Making up Voluntary Fasts

50 Yahya related to me from Malik from Ibn Shihab that 'A'isha and Hafsa, the wives of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, began fasting voluntarily one morning and then food was given to them and they broke their fast with it. Then the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, came in. 'A'isha said, " Hafsa asked, anticipating me in speech - she took after her father 'Umar - 'Messenger of Allah, 'A'isha and I began the morning fasting voluntarily and then food was given us and we broke the fast with it.' The Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said, 'Fast another day in its place.'"

[Mursal, but Abu Dawud has it with a connected isnad. It is also in at-Tirmidhi]

Yahya said that he heard Malik say, " Someone who eats or drinks out of neglect or forgetfulness during a voluntary fast does not have to repeat his fast, but he should continue fasting for the rest of any day in which he eats or drinks while fasting voluntarily and not stop fasting. Someone to whom something unexpected happens which causes him to break his fast while he is fasting voluntarily does not have to repeat his fast if he has broken it for a reason and not simply because he decided to break his fast, just as I do not think that someone has to repeat a voluntary prayer if he has had to stop it because of some discharge which he could not prevent and which meant that he had to repeat his wudu'."

Malik said, " Once a man has begun doing any of the right actions such as the prayer, the fast and the hajj, or similar right actions of a voluntary nature, he should not stop until he has completed it according to what the sunna for that action is. If he says the takbir he should not stop until he has prayed two rak'ats. If he is fasting he should not break his fast until he has completed that day's fast. If he goes into ihram he should not return until he has completed his hajj, and if he begins doing tawaf he should not stop doing so until he has gone around the Ka'ba seven times. He should not stop doing any of these actions once he has started them until he has completed them, except if something happens such as illness or some other matter by which a man is excused. This is because Allah, the Blessed and Exalted, says in His Book, 'Eat and drink until you can clearly discern the white thread from the black thread of the dawn. Then complete the fast until the night appears' (2: 187), and so he must complete his fast as Allah has said. Allah, the Exalted, (also) says, 'Perform the hajj and 'umra for Allah, ' (2: 196) and so if a man were to go into ihram for a voluntary hajj having performed his one obligatory hajj (on a previous occasion), he could not then stop doing his hajj having once begun it and come out of ihram while in the middle of his hajj. Anyone that begins a voluntary act must complete it once he has begun doing it, just as an obligatory act must be completed. This is the best of what I have heard."

18.19 The Fidya (Compensation) for Breaking the Fast in Ramadan for a Reason

51 Yahya related to me from Malik that he had heard that Anas ibn Malik used to pay fidya when he had grown old and was no longer able to fast.

Malik said, " I do not consider that to do so is obligatory, but what I like most is that a man does the fast when he is strong enough. Whoever pays compensation gives one mudd of food in place of every day, using the mudd of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace."

52 Yahya related to me from Malik that he had heard that 'Abdullah ibn 'Umar was asked about what a pregnant woman should do if the fast became difficult for her and she feared for her child, and he said, " She should break the fast and feed a poor man one mudd of wheat in place of every day missed, using the mudd of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace."

Malik said, " The people of knowledge consider that she has to make up for each day of the fast that she misses as Allah, the Exalted and Glorified, says, 'But any of you who are ill or on a journey should fast a number of other days, ' (2: 185) and they consider this pregnancy as a sickness, in addition to her fear for her child."

53 Yahya related to me from Malik from 'Abd ar-Rahman ibn al-Qasim that his father used to say, " If someone has to make up for days not fasted in Ramadan and does not do them before the next Ramadan comes although he is strong enough to do so, he should feed a poor man with a mudd of wheat for every day that he has missed, and he has to fast the days he owes as well."

Yahya related to me from Malik that he had heard the same thing from Sa'id ibn Jubayr.

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