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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
Divide the text into logically complete parts and find a sentence or two which cover the general idea of each passage (topical sentences).
Divide the text into logically complete parts and find a sentence or two which cover the general idea of each passage (topical sentences). Write compressed version of the text making use of topical sentences. Topical conversation 1. Speak on the role of labour which transformed the face of the earth and the primitive people themselves. 2. Speak on the importance of archaeology as a science.
Text 2
The first calendar
Future historians will be in a unique position when they come to record the history of our own times. They will hardly know which facts to select from the great mass of evidence that steadily accumulates. What is more, they will not have to rely on the written word. Films, gramophone records and magnetic tapes will provide them with a bewildering amount of information. They will be able, as it were, to see and hear us in action. But the historian attempting, to reconstruct the distant past is always faced with a large task. He has to deduce what he can from the few scanty clues available. Even insignificant remains can shed interesting light on the history of early man. Up to now, historians have assumed calendars came into being with the advent of agriculture, for man was faced with a need to understand something about the seasons. Recent scientific evidence seems to indicate that this assumption is incorrect. Historians were puzzled by dots, lines and symbols which have been engraved on walls, bones and the ivory tusks of mammoths. The nomads who made these markings lived by hunting and fishing during the lest Ice Age which began about 35, 000 B.C. and ended by 10, 000 B.C.By correlating markings made in some parts of the world historians have been able to read this difficult code. They found that it la connected with the passage of days and the phases of the moon. It is, in fact, a primitive type of calendar.It has long been known that the hunting scenes depleted on walls were not simple and artistic expression. They had a definite meaning, they were as near as early man could get to writing. It is possible that there is a definite relation between these paintings and the markings that., sometimes accompany them. It seems that man was making a real effort to understand the seasons 2O, OOO years earlier than was supposed.
Key words and expressions
B.C.(before Christ) дo нaшей эры to record the history увековечивать историю scientific evidence научное доказательство to rely on полагаться на to deduce делать заключение, проследить, установить происхождение scanty clues скудные ключи к разгадке available доступный insignificant незначительный to come into being появиться the advent of agriculture возникновение сельского хозяйства assumption предположение to be puzzled by быть озадаченным, быть поставленным в тупик to be engraved выгравированный, запечатлённыйй ivory tusks of mammoth слоновые бивни мамонта hunting scenes сцены охоты a definite meaning определённое значение to be faced with a task сталкиваться с задачей
Words for active use
To record the history, to select facts, scientific evidence, am attempt to reconstruct, available clues, insignificant remains, to shed interesting light, assumption, by hunting and fishing, markings and paintings.
Assignments
Будущие историки, в особом положении, увековечивать историю, выбирать факты, множество доказательств, полагаться только на, магнитные ленты, попытка воссоздать, далекое прошлое, сталкиваться с задачей, пролить свет на историю, появиться, возникновение, последние научные доказательства, неверное предположение, ломать голову над; линии и символы, выгравированные на стенах и камнях; слоновые бивни мамонтов, жить охотой и рыбной ловлей, до нашей эры, примитивный календарь, определённое значение, определённая связь, рисунки и знаки, времена года.
To be in unique position, to record the history, to select facts from the great mass of evident, to rely solely on the written word, to provide with a bewildering amount of information, to see and us in action, attempting to reconstruct the distant past, to be fased with a difficult task, from the few scanty clues available, insignificant remaine, to shed light on the history, to come into being with the advent of agriculture, recent scientific evidence, to puzzled by smth, to be engraved on walls, ivory tuske of mammoth, to live by hunting and fishing, a primitive type of calendar hunting scenes, a form of artistic expression, a definite meaning, a real effort to understand the seasons.
Historian, history, calendar, scientific evidence, mammoth, Ancient History, remains, Ice Age.
A. 1. Up to now, historians have assumed that calendars came into being with the advent of agriculture. 2. The devision of labour came into being with the improvement of working tools. 3. The slave society came into being when war prisoners could be left alive. 4. When did a state system come into being and why? B. 1. Recent scientific evidence seems to indicate that this assumption is incorrect. 2. Man seems to have been making efforts to understand the seasons 20, 000 years earlier than it has been supposed. 3. Those markings seem to be a primitive type of calendar. 4. The hunting scenes depicted on cave walls seem to have a definite meaning. 5. This seems to be a very interesting find.
Interpretation of the text
1. Answer the questions:
1. Why will future historians be in a unique position? 2. What will they rely on when they come to record the history of our times? 3. Why is the historian's attempt to reconstruct the distant past always faced with a difficult task? 4. When did the last Ice Age begin and when was it over? 5. How did the nomads live during the last Ice Age? 6. What was engraved on walls, bones and the ivory tusks of mammoth? 7. Who did these markings? 8. What did these markings mean? 9. What do the historians think about these markings? 10. When did a man begin to make a real effort to understand the seasons?
2. Write a short summary of the text using the following plan: 1. Material evidence of our times and of the distant past. 2. The recent point of view concerning the appearance of first calendar. 3. In the light of new evidence.
Topical conversation
1. Discuss a unique position of future historians when they come to record the history of our times. 2. Speak on the primitive calendar and the time it appeared.
Text 3
Rome in the time of Julius Caessar
Rome ruled the world. Her armies brought peace and order everywhere. Whether you lived in Palestine or Egypt or Britain, it was true that " all roads led to Rome".For Rome was a centre of a great empire, where people of every race and country gathered together. But in spite of all this, all was not well in Rome, no one was satisfied with the government and everyone wanted more power. Many of the consuls did not like being consuls only for one year, but wanted to run the country all the time. Successful generals did not like handing over their armies after a few years to another general. There were two particular rivals in Rome - Pompey and Julius Caesar. Pompey had been a great general who had cleared the Mediterranean of pirates and had made many conquests in the east. Julius Caesar, who came from a very old Roman family, had won great victories, Juries in Gaul and Britain. Each wanted to be sole ruler of Rome and each feared the other. The other Romans began to take sides, and soon terrible civil out, in which Pompey was killed. Julius Caesar then planned to make himself king of Rome, but a band of Romans, who were envious of him or did not want a king in Rome, murdered him. Then two more rivals arose - Mark Antony and Julius Caesar's adopted son, Octavian. At last those two fought a great battle in 31 B.C. and Octavian defeated Antony.
Learn to pronounce the words: Rome ['roum] an empire ['empai ] Julius Caesar [ ] Egypt ['pompi] Pompey ['pompi] Mediterranean[ ] Gaul [go: l ] Octavian [ ]
Key words and expressions
to rule the world управлять миром to run the country зд.управлять страной a sole ruler единственный правитель a war broke out вспыхнула война a rival соперник to be envious of smb. завидовать кому-либо to fight a battle провести сражение to take sides становиться на чью-либо сторону to clear the sea of pirates освободить море от пиратов to make a conquest осуществить завоевание
Words for active use
To run the country, to bring peace and order, the government, to make a conquest, to come from an old family, to win a victory, a sole ruler, a civil war, to defeat.
Assignments
1. Find English equivalents in the text:
Управлять миром, установить порядок, все дороги ведут в Рим, великая империя, хотеть больше власти, осуществить завоевание, одержать победу, единственный правитель, вспыхнула гражданская война, приёмный сын.
2. Suggest Russian equivalents to the following: In spite of all this; to rule the world; to take sides; to clear the sea of pirates; to win a victory; to come from; a civil war broke out; to want more power; to make a conquest; great empire.
3. Give definitions to the following:
1." All roads led to Rome" 2. to bring peace and order everywhere; 3. a sole ruler; 4. to run the country; 5. to take sides.
Topical conversation
1. Discuss the question why all roads led to Rome. 2. Discuss the struggle for power between two rivals - Pompey and Julius Caesar.
Text 4
Relics of the Roman Occupation
Britain was a Roman province from the first century A.D. until the beginning of the fifth century A.D. The area occupied covered south, east and midland Britain and stretched north to the lowlands of Scotland, went over the whole of Wales, but did not include Devon and Cornwall. Most of the evidence for reconstructing the life of Roman Britain consists of objects in museums, and of buildings and monuments still to bo seen. But as Britain was part of the Roman Empire we can draw for the first time in Britain History on written history as well. The account of Julius Caesar (102 - 44 B.C.) of his campaigns in Caul (France) included that of his attempted invasions of Britain, and in this book we can read the earliest descriptions of the people of the country. Tacitus (A.D. 55 - 117) in the biography of hie father-in-law, Agricols, tells us of the campaigns to extend the Roman frontiers in Wales and Scotland. From all this material, both archaeological and literary, it is not difficult to build up a picture of Roman Britain. The conquest was achieved by force of arms and till the end the Romans had to keep armies on the frontiers especially in the north. We shall find that in the north of Britain and in Wales the relics are mostly military. It was mainly south and east of a line drawn from the Humber to the Severn estuary that a peaceful Roman-British civilization was built up in the towns and in the villas or country estates.
Learn to pronounce the words: Devon [ ] Cornwall [ ] Wales [ ] Tacitus [ ] archaelogical [ ] Severn [ ]
Key words and expressions A.D. – Anno Domini н.э. relics следы, остатки, midland Britain центральная часть Британии evidence доказательство to reconstruct the life воссоздать жизнь monuments still to be seen сохранившиеся памятники an account зд. сообщение an estuary устье реки a description описание to draw on written history извлекать информацию из письменных исторических источников
Words for active use A Roman province, the first century A.D, the evidence, to reconstruct the life of, objects in museums, to draw on written history, the account, a campaing in, an attempted invasion of, the earliest descriptions, to extend the frontiers, the conquest, military relics, a civilization.
Assignments
1. Find English equivalents in the text:
Занимать территорию, простираться до низменности, доказательство, воссоздать жизнь, памятники, часть Римской империи, письменные исторические источники, самые первые описания, расширять границы, силой оружия.
2. Suggest Russian equivalents to the following:
To include; most of the evidence; the account of smb; his attempted invasions; a description; to stretch north to …; monuments to be seen; to extend the frontiers.
Topical conversation l. Speak on Britain as a Roman province. 2. Discuss the question of how archaeological and literary material helps to build up a picture of Roman Britain. Text 5 The ancient Russian state
The ancient Russian state emerged as the result of the long process of development of the East-Slav tribes. The Slavs constitute one of the biggest and most important ethnic groups of Europe. The first mention of the Slav tribes in written sources dates back to the first century. Much more was written about them in the sixth century, due to the role the Slav tribes were beginning to play in Eastern Europe and to their struggle against Byzantium. In this century the Slavs were going through the last stage of development of the clan system of social organization, the basis of which was the patriarchal family commune known as the very. Statehood had not yet been achieved. Supreme power was vested in the veche, the assembly of the people. Side by side with the veche there were the tribal chiefs, the knyazya (princes}. The tribal chiefs belonged to the tribal aristocracy, who were beginning to emerge from the mass of the tribesman on account of their property status. In the sixth century tribal disunity had still not been overcome, but there were signs that the Slavs ware ready for unity on a more stable basis. By the sixth century the tribe, a form of social organization, had ceased to serve as a vehicle for farther historical development. The break-down of primitive clan relations among the Slavs was also a break-down of the tribal system and the development of statehood. This process became especially intensive between the seventh and ninth centuries and resulted in the formation of the ancient Russian state. This was a period that saw a rapid development of productive forces among the Eastern Slavs. It was in these centuries that the farming of permanent plough lands spread over the whole territory occupied by the Eastern Slavs as far as Lake Ilmen. The use of plough-lands more productive, implements - wooden and iron plough - and draught animals was progressive, A further indication of the growth of the productive forces among the Eastern Slavs was the development of handicraft industries. Although the smelting and working of iron and non-ferrous metals were the most highly developed branches, a number of other branches, the working of bone, tunning, weaving sad pottery - also became concentrated in the hands of artisans whose goods were produced for exchange and not only for personal use. These economic developments led to the growth of towns as centres of handicraft industry and barter. The biggest of the ancient Russian towns - Kiev, Chernigov, Smolensk and Novgorod - came into existence between the seventh and ninth centuries. This period was also one in which external economic relations grew between the Eastern Slavs and the countries of the East, Byzantium and the Baltic countries. The Volga Route was a link between the Eastern Slaves and the tribes inhabiting the Middle Volga and across the Khvalin (Caspian) Sea, with the countries of the East. The Dnieper Route connected the Eastern Slavs with Byzantium. By the end of the ninth century, the Volga Route and the Dnieper Route (" the path from the Varangians to the Greeks" ) were extended to the Baltic area and thus became trade routes of all-European importance. The social structure of the Eastern Slavs between the seventh and ninth centuries is reflected in Russkaya Pravda (Russian Law), a code of laws compiled in the eleventh century under Prince Yaroslav the Wise (for which reason it is also known as Pravda Yaroslava) but which basically refers to the period immediately preceding the formation of the ancient Russian state.
Learn to pronounce the words ancient [ ] tribe [ ] slav [ ] Bysantium [ ] Patriarchal [ ] Greek [ ] Baltic area [ ] Ploughland [ ]
Key words and expressions
Tribe племя written source письменный источник to date back to относиться к clan system родовая система, строй century столетие commune община statehood государственность tribal chief вождь племени break-down упадок productive forces производительные силы handicraft industriy ремесло to smelt iron плавить железо tunning and weaving дубление кожи и ткачество pottery гончарное производство artisan ремесленник barter меновая торговля permanent ploughlands одни и те же пахотные земли
Assignments
1. Find English equivalents in the text: Древнее государство, длительный процесс развития, столетие, славянские племена, родовой строй, письменный источник, вождь племени, появиться, возникнуть, упадок, единство, образование государства, железный плуг, дубление кожи, гончарное производство, свод законов, экономические отношения.
2. Suggest Russian equivalents to the following:
A state, emerged, the first mention, to data back to, a patriarchal family commune, statehood, a tribal chief, a historical development, permanent plough lands an iron plough, working of bone and iron, growth of towns, external economic relations, a barter, an artisan, all-European importance.
Topical conversation 1. Describe the way of life of the two main classes of feudal society. 2. Discuss why natural economy was the predominant system in Western Europe up to the 11th century and how it influenced the state system. 3. Comment on the class struggle in this period. 4. Explain how the feudal lords managed to keep the huge number of serf in subjugation.
The development of the feudal system
The second period of the Middle Ages in the period of the further development of the feudal system. It lasted from the 11th to the end of the 15th century. In this period the economy of European countries made considerable progress due to the tireless labour of the masses. Crafts gradually became separated from agriculture. Towns became craft and trade centres. Trade contacts were established between cities and villages and between different regions. By using better implements the peasants were able to produce more grain. The nobles tried to take advantage of this; they increased peasants' taxes and made them pay quit-rent. As the feudal exploitation grew, so grew the peasants' struggle against the nobles. There were huge peasants' uprisings in many countries. The poorer townspeople supported the peasants and fought on their side. In some counties the heroic struggle of the peasant brought them liberation from serfdom. But both land and power remained in the hands of the nobles, and consequently feudal oppression continued. The growth of the cities and the development of trade in Western Europe paved the way for the formation of centralized states. The king used his power to protect the feudal lords and to help them suppress huge peasant uprisings. But the unification of the country was also desirable for the peasants and townspeople, since in a centralized state there were no more internecine wars and highway robbery. This led to the further development of the countries of Europe. In the second period of the Middle Ages the level of economic and cultural development in the Orient was higher than in Western Europe. But continuous invasions greatly damaged the economy and culture of the countries of the East.
Key words and expressions
further дальнейшее развитие tireless labour неустанный труд crafts and trade ремёсла и торговля to produce grain производить зерно to take advantage воспользоваться чем-либо peasants' tax феодальная пошлина крестьян quit-rent земельная рента to pave the way продолжить путь to suppress uprisings подавлять восстания internecine wars междоусобные войны highway robbery грабёж на большой дороге
Assignments
Дальнейшее развитие, значительный прогресс, неустанный труд, лучшие орудия труда, воспользоваться, борьба против дворян, большие крестьянские восстания, поддерживать крестьян, героическая борьба, освобождение от крепостного права, оставаться в руках дворян, феодальное угнетение, рост городов, развитие торговли, образование централизованных государств, королевская власть, междоусобные войны, грабёж на большой дороге, продолжительные набеги.
2. Suggest Russian equivalents to the following:
Considerable progress, tireless labour, better implements, to produce now grain, to take advantage of smth, to increase peasants' taxes, to pay quit-rent, huge peasants pricings, to bring liberation from serfdom, feudal oppression, to pave the way, to protect the feudal lords, to suppress peasants' uprisings, internecine ware, highway robbery, continuous invasions.
Interpretation of the text 1. Answer the questions:
1. How long did the second period of the Middle Ages last? 2. What caused the appearance of cities in Western Europe? 3. What economic changes resulted from the growth of cities? 4. What most important peasant uprisings and wars of the 14th and 15th centuries can you mention? 5. What caused the formation of centralized states? Interpretation of the text
3. Answer the questions:
1. In what century was England conquered by the Normans? 2. Who led the Anglo-Saxon troops? 3. Did the Anglo-Saxon win the battle? 4. What did William promise to the Anglo-Saxon nobility? 5. What were the real intentions of William the Conqueror? 6. What completed the establishment of feudalism in England? 7. In what way did many people try to escape the oppression of the Normans?
Divide the text into logically complete parts and find a sentence or two which cover the general idea of each passage (topical sentences). Популярное:
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