The use of the Oblique Moods in simple sentences.

The use of the Oblique Moods in simple sentences.

SUBJUNCTIVE I (Plain stem of the verb. Denotes a hypothetical action referring to the present or the future.) Used in formulaic expressions to denote wish (Long live Rock 'n' roll!; Success attend you!), concession (So be it!; Come what may) and commands and requests with indefinite pronouns as subjects (Everybody leave the room!).

SUBJUNCTIVE II (Past subjunctive. Expresses unreal actions.) Denotes wish or regret (If only he had come!; Oh, that the rain were over!), preference or advice (We had better get down to work; I would rather study a bit). Can be used with modal verbs. It is followed by an infinitive (Where could we stay for a night?). The non-perfect form is homonymous with the Past Simple, the perfect form is homonymous with the Past Perfect and represents an action which is referred to the past and is contrary to the reality.

THE CONDITIONAL MOOD (The Conditional Mood can be used in simple sentences beginning with "But for…" (But for the rain we should continue our way). It's also used in sentences with implied condition (I wouldn't waste my time on such things in your place). The mood is used by the speaker so as to sound polite (less straightforward) (I should like to speak to her).) The Conditional Mood can be used in simple sentences beginning with "But for…" (But for the rain we should continue our way). It's also used in sentences with implied condition (I wouldn't waste my time on such things in your place). The mood is used by the speaker so as to sound polite (less straightforward) (I should like to speak to her).

THE SUPPOSITIONAL MOOD (Analytical form, built up with the help of the auxiliary verb "should" for all persons + infinitive. Expresses problematic actions (desirable, suggested, required…), which are not necessarily contradict reality. Expresses the same modality as Subjunctive I, that's why they can be used in the same syntactic structure. They are quite interchangeable and differ mainly stylistically.) Used only in interrogative sentences beginning with "What if…" (And what if he should come back?).

 

2. The use of the Oblique Moods conditional sentences.

THE CONDITIONAL MOOD

Real conditions.

Zero condition (General truth) – used with conjunctions "when, if, unless, provided". One action or result always follows another one (Oil floods if you pour it into water).

Type I – refers to the future (I will help you if you need my help; If I fall in love I will get married).

Unreal conditions.

Type II – the verbs in the oblique moods directly refer to the present or the future (If I could play the guitar, I would be in a rock band).

Type III – the action or the result refer to the past (If I had known of your arrival yesterday I should have met you).

Mixed (split) conditions – a) the present unreal condition and the past unreal result (If I were rich, I would have bought a big house a long time ago); b) the unreal condition refers to the past and the unreal action refers to the present (If he hadn't wasted so much time, he wouldn't be so nervous now).

 

3. The use of the Oblique Moods adverbial clauses.

SUBJUNCTIVE I

it is used in clauses of concession after "though, although, whatever, etc." (Whatever the reason be, the fact remains) and in clauses of purpose (He stopped talking lest he be offended).

SUBJUNCTIVE II

is used in clauses of manner and comparison after the conjunctions "as if, as though" (He spoke as if he were going to cry). It is also used in adverbial clauses of condition (I shouldn't take it if I were you) and in adverbial clauses concession (after "even though") (Even if they had wanted to release the album, it would have been a failure).

THE SUPPOSITIONAL MOOD

In Adverbial Clauses of purpose the Suppositional Mood is introduced by the conjunctions "so that, in case, lest" (He whispered these words lest somebody should overhear him). In Adverbial Clauses of concession it is introduced by the conjunctions "though, although, whatever, however, etc." (Though he should make every effort, he can't make it to the top). In Adverbial Clauses of condition referring to the future it's used to show that the action is possible though unlikely. In the principle clause the Imperative, Conditional or Future Indicative is used (Should he drop in tell him to wait for me; If I should meet her, I should tell her all about it; Should it be snowing we will stay in).

 

3. The use of the Oblique Moods in nominal clauses.

SUBJUNCTIVE I

In complex sentences. In Nominal Clauses it's used in Subject Clauses after the expression of a modal meaning (It is required that all work hard). Rarely used after the expression of fear (His fear was that he be neglected).

SUBJUNCTIVE II

In Nominal Clauses it can be used in Attributive Clauses introduced by clauses that begin with "it's (about, high) time" (non-perfect only) (It's about time you stopped talking). In Predicative Clauses it is used after link verbs "to be, to look, to smell, to sound, to feel, to seem, etc." + "as if, as though" (You look as though you had never seen it before). In Object Clauses it's introduced by the verb "to wish" and the modal expression "would rather" (I wish you were here; I'd rather you called her). Used in the indirect questions after the expression of doubt (I doubt that it were possible).

THE SUPPOSITIONAL MOOD

In Nominal Clauses it is used in Subject Clauses beginning with the introductory "It" in the principal clause when the modal meaning is expressed (It's important that he should come on time), after the expression of emotion (It shocked me that he should have been so cruel) and after the expression of fear (I feared lest he should find it out). In Object Clause it expresses the meaning of recommendation, suggestion, advice, insistence, etc. (He ordered that we should come). It may be used in Attributive and Predicative clauses. In Appositive clauses it usually modifies abstract nouns (idea, feeling…) and introduced by conjunctions "that, whether, as if, as though" or adverbs "how, why". The parts are not separated by comma (Her feeling that something else should happen surprised me; There's no reason why you shouldn't read it).

 

The double nature of the Gerund, its tense and voice distinctions. Predicative Constructions with the Gerund. The Gerund and the Participle. The Gerund and the Infinitive. The Gerund and the Verbal Noun.

As a natural result of its origin and development the gerund has nominal and verbal properties. The nominal characteristics: 1) The G can perform the functions of subject, object and predicative (Singing is a good habit; I enjoy giving presents; His duty is persuading people to buy smth.); 2) It can be preceded by a preposition (I'm sick and tired of shouting at you); 3) It can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or by a possessive pronoun (I have no objection to Mary's coming here).

The verbal characteristics: 1) The G of transitive verbs can take a direct object (I am never tired of seeing her); 2) It can be modified by an adverb (They were running cowardly); 3) It has tense distinctions (taking, having taken), the G of transitive verbs has voice distinctions (taking, being taken).

In Russian it's rendered by a noun, infinitive, деепричастие, subordinate clause (the passive forms are usually rendered by a clause).

The tense distinctions (like those of PI) are not absolute but relative. The Indefinite G (Active & Passive) denotes an action simultaneous with that of the finite verb. Depending on the tense form of the finite verb it may refer to past, present or future (He stood motionless without blinking; She can read for hours without pausing; She will pass her exam without feeling any nervousness). The Perfect G denotes an action prior to that of the finite verb (I am not ashamed of having said these words). The priority can also be expressed by the Indefinite G after the verbs "to remember, to excuse, to forgive, to thank" and after the prepositions "in (upon), after, without" (I remember saying this).

The voice distinctions can be observed after transitive verbs (He's enjoys loving and being loved). The G has passive meaning, though active in form, after the verbs "to want, to need, to observe, to require" and the adjective "worth" (The car needs repairing).

 

SET EXPRESSIONS

The Indefinite article. In a hurry, to have a (good, great) mind to do smth., to fly into a passion, to get in a rage (fury), to take a fancy to smb., in a low (loud) voice, a great many (deal), it's a pity, it's a shame, it's a pleasure, as a result, to have a good time, to be at a loss, at a glance.

The Definite article. It's out of the question, to take the trouble to do smth., in the original, to play the piano (guitar, etc.), to keep the house, to keep the bed, on the whole, the other day, on the one hand-on the other hand, to tell the truth, to be on the safe side.

No article. Out of doors, to take to heart, to take offence, to give (get, ask for) permission, to lose heart, at present, from morning till night, from head to foot, from beginning to end, at first sight, by chance, by mistake, for hours, for ages, by land (air, sea), to go to sea, on deck, to keep house, at sunrise (sunset), at work, at peace, by name, in debt.

PARTS OF THE DAY

No article is used with the nouns "day, night, morning, evening" when they denote parts of the day or mean "light/darkness" (The sun has risen, day has begun) and in set expressions "at day, at night, from morning till night". When the nouns "morning, evening" are modified by the adjectives "early, late" (It was early morning, but it was pretty hot).

The Definite article is used when a part of the day is modified by a particularizing attribute or the situation makes it definite (I will never forget the day when I met her). It is also used in the expressions "in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening".

The Indefinite article is used when the noun is modified by a descriptive attribute (Today is a fine day for a picnic).

The use of the Oblique Moods in simple sentences.

SUBJUNCTIVE I (Plain stem of the verb. Denotes a hypothetical action referring to the present or the future.) Used in formulaic expressions to denote wish (Long live Rock 'n' roll!; Success attend you!), concession (So be it!; Come what may) and commands and requests with indefinite pronouns as subjects (Everybody leave the room!).

SUBJUNCTIVE II (Past subjunctive. Expresses unreal actions.) Denotes wish or regret (If only he had come!; Oh, that the rain were over!), preference or advice (We had better get down to work; I would rather study a bit). Can be used with modal verbs. It is followed by an infinitive (Where could we stay for a night?). The non-perfect form is homonymous with the Past Simple, the perfect form is homonymous with the Past Perfect and represents an action which is referred to the past and is contrary to the reality.

THE CONDITIONAL MOOD (The Conditional Mood can be used in simple sentences beginning with "But for…" (But for the rain we should continue our way). It's also used in sentences with implied condition (I wouldn't waste my time on such things in your place). The mood is used by the speaker so as to sound polite (less straightforward) (I should like to speak to her).) The Conditional Mood can be used in simple sentences beginning with "But for…" (But for the rain we should continue our way). It's also used in sentences with implied condition (I wouldn't waste my time on such things in your place). The mood is used by the speaker so as to sound polite (less straightforward) (I should like to speak to her).

THE SUPPOSITIONAL MOOD (Analytical form, built up with the help of the auxiliary verb "should" for all persons + infinitive. Expresses problematic actions (desirable, suggested, required…), which are not necessarily contradict reality. Expresses the same modality as Subjunctive I, that's why they can be used in the same syntactic structure. They are quite interchangeable and differ mainly stylistically.) Used only in interrogative sentences beginning with "What if…" (And what if he should come back?).

 

2. The use of the Oblique Moods conditional sentences.

THE CONDITIONAL MOOD

Real conditions.

Zero condition (General truth) – used with conjunctions "when, if, unless, provided". One action or result always follows another one (Oil floods if you pour it into water).

Type I – refers to the future (I will help you if you need my help; If I fall in love I will get married).

Unreal conditions.

Type II – the verbs in the oblique moods directly refer to the present or the future (If I could play the guitar, I would be in a rock band).

Type III – the action or the result refer to the past (If I had known of your arrival yesterday I should have met you).

Mixed (split) conditions – a) the present unreal condition and the past unreal result (If I were rich, I would have bought a big house a long time ago); b) the unreal condition refers to the past and the unreal action refers to the present (If he hadn't wasted so much time, he wouldn't be so nervous now).

 

3. The use of the Oblique Moods adverbial clauses.

SUBJUNCTIVE I

it is used in clauses of concession after "though, although, whatever, etc." (Whatever the reason be, the fact remains) and in clauses of purpose (He stopped talking lest he be offended).

SUBJUNCTIVE II

is used in clauses of manner and comparison after the conjunctions "as if, as though" (He spoke as if he were going to cry). It is also used in adverbial clauses of condition (I shouldn't take it if I were you) and in adverbial clauses concession (after "even though") (Even if they had wanted to release the album, it would have been a failure).

THE SUPPOSITIONAL MOOD

In Adverbial Clauses of purpose the Suppositional Mood is introduced by the conjunctions "so that, in case, lest" (He whispered these words lest somebody should overhear him). In Adverbial Clauses of concession it is introduced by the conjunctions "though, although, whatever, however, etc." (Though he should make every effort, he can't make it to the top). In Adverbial Clauses of condition referring to the future it's used to show that the action is possible though unlikely. In the principle clause the Imperative, Conditional or Future Indicative is used (Should he drop in tell him to wait for me; If I should meet her, I should tell her all about it; Should it be snowing we will stay in).

 

3. The use of the Oblique Moods in nominal clauses.

SUBJUNCTIVE I

In complex sentences. In Nominal Clauses it's used in Subject Clauses after the expression of a modal meaning (It is required that all work hard). Rarely used after the expression of fear (His fear was that he be neglected).

SUBJUNCTIVE II

In Nominal Clauses it can be used in Attributive Clauses introduced by clauses that begin with "it's (about, high) time" (non-perfect only) (It's about time you stopped talking). In Predicative Clauses it is used after link verbs "to be, to look, to smell, to sound, to feel, to seem, etc." + "as if, as though" (You look as though you had never seen it before). In Object Clauses it's introduced by the verb "to wish" and the modal expression "would rather" (I wish you were here; I'd rather you called her). Used in the indirect questions after the expression of doubt (I doubt that it were possible).

THE SUPPOSITIONAL MOOD

In Nominal Clauses it is used in Subject Clauses beginning with the introductory "It" in the principal clause when the modal meaning is expressed (It's important that he should come on time), after the expression of emotion (It shocked me that he should have been so cruel) and after the expression of fear (I feared lest he should find it out). In Object Clause it expresses the meaning of recommendation, suggestion, advice, insistence, etc. (He ordered that we should come). It may be used in Attributive and Predicative clauses. In Appositive clauses it usually modifies abstract nouns (idea, feeling…) and introduced by conjunctions "that, whether, as if, as though" or adverbs "how, why". The parts are not separated by comma (Her feeling that something else should happen surprised me; There's no reason why you shouldn't read it).

 

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