Рекомендации по выполнению НИРС .. 8. Рекомендованная литература по теме занятия.

1. Владеть навыками монологической и диалогической речи, использовать новую лексику, уметь вести беседу по изучаемой теме.

2. Владеть навыками изучающего чтения, извлекая необходимую информацию.

3. Уметь переводить письменно со словарем оригинальный текст по специальности.

Рекомендации по выполнению НИРС .

1. “Diseases of the Digestive System”

2. “Liver and it’s role in the process of digestion”

8. Рекомендованная литература по теме занятия.

основная: И.Ю. Марковина Английский язык: Учебник для медицинских вузов и медицинских специалистов

дополнительная: англо-русские, русско-английские словари, грамматические справочники.

 

Приложение 1

 

 

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All these organs help ……………………………….. . The …… system is very important for …….. ……     / The …… system plays a major role in……………... .

 

 

The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), also called the digestive tract, alimentary canal, or gut, is the system of organs within multicellular animals that takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste. The major functions of the GI tract are digestion and excretion. The human digestive system is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. Inside this tube is a lining called the mucosa. In the mouth, stomach, and small intestine, the mucosa contains tiny glands that produce juices to help digest food. Two solid organs, the liver and the pancreas, produce digestive juices that reach the intestine through small tubes. In addition, parts of other organ systems (for instance, nerves and blood) play a major role in the digestive system.

 

Приложение 2

Gastritis

Acute gastritis. Acute gastritis (catarrhal gastritis) is due to a great variety of causes. Common varieties in practice are the result of indiscretions in food or alcoholic drinks; but contaminated food, "chill" and scarlet fever in its acute stage may also induce very acute gastric catarrh. The inflammation may spread downwards to cause acute gastroenteritis. The cardinal symptom of acute gastritis is vomiting and when enteritis is superadded diarrhea also supervenes.

Chronic gastritis. Chronic gastritis, is regarded as an important and by no means infrequent disease. Accurate diagnosis is essential. It is important to treat this disease in as early a stage as possible, not only for the immediate disabilities which arise but still more for the serious consequences such as carcinoma, which may possibly result from it. Much of the treatment is essentially prophylactic and consists in the removal of such well-known causes as alcoholism, oral sepsis (especially pyorrhea) and deficient mastification of food (from bad habits or lack of teeth). The cardinal symptoms and signs of an established case which demand treatment are:

1. Vomiting, especially, in the morning and associated always with an excessive secretion of mucus into the stomach.

2. Diminution or frequently complete absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice.

 

The prime causes favoring continuation of the disease having been removed, the first essential in treatment is gastric lavage carried out always before breakfast and in the severe cases at intervals during the day, before meals. Treatment by lavage is continued until improve­ment is manifest when its use can be gradually discontinued. If lavage is for any reason impossible, the next best substitute is the administration of a teaspoonful or more of sodium bicarbonate in a tumblerful of warm water in the morning and again before meals throughout the day.

Hydrochloric acid is so commonly greatly diminished or absent in an untreated case of chronic gastritis that some effort is generally made to remedy the deficiency. It is known that after gastric lavage for some weeks the secretion of hydrochloric acid frequently returns in adequate amount.

Anorexia is common in chronic patients especially in the morn­ing when there is a great excess of mucus in the stomach. Later in the day the appetite generally improves. Bad dietary habits are common in these patients. The prescribed diet should be arranged so that attractive small meals are provided at frequent intervals.

Приложение 3

Digestive system is the series of organs that process and convert food into simpler substances that the body uses for nourishment. Starch and complex sugars are digested to simple sugars; fats to fatty acids and glycerin; and proteins to amino acids. These simpler substances consist of small molecules that can then pass through the intestinal wall and into the blood­stream for distribution to all parts of the body. The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal — mouth, phar­ynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines —aided by secre­tions from the liver and pancreas.

The teeth break up food by chop­ping end grinding it into fine parti­cles. Glands in the mouth lubricate and moisten food with saliva, which also contains a digestive en­zyme. The tongue conveys food to the throat, and the pharynx mus­cles push it down the esophagus (gullet), a muscular tube about 10 inches (25cm) long that leads to the stomach.

The stomach both stores and helps to digest food. The stomach of an average adult can hold about one quart (0.9l). The muscular stomach churns food around and mixes it with gastric juice, which includes hydrochloric acid to provide the acid medium needed for the en­zyme pepsin to break down pro­tein. The partly digested food (chyme) passes from the stomach to the small intestine, usually after two to five hours.

The digestive process is completed in the small intestine, a narrow muscular tube about 20 feet (6m) long. Enzymes from the pancreas mix with enzymes from the duodenum. Bile, made by the liver and stored in the gall bladder, also enters the small intestine. Bile helps in the digestion of fats.

The digested food particles are then absorbed by lymph or blood vessels in the intestinal wall. Tiny finger-like projections (villi) on the walls of the small intestine in­crease the surface area that can absorb the food. The digested parti­cles are then carried by the bloodstream to the liver, which converts them into substances needed by the body.

Eaten material that can not be di­gested as food, such as plant fiber, passes into the large intestine, which is about 5 feet (1.5m) long. There, water is removed from the liquid waste, and bacteria convert it to its final form, feces. The waste material is excreted from the body through the end of the large Intes­tine (rectum).

Food is propelled along by wave-like contractions of muscles in the stomach and intestines. This is called peristalsis. The food moves in one direction only. Sphincters, circular muscles that close tightly, prevent the food from moving backward. There are sphincters at the lower end of the esophagus, at the exit from the stomach, at the lower end of the small intestine, and at the exit from the rectum.

One fairly common disorder is ul­cers of the stomach or duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. If bile stagnates in the gall bladder because of the blocked bile duct, gallstones can form and must be removed surgically. Disorders of the intestinal tract include colitis, diverticulitis, diverticulosis and enteritis.

 

Тема № 8

Название темы: «The Urinary system».

2. Формы работы: подготовка к практическим занятиям, подготовка материалов по НИРС.

3. Перечень вопросов для самоподготовки по теме практического занятия.

Знать лексический минимум по теме, основную медицинскую терминологию на иностранном языке; грамматический материал; уметь использовать знания лексико-грамматического материала устной и письменной речи, владеть иностранным языком в объеме, необходимом для возможности коммуникации и получения информации из зарубежных источников.

 

Задания.

1. Изучающее чтение и перевод текста “The Urinary System”

 

2. Ответы на вопросы по теме занятия.

1. Where does the urine pass from the stomach?

2. What are the organs of the urinary system?

3. Where are the kidneys placed?

4. What are the functions of the kidneys?

5. What route does the ureter pass?

 

3. Поиск синонимов и антонимов (№14,15 стр. 95).

4. Составление плана пересказа текста, выделение ключевых моментов.

5. Изучающее чтение и перевод текста “The Kidneys”

6. Ответы на вопросы по теме занятия.

1. What does the bladder serve for?

2. What are some disorders of the urinary system? 

3. What causes problems in the urinary system? 

4. How is the urea produced?

5. What is the role of the urinary system? 

 

7. Письменный перевод текста “Stones in the kidneys” по вариантам.

 

4. Самоконтроль по тестовым заданиям данной темы.

1. The … are placed on the lumbar region of the spine.

a) lungs

b) kidneys

c) legs

d) gums

2. The chief function of the kidney id to … fluid and certain solids from the blood.

a) separate

b) coordinate

c) accumulate

d) clean

3.The … is reservoir for urine.

a) bladder

b) gallbladder

c) stomach

d) intestine

4. The lungs have to … carbon dioxide and water.

a) pass

b) create

c) excrete

d) constrict

5. If the kidneys stop working, the … will become poisonous.

a) saliva

b) bile

c) pus

d) blood

The urinary system

					1	11
									12
					2
				3
			14						5						15		16
	4
									6		13
										7
	9
										8
10

Across:

1. One of the bladder’s coatings

2. The main organ of the excretory system

3. Thyroid …

4. Little tube between kidney and bladder

5. Space in Bowman’s capsule

6. What conveys the urine to the bladder

7. Proteins, … , carbohydrates.

8. Exchange of substances.

9. It secretes sweat.

10. One of chief functions of the kidney is to …. fluid and solids from blood.

 

Down:

11. The system which takes part in the exretion.

12. Kidney … 150 grams.

13. reservoir for the urine

14. Synonym to sweat.

15. The contents of the bladder.

16. It carries blood to the kidney

5. Самоконтроль по ситуационным заданиям.

1. You are a doctor on duty. There is an emergency patient waiting for your examination. He has the problems with digestion. Ask him for the complains and make up a case history. Pay attention to all necessary entries: FH, PH, FPI.

2. Your patient is suffering from constipation. Explain the possible causes of such condition and give your recommendations. For example: following irregular diet, eating unhealthy food, e.t.c.

3. Imagine you are a urologist. The patient with stones in kidneys applied to you suffering from severe pains. Ask about the complains. Administer the necessary further examination and treatment.

4. You are preparing a report “The disorders of urinary systems”. Use the Internet to find the information on the latest discoveries on the subject.

 

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