Explain,please the meaning of the following political notions: xenophobia and meritocracy.

Explain,please the meaning of the following political notions: xenophobia and meritocracy.

Meritocracy - [combination of ‘merit’=”goodness worthy of praise or reward” + ‘kratos’=”power, rule, dominion”] a society governed by the people selected according to their abilities and talents, i.e. to their merit.

A government or society in which citizens who display superior achievement are rewarded with positions of leadership. In a meritocracy, all citizens have the opportunity to be recognized and advanced in proportion to their abilities and accomplishments.

Xenophobia – [from Greek ‘xenos’ = “foreigner, strange” + ‘phobos’ = “fear”] is dislike of people from other countries or prejudice against foreigners or deep-rooted fear towards foreigners. By other words, it is ‘hatred or fear of foreigners or strangers or of their politics or culture’

Explain,please the meaning of the following political notions: oligarchy and opposition.

Oligarchy – [from Greek ‘oligos’=“few” + ‘arkho’=”to rule or to command”] a government by the few, especially despotic power exercised by a small and privileged group for corrupt or selfish purposes.

These people might be distinguished by nobility, wealth, family ties, education or corporate, religious or military control. Such states are often controlled by families who typically pass their influence from one generation to the next, but inheritance is not a necessary condition for the application of this term.

Opposition - a political party or group opposed to the ruling party or government. In a country's parliament or legislature, the opposition refers to the politicians or political parties that form part of the parliament or legislature, but are not the government. 

Explain,please the meaning of the following political notions: Kleptocracy and Republic.

Kleptocracy – [from Greek ‘kleptes’=”thief” + ‘kratos’=”power, rule, dominion”] the ruling of possibly any kind of government that uses its power to steal from its people.

Republic – [Greek word ‘politeia’ = “form of government, polity” was translated to Latin as ‘res publica’] - a form of government in which power resides in elected individuals representing the citizen body and government leaders exercise power according to the rule of law. Or: a system of government which derives its power from the people rather than from another basis.   

Explain,please the meaning of the following political notions: Federation and Authoritarianism.

Federation - a group of states with a central government but independence in internal affairs. 

Authoritarianism - a government which marked by a strong central power and limited political freedoms; it is a government, which can or cannot lean on broad social support, but never expose itself to test by free election.

Explain,please the meaning of the following political notions: Democracy and Nepotism

Democracy - a government by the people in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system. By the words of Abraham Lincoln, it is the government ‘of the people, by the people, and for the people’. 

Nepotism - the favoring of relatives or personal friends because of their relationship rather than because of their abilities.

6) Explain,please the meaning of the following political notions: Monarchy  and Totalitarianism                                 

Monarchy - a form of government in which a group, usually a family called dynasty, embodies the country's national identity and one of its members, called monarch, exercises a role of sovereignty.    

Totalitarianism - a government that permits no individual freedom and that seeks to subordinate all aspects of the individuals’ life to the authority of the government.

Points     

1) What do you know about the meaning of a notion ‘Politics’ and what about the structure of the politics.

Politics is a very important part of the history and of the modern society. It is maybe even a inalienable, integral part of human life. Because of it Aristotle said, that man is a political animal. Of course, huge number of contemporary people rejects the importance of politics in the everyday life. But in fact everybody in the world interested in politics. The term ‘politics’ spread from Greek ‘politikos’, what means ‘of, for or relating to citizens’ or ‘civil, civic, belonging to the state’. “Politika” means ‘affairs of the cities’. Very often when we say on Power, we mean Politics. Politics is the process of making decisions applying to all members of each group. Politics refers to achieving and exercising positions of governance – organized control over a human community, in fact a state.                                                                                 Modern political scientists Samuel Kernell and Steven Smith write: “Politics is an ever-present social activity. It occurs whenever individuals seek to reach agreement on a course of common action despite their disagreement over the goals. Politics arises whenever people who have different, even opposing, interests accept that they must cooperate if their interest is to be served. Politics, so defined, occurs within the smallest, most intimate associations as within families and among friends – as well as at city hall or in the parliament. Successful politics almost always depends on bargaining and compromise as each side tries to get as much of what it wants from the agreement, whether friends are trying to deside on a restaurant or Congress and the president are wrangling over the budget”. And they continue: “The major players in modern American politics – citizens, public officials, candidates for office, voters, parties, organized interests, and the media”.

Explain,please the meaning of the following political notions: xenophobia and meritocracy.

Meritocracy - [combination of ‘merit’=”goodness worthy of praise or reward” + ‘kratos’=”power, rule, dominion”] a society governed by the people selected according to their abilities and talents, i.e. to their merit.

A government or society in which citizens who display superior achievement are rewarded with positions of leadership. In a meritocracy, all citizens have the opportunity to be recognized and advanced in proportion to their abilities and accomplishments.

Xenophobia – [from Greek ‘xenos’ = “foreigner, strange” + ‘phobos’ = “fear”] is dislike of people from other countries or prejudice against foreigners or deep-rooted fear towards foreigners. By other words, it is ‘hatred or fear of foreigners or strangers or of their politics or culture’

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