Grammar: Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

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Содержание темы

Types of Conditionals.

Mixed Conditionals.

Other tenses in conditional sentences.

The Subjunctive.

Present and past reference with 'I wish', 'if only' and 'it's (high) time'.

Expressing wishes and regrets with 'I wish' and 'if only.

'Would' and 'could' after 'I wish' and 'if only'.

'It's (high) time' and 'It's (about) time'.

Expressing personal preference with 'I'd rather/ I'd sooner'.

Expressing preferences about other people's actions.

'I'd rather.

Рекомендуемая литература

1. English Grammat in Use, Raymond Murphy, Cambridge University Press, 1997

(pp 74-81)

2. Advanced Grammar in Use, Martin Hewings, Cambridge University Press, 2000

(рр 198-207)

3. Tests, Texts and Topics for your English Exams, Ю.Б. Кузьменкова, Издательство “Титул», 2002 (pp 55-57)

4. The Heinemann English Grammar, Digby Beaumont and Colin Granger, Heintmann, 1992 (рр 111-120)

5. Revising, Reading and Reasoning for your English Exams, Ю.Б. Кузьменкова, А. Р. Жаворонкова, И. В. Извольская, Издательство “Титул», 2002 (pp 71-76)

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Grammar

Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Types of Conditionals

If-clause (hypothesis)

Main clause (result clause)

Use

Type 1 real present

if + any present form (Present S., Present Cont. or Present Pert.)

Future/Imperative can/may/might/must/ should + bare Inf Present Simple

true or likely to happen in the present or the future

If you finish work early, we'll go for a walk.

If the weather is nice, we'll go swimming.

If you have finished your coffee, we can pay the bill.

If you're ill, see a doctor! If you burn yourself, it hurts.

Type 2 unreal present

If + Past Simple or Past Continuous

would/could/might + bare infinitive

untrue in the present; also used to give advice

If I had money, I would travel round the world.

(but I don't have money - untrue in the present)

If I were a bird, I could fly.

If I were you, I would take an umbrella, (advice)

Type 3 unreal past

If + Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous

would/could/might + have + past participle

imaginary situation contrary to facts in the past; also used to express regrets or criticism

If we hadn't left so early, we would have missed the plane.

If I had been invited, I would have gone to the party.

If you had told me before about your problems, I would have helped you, but now it’s too late.

If the weather hadn’t been so nasty yesterday, we would not have stayed at home all day long.

2. Expressions

Conditionals are usually introduced by IF; the following expressions can be uses in stead of IF: providing, provided (that), as long as, in case, on condition (that), but for (=without), otherwise, or else, what if, supposing, even if, only if, unless.

2.1 If only: This adds emphasis to hypothetical situations. With past events it adds a sense of regret. The second part of the sentence is often left out.

If only I had enough time!

If only I hadn 't drunk too much, this wouldn 't have happened!

2.2 Unless and other alternatives

Unless means only if not. Not all negative IF-sentences can be transformed into unless sentences.

If he wasn 't told by Jane, he couldn 't have known.

Unless he was told by Jane, he couldn 't have known, (can be changed)

If Mr Smith doesn 't come back, he 'II phone you. (cannot be changed)

If one situation depends on another, it can be replaced by as/so long as, provided or only if .

2.3 Only if combines with other time expressions and is used with past simple

Only after posting the letter did I remember that I had forgotten to put on a stamp. (inversion)

I'll do what you say provided the police are not informed.

2.4 Even if describes how something will happen whatever the condition.

Even if it rains, we'll still go for a picnic.

2.5 But for him, I wouldn’t have been able to survive. (If he hadn’t helped me…)

2.6 Supposing it rains, will you still go for a picnic?

2.7 What if it rains, will you go for a walk?

2.8 We can omit “if”, then should, were and had come before the subject.

Should he come, tell him to wait for me.

Were I you, I would speak to her. Had he known, he would have told us.

Mixed Conditionals All types all conditionals can be mixed. Any tense combination is possible if the context permits it.
Type 2	If the children were playing all day, (They were playing all day,	they will be tired out now. so they are tired out now.)	Type 1
Type 2	If I were you, (You are not me, If he were a fast runner, (He is not a fast runner,	I would have invited her. so you didn’t invite her.) he would have won the race. so he didn’t win the race.)	Type 3
Type 3	If she had saved her money, (She didn’t save her money,	she would be going on holiday. So she isn’t going on holiday.)	Type 2

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