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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
Problems of a dictionary selecting
First of all you ought to decide for what purpose you are in search of a dictionary, secondary you ought to bear in mind merits and drawbacks of any dictionary; thirdly 3 main factors should be taken into consideration such as: date of publication, dedication and editorial team. Date of publication is quite essential and important factor for the given dictionary. Where should we find it? It’s indicated on the reverse side of the title page (in English editions). It’s important to differentiate between new edition and new reprinting. New edition is a version which has been revised and improved. New reprinted edition presupposes that it has been only reprinted without revision of the dictionary. Dedication is meant for whom it is prepared. It must be explained explicitly in the foreword. So an introductory part of any dictionary explains clearly for whom it’s designed, e.g. the “Oxford Students Dictionary of Current English” has been specially prepared for those learning English up to intermediate or advanced levels: for teachers of English, students, senior pupils. Editorial team is no less important in selecting a dictionary. It means that the author’s group which has contributed to making of the dictionary is very important, especially when names of prominent scientists, linguist are mentioned. Assignment 3. Answer the questions to the text: § What is structure of any conventional dictionary? § What is the term ‘dictionary’ used to denote? § Why is it necessary that each entry must be self-contained? § Speak on entry’s structure of any linguistic dictionary. § What is meta language of a dictionary? § What is conceptual part of a dictionary? § What does selection of dictionary depend on? § What is the problem of words choice in a dictionary? § Types of dictionary’s definitions.
Assignment 4. Find the entry for the word “control” in the “Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English.-UK, 2003” and in the “Webster’s Dictionary of English Synonyms and Antonyms.-US, 2005”. Make analysis of these entries, compare it. For further information consult Unit 1.
Main problems of lexicography
Principles of Dictionaries’ Classification Object of description
Linguistic dictionaries Selection of vocabulary (lexicon)
Information
Way of language unit description
4 . Unit of lexicographic description
5. Order of arranging words
Number of languages in a dictionary
7. Function
Coverage (the number of words being included into a dictionary)
9. Volume of Description (functional peculiarities of a language )
Time
The type of any dictionary is defined according to the choice of items included in this dictionary and its practical meaning (E.V. Kuznetsova). Types of dictionaries are based on:
Assignment 5. Study the given table and make sure that you can answer the following questions: § What are the encyclopaedic dictionaries primarily concerned with? § What are the well-known and widely used English Encyclopaedias? § What kind of information do linguistic dictionaries display? § What are the main principles of classification of dictionaries? What types of dictionaries can be singled out according to these principles? § What do you know about encyclopaedic and linguistic dictionaries? § What is the difference between general and restricted dictionaries? § What information do explanatory and specialized dictionaries provide? § According to what principle are dictionaries divided into monolingual and bilingual? § Why dictionaries are called a) synchronic and b) diachronic? § Types of dictionaries are based on?
Unit 3. “The Big Oxford Dictionary”, its structure and peculiar features Literature: 1. Ступин Л.П. Лексикография английского языка. М., 1985.- С. 51-65, 78-82. 2. Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь. / Под ред. В.Н. Ярцевой- М., СЭ, 2000. 3. Arnold I.V. The English Word. M., 1986. P. 268-271. http: //members: eb. Com. Encyclopaedia Britannica: dictionary. 8-9. 12. 1999. 4. Macaulay, Th. B. The life of Samuel Johnson with Selection from writing of Johnson. N.Y. – Chicago, 1911.-127 p. 5. A User’s Guide to the OED by Donna Lee Berg, Oxford, London, NY, 1996. 6. The Oxford English Dictionary, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989.
WORKING DEFINITIONS of PRINCIPAL CONCEPTS Cross-reference entries serve as link or pointers for the reader; its function is to direct the user from irregular, obsolete, variant and incorrect forms of a word. Descriptive (synchronic) dictionaries are concerned with the present day meaning and usage of words. Diachronic (historical) dictionaries reflect the development of English vocabulary by recording the history of form and meaning for every word registered. A headword section contains information that applies to the entire entry. Main entries provide the most comprehensive information about a headword’s history and meaning, collects all modern of known variants of a word and groups them, together with their history under one main headword. A quotation paragraph supports each sense of a headword. It consists of quotations from literary works, including books, journals, newspapers, published letters, and diaries. It may A sense section includes one or more units, or sub-units, consisting of a definition and a quotation paragraph .
Assignment 1. Make sure that you can answer the following questions: a) The history of compiling this dictionary:
§ What is the scope of the “Oxford English Dictionary”? § Why do we call the “Oxford English Dictionary” a definitive historical descriptive dictionary of English? § Whose ideas formed the basis of this dictionary? § Speak on its date of publication, original name, lexicographic concept and purpose. b) Dictionary basics: § How is the material of this dictionary arranged? § What are the types of entries called? § How are headwords printed in this edition? § What does a main entry include? Speak on Its structure and content. § What do we call a ‘headword section’ and a ‘sense section’? § What does a cross-reference entry include? § What are the major problems of the OED users?
Assignment 2. Study the entry for the word ‘Mayfair’ from the “Compact Oxford English Dictionary” paying attention to its structure and content:
§ Decipher all the symbols and abbreviations in the entry. § State the number of definitions supplied in the entry. § Is it a main entry? Why? § What are the main parts of the entry? § What is peculiar in quotation paragraph?
Assignment 3. Find the entries for the words ‘cardiac’, ‘salad’ in the “User’s Guide to the OED” by Donna Lee Berg, Oxford, London, NY, 1996, answer the questions and analyse these entries in written form:
§ What information does the headword section contain? § What does the sense section of these entries include? § How are the senses listed if a headword has more than one sense? § What are the elements in the sense section?
Assignment 4. Find the entries for the words ‘cardiac’ and ‘salad’ in the “ MacMillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners”, analyze them in written form and compare your results.
Unit 4. Linguistic dictionaries of the USA and their functions. Literature: 1. Ступин Л.П. Лексикография английского языка. М., 1985. С. 83-98. 2. Arnold I.V. The English word. M., 1986. P. 271-273. 3. Hulbert J.B. Dictionaries British and American. London, 1955. 4. Zgusta L. Manual of lexicography, Praha, 1973. 5. http: //www.american/dictionary; w.-c.com/home.htm; onelook.com; yourdictionary.com/ 6. Page by Page Books // http: //www.pagebypagebooks.com
Assignments 1. Make sure that you can answer the following questions:
§ Who was the author of the first unilingual American dictionary? § Who was at the cradle of American lexicography? § Who is considered to be the father of American lexicography? Why? § Why did the war of dictionaries outburst? When did it take place? § Who was the winner in the war of dictionaries in the 19th century? § What were peculiar features of John Ogilvie’s “The Imperial dictionary”? § What was contribution of Isaak Kauffman Funk to American lexicography? § Enumerate the companies to publish dictionaries in the 20th century.
Assignment 2. Study the entry for the word ‘car’ from the “Oxford English Dictionary for Advanced Learner’s” paying attention to its structure and content. Make up a written analysis.
Assignment 3. Find the entries for the word ‘car’ in the “Webster English Dictionary”, analyse it and compare your results with the previous one.
Unit 5. Types and functions of thesauruses Literature: 1. Ступин Л.П. Лексикография английского языка. М., 1985.- C. 40-41. 2. Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь. / Под ред. В.Н. Ярцевой- М., СЭ, 2000. 3. Arnold I.V. The English word. - M., 1986. - P. 261. 4. The Penguin Pocket English Thesaurus, Clays Ltd., England. 1985. 5. Roget’s New Pocket Thesaurus in Dictionary Form/ Ed. by N. Lewis, New York, 1974. 6. Roget’s International Thesaurus.- Glasgow, 2002. 7. Roget’s Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases. London, 1987. 8. Webster’s New World Thesaurus. Times Mirror. USA, New York, 1971. 9. The Encyclopaedia Britannica. – CD. 10. 10http: //www/thesaurus.com.
WORKING DEFINITIONS of PRINCIPAL CONCEPTS Thesaurus is adictionary in which words are not arranged alphabetically but grouped by the concepts expressed, e.g. Random House Roget’s College Thesaurus. Thesaurus is of Greek origin, meaning ‘treasure’, ‘store of knowledge’. Ideographic dictionary is a dictionary in which semantic relations are shown between lexical units. Meaning of thesaurus: a) it is a dictionary with maximum fully represented words of a given language with complete enumeration of examples having been used in texts; b) it is an ideographic dictionary in which semantic relations are shown between lexical units.
Assignment 1. Make sure that you can answer the following questions: § What is the origin of the word “thesaurus”? § What is the aim of thesaurus? § Speak on the meanings of thesaurus. § What was Peter Mark Roget famous for? § What is the structure of a thesaurus? § For whom is thesaurus designed? § What are the types of thesauruses?
Assignment 2. Give definitions to the terms “thesaurus”, “ideographic dictionary”, “thematic dictionary”. Do they differ? Point out their common and distinctive features. Assignment 3. a) Study the entry for the word ‘Family’ from the “Penguin Pocket English Thesaurus, Clays Ltd., England. 1985” paying attention to its structure. Write down the analysis of this entry; b) Study the entry for the word ‘Family’ from the “Webster’s New World Thesaurus. Times Mirror. USA, New York, 1971” and compare its structure and setting with the previous one. Analyses should be done in written form.
Unit 6. Translating dictionaries: aims, types and functions
Literature: 1. Arnold I.V. The English Word.- M., 1986, P.266-273. 2. *English-Russian and Russian-English Dictionary of Misleading Words / Ed. by V.V. Ackulenko. - M., 1969. 3. Берков В.П. Двуязычная лексикография: Учебник. - СПб: Изд-во СПб. ун-та, 1996. - 248 с. 4. Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь. / Под ред. В.Н. Ярцевой.- М.: СЭ, 2000. 5. Лободанов А.П.Словари и культура // Лингвистика и межкультурная коммуникация.- М., 1996.-С.155-157. 6. Ступин Л.П. Лексикография английского языка. - М., 1985.С.21-23. 7. Multilex 1.0 – CD; Multilex 2.0 – CD; Multilex – 3.0. 8. The Oxford Russian Dictionary / Ed. by M. Wheels, B. Unbegaun. Oxford, N.Y., 1997. 9. Bookself – CD. 10. The Encyclopaedia Britannica – CD. 11. The British Multimedia Encyclopaedia – CD. 12. Americana.com
WORKING DEFINITIONS of PRINCIPAL CONCEPTS
A bilingual dictionary is a dictionary in which the words are interpreted with the help of another language (two language dictionary, e.g. the English – Russian Dictionary). B.d. should be arranged taking into account what language is native for the user. Active dictionaries are reference-books in which the native language is in the left part. Passive dictionaries are reference-books in which the native language is in the right part of the dictionary.
A multilingual dictionary is a dictionary which explains words by giving their equivalents in many foreign languages.
A translating dictionary is a reference book in which sense of words are interpreted with the help of another language (or some foreign languages).
Assignment 1. Make sure that you can answer the following questions:
§ What is “translating dictionary”? § What are the types of translating dictionaries? § Point out advantages of bilingual dictionaries. § Enumerate demerits of bilingual dictionaries. § Outline the problem of norm. Why is it urgent in modern dictionaries?
Assignment 2. Give definitions of the terms “translating dictionary”, “bilingual dictionary”, “multilingual dictionary”. Point out their common and distinctive features. Assignment 3. Outline the functions of translating dictionaries.
Assignment 4. a) Translate the following terms from Russian into English: переводной терминологический словарь, словарь «ложных друзей переводчика», словарь новых терминов, словарь лексической сочетаемости; b) define them; c) give examples of these dictionaries.
Assignment 5. Compile your own micro-glossary including new words and expressions from the newspapers’ articles.
Unit 7. The “Longman Language Activator” as a new achievement in Corpus Linguistics. Literature: 1. The Longman Language Activator, 5th ed.Longman.1993 2. The Longman Language Activator, Longman 2003. 3. Introduction to the Longman Languаge Activator, 1993. 4. http: //www.brithistory.com/dictionary/activatory 5. http.//www.longman.com/dictionary 6. On-line Book listings // http: //onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book WORKING DEFINITIONS of PRINCIPAL CONCEPTS
The Activator is a production dictionary which comes to the core of the English language. It is revolutionary dictionary of ideas and how to express them in English. Corpus Linguistics Corpus –based linguistics and computational linguistics are modern trends in English lexicography. Corpus linguistics deals mainly with compiling various electronic corpora for conducting investigations in different linguistic fields such as phonetics, phonology, grammar, stylistics, graphology, discourse, lexicon and many others. The Main Corpus - the Longman Lancaster Corpus is nearly 30 mln words made up of chunks of text up to 40000 words long from over 2000 books, periodicals and unpublished material from British, American and other varieties of English. The Spoken Corpus is developed by Longman as a part of the British National Corpus and it is the 1st large-scale corpus of truly natural spontaneous speech.
Assignment 1. Make sure that you can answer the following questions:
§ What dictionaries reflect new achievements in lexicography? § What is the name of the corpora used for the Activator? § What does the Main Corpus contain? § What does Spoken Corpus include? § What are advantages of Spontaneous Speech Corpus? § What are the reasons of Corpus Linguistics development? § When did new projects appear? What were they called? § What is the “Longman Language Activator”? Speak on its structure.
Assignment 2. Read the ‘Introduction to the Longman Language Activator’. Speak on the structure of the entry “LOVE” from this dictionary. Assignment 3. Describe the entry for the word “Happiness”, using Schematic outline of entry analysis (see Supplement 3). Prove that the Activator is a “productive dictionary”. Does it express the meanings to the core of the English language?
Assignment 4. a) Outline similar and distinctive features between the Activator and any conventional monolingual dictionary; (e.g., the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English). Find the entry for the word “Happiness” and analyse it in written form.
Unit 8. Electronic and computerized dictionaries. Literature:
1. Multilex 1.0 – CD; Multilex 2.0 – CD; Multilex – 3.0. 2. Bookself – CD. 3. The Encyclopaedia Britannica – CD. 4. The British Multimedia Encyclopaedia – CD. 5. http: //online.multilex.ru. 6. Wikipedia // http: //www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
WORKING DEFINITIONS of PRINCIPAL CONCEPTS Bookshelf - the programme “Bookshelf ”comprises 7 various electronic books which are different in content and structure. Multilex dictionaries are 1) licensed electronic versions of well-known printed dictionaries; 2)all of them are designed and dedicated for Russian users. Wikipedia is a freely available Web-based free-content encyclopaedia.
Assignment 1. Make sure that you can answer the following questions:
§ How do machine aids facilitate lexicographic practice? To what extent? § Why computerized versions so helpful? § How do they differ from any conventional dictionary? § Enumerate modern electronic versions of Multilex, their common characteristics and general peculiarities. § What other computerized encyclopaedias do you know? Describe one of them. Assignment 2. Make up a table and describe the distinctive features of these electronic dictionaries [1) Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary; 2) Macmillan English Dictionary ] according to the singled out parameters:
a) functions of the dictionary opening in the menu bar or in the main window; b) display modes; c) search capabilities; d) the procedure of looking up a word and the presentation of entries; e) the information afforded for each entry; f) buttons and links within entries giving additional information about them.
Unit 9. Acquaintance with British and American encyclopaedias, linguistic encyclopaedic dictionaries of the English speaking countries. Literature: 1. Ступин Л.П. Лексикография английского языка. М., 1989.- С. 18 – 21. 2. Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь. / Под ред. В.Н. Ярцевой.- М., 2000. 3. Энциклопедия литературных героев: Зарубежная литература, XVIII -XIX вв. - М., 1997.- 768 с. 4. Энциклопедия литературных героев: Русская литература, XVII - перв. половина XIX вв. - М., 1997.- 672 с. 5. Энциклопедия литературных произведений. – М., 1998. – 654 с. 6. Britannica 2002 Deluxe Edition. 7. The Children’s Britannica: Encyclopaedia Britannica: in 1-20 vv.- Inc.UK, 1995 8. Collier’s Encyclopaedia 1998 Sierra Home. 9. Compton’s Interactive Encyclopaedia 1997. 10. Encarta Encyclopaedia Deluxe 2001 Microsoft. 11. The Encyclopaedia Americana. 12. The Еncyclopadia Britannica. 13. La Rousse Dictionary of Literary Characters / Ed. by R. Goring, GB.-1994. 14. La Rousse Dictionary of World Folklore, GB. - 1995. 15. La Rousse Dictionary of Writers / Ed. by R. Goring, GB.- 1994. 16. The Wordsworth Dictionary of the American West /Ed. by W. Blevius. - 1993. 17. The Wordsworth Dictionary of the British History / Ed. by J.P. Kenyon.- 1981. 18. The Wordsworth Dictionary of Dreams / Ed. by G.H. Miller. - 1994. 19. The Wordsworth Dictionary of Drinks / Ed. by N. Nalley. -1996. 20. The Wordsworth Dictionary of Bible Quotations / Ed. by M.H. Mauser. - 1995. 21. The Wordsworth Dictionary of Phrase and Fable / Ed. by J.H. Evans. - 1993. 22. The Wordsworth Dictionary of Proverbs / Ed. by M. Manser, S. Curtis.-1998. 23. The Wordsworth Dictionary of Pub Names / Ed. by N.Nalley. - 1996. 24. The Wordsworth Handbook of Kings and Queens / Ed. by I.E. Morby. - 1995. 25. The Wordsworth School Dictionary / Ed. by C. Brewer. - 1995. 26. The Wordsworth Dictionary of Shakespeare / Ed. by C. Boyce. - 1995.
Assignment 1. Make sure that you can answer the following questions:
§ What do encyclopedias have in common with linguistic dictionaries? § What is the origin of the term “encyclopaedia”? § Speak on the history of encyclopaedias in England. § What are the most famous Encyclopaedias in Britain and in the USA? § What is a ‘linguistic encyclopaedia’? What types and function of linguistic encyclopaedias do you know?
Assignment 2. Speak on § The “Encyclopaedia Britannica”. What is its volume, content, the structure of an entry? § The “Encyclopedia Americana”. What is its volume, content, the structure of an entry? § What does the “Children Britannica” include? § Speak on the peculiar features of the Wordsworth dictionaries. What do they have in common in comparison with linguistic dictionaries and encyclopaedias? § Enumerate the distinctive features of La Rousse Dictionaries. What information do they reveal? Assignment 3. § Analyse the structure of an entry for the word “fortune ” from The Wordsworth Dictionary of Dreams. Does it differ from any conventional dictionary? § Speak on entry’s structure of any linguistic dictionary. § Compare the types of dictionary’s definitions in linguistic and encyclopaedic dictionaries.
Организация самостоятельной работы студентов Реферат объемом не более 10 страниц, на английском языке: введение, основная часть, заключение и список литературы (в том числе указываются электронные источники). Для составления реферата по лексикографии студенту необходимо выбрать соответствующую тему.
Topics of reports in lexicography: 1. Historical development of English lexicography. 2. Historical development of American lexicography. 3. The personality of Samuel Johnson and his innovations. 4. The history of compiling of the “Big Oxford dictionary” by S. Johnson. 5. Peculiar features and functions of monolingual explanatory dictionaries (18 - 20 cc.). 6. Modern series of explanatory dictionaries (20-21 cc.). 7. Special dictionaries of Great Britain and the USA: peculiarities and functions. 8. Linguistic encyclopaedic dictionaries of Great Britain, the USA and Russia. 9. Linguistic terminography as the 1st stage of modern linguistic terminology description. 10. Corpus Linguistics, its problems and perspectives. 11. Classification of automatic translation dictionaries. 12. The Activator as a “productive dictionary” of a new type. 13. Functions and peculiarities of thesauruses and ideographic dictionaries. 14. Multilexes and Multitrans as translating dictionaries of new generation. 15. Associative type of dictionaries in Great Britain and in Russia. 16. Electronic dictionaries of various generations: from an encyclopedia to electronic reference book. 17. Peculiarities of learner’s dictionaries in Great Britain. 18. Dictionaries of language and culture as a special type of reference books. 19. The “Encyclopaedia Britannica” and its role in intercultural communication. 20. The “Encyclopaedia Americana” as a great source of language.
Темы рефератов:
1. Этапы развития английской лексикографии. 2. Этапы развития американской лексикографии. 3. Отечественные исследования по англоязычной лексикографии. 4. Личность Самуэла Джонсона и история создания С. Джонсоном «Большого словаря английского языка». 5. Особенности толковых словарей Великобритании (с 16 по 21 вв.). 6. Современные серии толковых словарей в США в 20-21 вв. 7. Специальные словари Великобритании и США и их функции. 8. Лингвистические энциклопедические словари в Великобритании, США и России. 9. Лингвистическая терминография как первый этап описания современной лингвистической терминологии. 10. Корпусная лингвистика и ее проблемы. 11. Параметры классификации автоматических переводных словарей. 12. Активатор – словарь нового типа. 13. Особенности тезаурусов и идеографических словарей. 14. Мультилексы и Мультитраны – переводные словари нового поколения. 15. Словари ассоциативного типа в России и Великобритании. 16. Электронные словари разных поколений: от энциклопедий до энциклопедических справочников. 17. Учебные словари английского языка. 18. Лингвострановедческие словари – особый тип справочников, созданных для лингвокультурологического описания. 19. Энциклопедия «Британника» и ее роль в межкультурной коммуникации. 20. Энциклопедия «Американа» как неиссякаемый источник языкового материала. Для составления реферата по одной из указанных тем студентам необходимо проработать теоретический материал, включающий следующие блоки: Популярное:
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