THE CONCEPT OF EXTERNALITIES EFFECTS IN WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT

Production possibility modeling has been applied to a variety of wildlife management issues. At present, most models applying production possibility theory to wildlife production can be characterized in that wildlife output quantities are determined by physically quantifiable functions representing rivalrous resources. When the theory is applied to human-wildlife interactions, it may not be sufficient to model the production tradeoffs using only physical constraints. As wildlife are known to respond to human presence, it could be expected that human activity may appear in wildlife production functions as an externality. Behavioral externalities are revealed by an output's response to the presence of another output and can result in a loss of concavity of the production possibilities frontier. Ignoring the potential of a behavioral externality can result in an unexpected and inefficient output allocation that may compromise a wildlife population's well-being. Behavioral externalities can be included in PPF models in a number of ways, including the use of data or cumulative effects modeling. While identifying that behavioral externalities exist and incorporating them into a model is important, correctly interpreting their implications will be critical to improve the efficiency of natural resource management. Behavioral externalities may cause a loss of concavity anywhere along a PPF that may compel managerial decisions that are inconsistent with multiple use doctrines. Convex PPFs may result when wildlife species are extremely sensitive to any level of human activity. It may be possible to improve the PPF's concavity by reducing the strength of the behavioral effect. Any change in the PPF that increases the convexity of the production set could offer natural resource managers additional opportunities to optimally provide multiple natural resource outputs. Techniques that minimize the effect could focus on either the human or wildlife outputs, or both.

9-Economic problems and rationally apply of land and water resources For preservation and rational use of water resources and ensuring effective management with basins of the rivers of Kazakhstan in May, 2014 the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan approved the plan of measures on implementation of the state program of water resources management. Now the integrated management of water resources is the most progressive technology which is among the international priorities of decade "Water for life" (2005-2015). This process coordinates development and management of water, land and related resources, improves indicators of social and economic development without violation of stability of the vital ecosystems. The national plan for the integrated management of water resources and increase of efficiency of water use of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the fundamental document on improvement of a control system by water sector of economy of the republic and determines a complex of priority actions by creation of favorable legal conditions, formation of the organizational environment and development of instruments of water resources management in Kazakhstan. Water is the key and at the same time limited natural component of ensuring existence of mankind and integrity of ecosystems. Quality of surface water practically all water objects doesn't conform to the established standards. The main cross-border rivers Irtysh (China), Ili (China), Syrdariya (Uzbekistan), Ural (Russia) are very polluted. The main source of pollution of water objects — dumping of waters of the enterprises chemical, oil processing, mechanical engineering industry and nonferrous metallurgy. The polluted waters of the rivers on the territory of our country arrive from territories of China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan. If not to eliminate the reason of the listed water problems, by 2015-2020 there will be real threats for development economy, ecological stability and providing with drinking water the country population. Now the most burning issues are accruing deficiency of water, pollution of surface and underground water, huge excess losses of water, a problem in providing the population/

10- Economical optimum of environmental pollution. If there is an optimal level of cleanliness, then there is also an optimal level of pollution. If the marginal cost of pollution abatement is just equal to the marginal benefit from pollution abatement, then we have reached the point where society's welfare has been maximized with respect to environmental quality. If the marginal benefit of reducing pollution were greater than the marginal cost of reducing pollution, then society would benefit from a reduction in pollution. The benefit would be equal to the amount by which the marginal benefit of the cleanup exceeded the marginal cost of the clean up. - Just as it is possible to have too dirty an environment, it is also possible to have too clean an environment. If the marginal cost of pollution abatement exceeds the marginal benefit from the reduction, then the benefit of cleaning the environment is not worth the expense. Consequently, further attempts to clean up the environment will result in a reduction in welfare. - Economists have argued that it is not efficient to reduce pollution to zero. The cost of this reduction would probably exceed the benefits. Waterways and the atmosphere have a natural capacity to assimilate at least some pollution with no associated ill-effects on the environment or humans. To not benefit from this natural assimilative capacity would be wasteful. Moreover, one person's pollution may be another person's consumption. Rafter's prefer a raging river, while boaters prefer a dammed waterway and a calm lake. Teenagers like to blast rap music, while adults prefer the oldies. - When the air is very dirty, we benefit greatly from a given reduction in pollution; whereas, when the air is a lot cleaner, we might not even notice an incremental reduction in pollution. - As we reduce pollution, the marginal cost of an additional percentile decline in air pollution increases. If industries are forced to reduce pollution, they will first employ whatever method is easiest and cheapest. However, once they have taken advantage of the least expensive technologies, they will then have to move on to more costlier methods.

11 – Damage from pollution: mechanisms of formation and its basic techniques calculation environmental damage - pollution of the environment or the harvesting of natural resources over the established limits, causing or inducing the degradation and depletion of natural resources, or the death of living organisms;
Environmental emissions - emissions, discharges of pollutants, waste production and consumption in the environment, harmful physical effects, distribution and storage of sulfur in the environment in the clear;  limits on emissions into the environment - the regulatory scope of emissions into the environment, determined on a fixed term; The impact assessment on the environment shall be carried out in accordance with the instructions and guidance documents on impact assessment on the environment, approved by the authorized body in the scope of environment protection.The authorized body in the scope of environment protection, within its competence, shall monitor compliance with the requirements of methodical documents on the realization of the impact assessment on the environment in the development process of the impact assessment on the environment by the associated physical and juridical persons. Air pollution is a phenomenon by which particles (solid or liquid) and gases contaminate the environment. Such contamination can result in health effects on the population, which might be either chronic (arising from long-term exposure), or acute (due to accidents). Other effects of pollution include damage to materials (e.g., the marble statues on the Parthenon are corroded as a result of air pollution in the city of Athens), agricultural damage (such as reduced crop yields and tree growth), impairment of visibility (tiny particles scatter light very efficiently), and even climate change (certain gases absorb energy emitted by the earth, leading to global warming). Land pollution, in other words, means degradation or destruction of earth’s surface and soil, directly or indirectly as a result of human activities.

 

12- types on natural resources Natural Resources are all that exists without the actions of humankind. This includes all natural characteristics such as magnetic, gravitational, and electrical properties and forces. On earth we include sunlight, atmosphere, water, land (includes all minerals) along with all vegetation and animal life that naturally subsists upon or within the heretofore identified characteristics and substances. A natural resource may exist as a separate entity such as fresh water, and air, as well as a living organism such as a fish, or it may exist in an alternate form which must be processed to obtain the resource such as metal ores, oil, and most forms of energy. There are various methods of categorizing natural resources, these include source of origin, stage of development, and by their renewability. These classifications are described below. On the basis of origin, natural resources may be divided into: - Biotic – Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere (living and organic material), such as forests and animals, and the materials that can be obtained from them. Fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum are also included in this category because they are formed from decayed organic matter.- Abiotic – Abiotic resources are those that come from non-living, non-organic material. Examples of abiotic resources include land, fresh water,air and heavy metals including ores such as gold, iron, copper, silver, etc.

Considering their stage of development, natural resources may be referred to in the following ways:- Renewable resources – Renewable resources can be replenished naturally. Some of these resources, like sunlight, air, wind, etc., are continuously available and their quantity is not noticeably affected by human consumption. Though many renewable resources do not have such a rapid recovery rate, these resources are susceptible to depletion by over-use. Resources from a human use perspective are classified as renewable only so long as the rate of replenishment/recovery exceeds that of the rate of consumption.

· Non-renewable resources – Non-renewable resources either form slowly or do not naturally form in the environment. Minerals are the most common resource included in this category. By the human perspective, resources are non-renewable when their rate of consumption exceeds the rate of replenishment/recovery; a good example of this are fossil fuels, which are in this category because their rate of formation is extremely slow (potentially millions of years), meaning they are considered non-renewable. Some resources actually naturally deplete in amount without human interference, the most notable of these being radio-active elements such as uranium, which naturally decay into heavy metals. Of these, the metallic minerals can be re-used by recycling them, but coal and petroleum cannot be recycled

⇐ Предыдущая12345678910Следующая ⇒

Поделиться: