PARTICIPLE II AS AN ADVERBIAL MODIFIER

№	Adverbial Modifier	Questions	Conjunctions / particles	Examples
1	Of time	When?	conjunctions: · while · when · until	· George was rather amiable when spoken to, but naturally silent. · When asked, the little girl wasn’t able to give her name and address. · Derek would never stop arguing until interrupted.
2	Of reason (cause)	Why? For what reason?		· Educated in the best universities of Britain, these young people easily find prestigious jobs in London.
3	Of comparison	No identifying questions	Conjunctions: · as if · as though	· Susan was listening to the old woman’s story as if hypnotized. · Ted couldn’t move a finger as though paralyzed with fear.
4	Of condition	In what case? On what condition?	Conjunctions: ·  if ·  unless	Professor Garrison could speak for hours unless interrupted.
5	Of concession	No identifying questions	Conjunction: ·   though ·   although	· Jane’s spirit, though crushed, was not broken. · Although asked quite innocently, Greta’s question was full of viciousness.

TASK 19. Sort out the sentences given below into the corresponding columns of the table according to the function of participle I and II in the sentence. The first sentence has been done for you.

Attributes	1,
Adverbial modifiers of time
Adverbial modifiers of cause/reason
Adverbial modifiers of manner and attendant circumstances
Adverbial modifier of condition
Adverbial modifier of comparison
Adverbial modifier of concession

                   

1. The door opened, but into a little space leading to another door.

2. Mel stopped, realizing he was talking to himself.

3. Reaching the hotel at Knightsbridge he went to their sitting-room, and rang for tea.

4. Nodding to her husband, she went over to her father.

5. They saw a young man hurrying away from the place of the accident.

6. Their room had two curtained windows looking over the street, a couch with cushions, an almost empty book-case and some photographs of the family standing on it.

7. Having opened the French window, he went out to the terrace.

8. Having been away from it for two days I'd forgotten how depressing the house could be.

9.  I do love horses moving slowly against a skyline of trees.

10.  Going up to the dressing-table he passed his hand over the lilac-coloured pin-cushion.

11.  I came here this afternoon thinking I might find Bella in the house.

12.  A subdued light radiated from a single green-paper-shaded bulb hanging in the centre.

13. David Rubin did not usually say a word unless spoken to.

14. Douglas, still smiling sweetly, as though determined to prove that he was right, reminded me of his presence by coughing slightly.

15. Unless urged, the Colonel never mentioned his wounds or decorations.

16. The two boys exchanged quick embarrassed glances.

17. Found in the garden after the rain, the letter was impossible to read.

18. The doctor had never been known to refuse to see a patient at any hour, or to fail to make a house call when sent for.

19. Though bored with a book, I find it difficult to leave it unfinished.

20. We were told that the dog was quite peaceful if left undisturbed.

TASK 20. Replace the clauses by the appropriate form of participle where possible.

Attributive clauses

1. I got my lunch which was waiting for me in the kitchen.

2. He pointed to the ship which was standing in the harbour

3. The man who bent over the patient is the chief surgeon of the hospital.

4. Philip, who was smoking a cheap cigar, observed the boy closely.

5. Jack almost dropped the leather bag on which he had been writing.

6. Peter seated himself in a leather chair which faced the desk.

7. Stephen, who had been listening to the unspoken speech behind the words, said nothing.

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