in ~; secretive (adj): be ~ about sth

syn. cryptic, confidential, classified

Secure (adj)

protected against attack or other criminal activity

~ connection/transaction; ~ against/from sth;

security (n) : ~ policy/update/ environment/mechanism/service/ protocol/level; social/data ~; ensure/ compromise/undermine ~;

ant. insecure, insecurity

Sensitive (adj)

quick to detect or respond to slight changes, signals, or influences; kept secret or with restrictions on disclosure to avoid endangering security

~ to criticism/other people’s feelings/about sth; ~ information/issue/test/equipment/area;

sense (n), (in)sensitivity (n);

ant. insensitive

Threat (n)

a person or thing likely to cause damage or danger, a potential for violation of security or inflicting harm

pose/constitute/cause/carry out/fulfill/face a ~; security/major/hidden ~; a ~ to public safety; under the ~ of sth; threaten (v), threatening (adj);syn. jeopardy, menace

Valid (adj)

legally or officially acceptable or binding; in legal force

~ contract/license/password/visa; (in)validity (n), (in)validate (v), (in)validation (n);

syn. effective

ant. invalid, ineffective

Vulnerability

a flaw or weakness in a system that could be exploited to violate the system's security policy

degree of ~; exploit/identify/fix a ~ on a system; in/vulnerable (adj): ~ group/position/to criticism; emotionally/feel ~;

ant. immune, immunity

1. R. Shirey, Internet security glossary, GTE/BBN Technologies, May 2000. [Online]. Available: https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2828.txt [Accessed: 15 Oct. 2015] 2. British National Corpus. [Online] Available: http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/ [Accessed: 15 Oct. 2015]3. Oxford dictionaries. Oxford University Press. [Online]. Available: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/cipher?q=cypher [Accessed: 16 Oct. 2015]4. A glossary of common cybersecurity terminology, NICCS. [Online]. Available: http://niccs.us-cert.gov/glossary [Accessed: 15 Oct. 2015]

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1. Give synonyms:

1. authenticate
2. authorize
3. compromise
4. deny
5. endanger
6. disrupt
7. intrude

Activity 2. Give antonyms:

1. encrypt
2. code
3. admit
4. vulnerable
5. confidential
6. succeed
7. cipher
8. proprietary

Activity 3. Word family. Fill in the missing words of the same root where possible:

Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb
	confide
			undeniably
validity
		safe
	detect
		digital
penetration

Activity 4. Complete the tables with words that form strong partnerships with the target vocabulary units:

Verb	Target vocabulary unit
	a certificate

Verb	Target vocabulary unit
	a firewall

Target vocabulary unit	Noun
confidential

Target vocabulary unit	Noun
code

Target vocabulary unit	Noun
dedicated

Target vocabulary unit	Noun
deny

Activity 5. Match the given terms with their definitions:

1. back door	A. disclose confidential information
2. divulge	B. a feature or defect of a computer system that allows secret unauthorized access to data
3. deny	C. sth categorized as officially secret, access to which requires authorization
4. classified	D. internal consistency or lack of corruption in electronic data
5. integrity	E. refuse to admit the truth or existence of sth
6. threat	F. owned by an individual or a company, which needs to be licensed from the owner before it can be used
7. proprietary	G. a person or thing likely to cause damage or danger

Activity 6. Insert prepositions:

1. I have never come ___ such an aggressive attack before.

2. Medicines should not be used ___ expiry.

3. Travelling abroad one gets exposed ___ various cultures.

4. These efforts are doomed ___ failure.

5. The disc has not been checked ___ integrity.

6. I would hate to intrude ___ his privacy.

7. She didn’t post the information ___ privacy reasons.

8. You can surely rely ___ me.

9. Could you scan the document ___ the computer?

Activity 7. State the type of logical relations between the following concepts:

Concepts	Logical relationship
1. authorize-authenticate	A. general and specific
2. firewall – security	B. cause and effect
3. deny – admit	C. contrast
4. scan – digitize	D. method and purpose
5. character – password	E. part and whole
6. filter - firewall	F. equivalence
7. integrity – corruption	F. equivalence

Activity 8. Decode Bruce Schneier’s saying about computer security and comment on it:

http://puzzlemaker.discoveryeducation.com/code/BuildCryptogram.asp

Activity 9. Explain the difference between the following concepts using the Venn diagram below:

1. disclosing – divulging information

2. certificate – license

3. confidential – classified information

4. password – login – pin code

5. data integrity – academic integrity

6. safety – security

Activity 10. Say what/who can be… and how:

1. secured
2. corrupted
3. certified
4. dedicated
5. in/validated

Activity 11. Say what the following is used/done for:

1. authentification
2. authorization
3. encryption
4. back door
5. invalidation
6. coding
7. fail-safe mode

Activity 12. Analyze the reliability of a) passwords; b) firewalls c) licenses.

Activity 13. Do a mini-research and enumerate the computer security measures a) on the part of the user b) on the part of a programmer. Evaluate their reliability.

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