Medical Education in Great Britain.

In Great Britain physicians are trained in either medical schools or faculties of Universities. They have medical schools in the Universities of London, Oxford, Birmingham, Bristol and Edinburgh. Entry to a medical school is highly competitive and usually the number of candidates is much higher than the number of the places.

To enter a medical school in Great Britain candidates must pass entrance examinations. Entrance examinations are both oral and written. Students take these examinations at the end of their 6-year secondary- school course, generally at the age of 18-19 years. For entrance to faculty of medicine or a medical school, it is required that the subjects of chemistry, physics and biology or mathematics should be taken at advanced level.

Tuition fees are charged. Most students receive financial assistance in the form of grants, which cover their expenses wholly or in part. The academic year is divided into 3 terms, each of 10-11 weeks’ duration. The terms run from October to December, from January to March and from April to June. Clinical students, however, attend for 48 weeks of the year. Undergraduate education occupies five years, consisting essentially of two years of basic sciences and three years of clinical work. Two pre-clinical years are occupied by human anatomy and biology, physiology and biochemistry. They also study statistics and genetics. Students attend lectures; do dissections and practical work in labs. Latin is not taught in all medical schools. English and Latin spellings are similar and it is possible to write out prescriptions in English too.

Beginning with the third year the students study the methods of clinical examinations and history taking, general pathology, microbiology, pharmacology and community medicine. Medical students have practical training in teaching hospitals. These hospitals consist of in-patient and out­patient departments. Sometimes these departments are called units. Senior students and especially undergraduates spend most of the time in teaching hospitals. Daily bedside instruction in hospital wards and out-patient departments is given by teachers and doctors. Students follow up their patients and attend ward rounds. Besides the work in the wards the students attend demonstrations and clinical conferences as well as lectures in clinical subjects which are being studied.

Examinations in medical schools are held at the end of each term. It is three times a year. At the end of each term and after each special course students take final exams. They are called sessionals. Most of the exams are written. They include academic and practical problems. The final examinations or finals are in Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology. Finals also include history taking and diagnosing. Before finals in Surgery, students assist in operations. Before finals in Obstetrics and Gynecology they must assist during the delivery of at least 20 babies. These examinations are both written and oral. Written test includes short and long questions and questions of multiple choices. Oral tests include diagnosing a case.

So three years are spent in clinical studies to obtain degrees of Bachelor of Medicine (B.M.) and Bachelor of Surgery (B.S.).The degrees of B.M. and B.S. give the right to register as a medical practitioner. After the finals graduates work in hospitals for a year. This period is called internship. The newly qualified doctor must serve for six months as a house physician and six months as a house surgeon under the supervision of his medical school. House physicians and surgeons are on call every second or third night. The work of interns is very difficult but their salary is very small. Interns work at least 6 hours a week. After internship a young doctor obtains a "Certificate of Experience" from the medical school and he or she may work as medical practitioner.

Further specialization requires training in residency. It takes 1 or 2 years of work in a hospital in some field. Residency trains highly qualified specialists in a definite field: gynecologists, urologists, neurologists and others. The salary of residents is higher than the salary of interns. After residency a specialist gets rather a high salary.

This degree is a postgraduate qualification obtained by writing a thesis based on original work. It is not required for practice. Such a degree in surgery is termed a mastership (M.S.).

 

Active Words and Word Combinations

competitive examinations - конкурсные экзамены, grant – стипендия, spelling - написание, орфография, to write out prescriptions - выписывать рецепты, a ward round – обход, bedside instruction - обучение студентов у постели больного, questions of multiple choices - выбор ответа на вопрос из множества предложенных, a medical practitioner - практикующий врач

                                            

                          Medical Education in the UK.

 1 часть

The majority of students enter the five-year course. Only 8 medical degree schools in the UK offer a one-year pre-medical foundation course for applicants who fail to meet the standard matriculation requirements. The Pre-medical programme is designed for students without the prerequisite science backgrounds. This year you study basic medical sciences such as cell function, physiology and chemistry, in addition to medical data handing. Follow in successful completion of this programme you may then progress to the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery programme. The programme is split into two Phases.

 The first Phase, or pre-clinical training, extends over two academic years and interdisciplinary teaching covers normal and abnormal structure function and behavior. You study: basic cell biology, organization of tissues, blood, nutrition, metabolism and endocrinology, gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary system, skeletal and locomotor system, neurological sciences, human reproduction urinary tract, identity and deference; pathology; basic pharmacology; medical microbiology. You also look at medicine in society and take modules in personal and professional development. Clinical skills teaching include practices, demonstrations and case discussions, and hospital visits in the region. You also undertake an attachment to a GP which includes a "family and patient study. Phase II, or clinical training, lasts for three years.

Часть

 Phase II, starts with a 12-week clinical skills block covering basic history-taking and examination. This is followed by the essential junior rotations which provide students with clinical experience of specialties such as public health and neurology. Core material which underpins this clinical experience is provided in weekly resource-day teaching. As part of this Phase you undertake three modules, each lasting for seven weeks, in hospital medicine, investigative medicine, and community medicine, and you may choose from a range of approximately 250 topics on offer. These students-selected modules are followed by a nine-week elective period which gives you the opportunity to study medicine almost anywhere in the world. In the senior rotations, students undertake full-time clinical attachments in the region. At the end of this Phase you take a short Pre-registration House Officer Course to conclude the degree programme, after which you will graduate with a degree. This Course will prepare you for your year as a new graduate House Officer. Within the medical curriculum, you are offered the chance to undertake the degree of Bachelor of Medical Science. This is a one-year research project which enables you to pursue a specific subject in more depth at the end of your second or fourth year. Some students may choose to extend their period of research to undertake a PhD qualification.

                          

1. the standard matriculation requirements – стандартные требования для зачисления в студенты высшего учебного заведения.

2. the pre-medical programme – медицинская подготовка.

3. the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery Programme – программа обучения для получения степени бакалавра по терапии и хирургии.

4. to take modules in.... – пройти курс по...

5. practices – практические занятия.

6. case discussions – обсуждение историй болезней.

7. a GP - a general practitioner – врач общего профиля.

8. the essential junior rotations – основные циклы по узким специальностям на         третьем году клинического обучения.

 9. core material – обязательная программа обучения.

10. investigative medicine – экспериментальная медицина.

11. community medicine – здравоохранение и социальная защита.

12. House Officer – младший врач.

Тема № 1 6

Название темы: «Medical Education in the USA».

2. Формы работы: подготовка к практическим занятиям, подготовка материалов по НИРС.

3. Перечень вопросов для самоподготовки по теме практического занятия.

Знать лексический минимум общего и терминологического характера, знать медицинскую лексику и терминологию. Уметь использовать лексико-грамматический материал в нестандартных ситуациях, владеть иностранным языком в объеме необходимом для возможности коммуникации и получения информации из зарубежных источников.

1. Текст "Medical Education in the USA".

Задания:

 а) ответьте на вопросы.

1. When does a student apply for admission to medical school? 2. What is the most important factor in the selection of students? 3. What is the aim of personal interview with applicants to medical school? 4. What degree do students receive at the end of four years of study? 5. Where can the graduates work after their residency?

 

б) прочитайте и скажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста, а какие нет. Исправьте их.

1. At the age of 18, American children finish their secondary school. 2. Students study at least 2 years in a college before they apply to a medical school. 3. The competition to a medical school is not very high. 4. The first - and second-year students work in clinics and out-patient departments gaining practical medical experience. 5. During their period of residency a young doctor works under the supervision of a specialist. 6. The cost of medical education in the USA is free of charge.

 

в) составьте сообщение о подготовке врачей в США.

 

2. Текст «University of Minnesota Medical School».

Задание:

 а) составьте письменно краткое сообщение (7-10 предложений) на английском языке о требованиях к поступающим в мед. вузы США.

4. Самоконтроль по тестовым заданиям данной темы.

1. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1.   Государственная служба здравоохранения предоставляет населению США все виды медицинской помощи.

2. Государственная служба здравоохранения обеспечивает лечение физических и психических заболеваний, хирургию, услуги дантиста, акушера, семейного врача.

3.  В Америке развита система медицинского страхования.

4.  Современные больницы имеют все необходимое оборудование для диагностики и лечения.

5.  Студент должен совершенствоваться в лабораторных предметах.

6.  После окончания медицинского вуза студент получает звание Доктора Медицины, тем не менее, он все еще студент.

7.  Студент проходит 1 или 2 года интернатуры в больнице.

8.  Во многих штатах есть лицензионная комиссия, которая экзаменует врача после интернатуры. Выдержав экзамен, врач может иметь практику.

 

2. Закончите предложения, выбрав правильную форму глагола.

1. I’ve been photocopying the reports all morning, but I still …

a. haven’t finished.

b. hasn’t finished.

c. didn’t finish.

d. don’t finish.

 

2. I remember meeting your brother last summer, but I … him this year.

a. hasn’t seen

b. haven’t seen

c. don’t seen

d. didn’t seen

 

3. He… there for several years, so he can show me around.

a. lived

b. lives

c. have lived

d. has lived

 

4. I’m sorry I’m late. …you … for a long time?

a. have been waiting

b. has been waiting

c. waited

d. waits

 

5. You …  a break since we started to work. 

a. didn’t have

b hasn’t had.

c. haven’t had

d. don’t have

 

6. We … the stupid film since lunchtime. Let’s switch over the other channel. (watch)

a. have been watching

b. has been watching

c. are c watching

d. were watching

 

7. She … Spanish for several years.

a. have been studying

b. has been studying

c. was studying

d. is studying

 

Key: 1a; 2b; 3d; 4a; 5c; 6a; 7b;

 3. Закончите предложения, используя образец.

1. Jill is in hospital now. She has been in hospital since Monday.

2. I know Sarah. I have known her for 5 years.

3. Linda and Frank are married. They ….. married since 1989.

4. Brain is ill. He ….ill for the last few days.

5. I am learning English. I … English for six months.

6. Alan has a headache. He … a headache since he got up this morning.

Key: 3. have been married; 4. has been; 5. have been learning; 6. has had 

        

4. Закончите предложения, используя слова в скобках, употребив с ними правильный вариант: for or ago .

1. Jill arrived in Ireland.                   (three days).

2. Jill has been in Ireland                   (three days)

3. Linda and Frank have been married (20 years)

4. Linda and Frank got married          (20 years )

5. Dan arrived                                     (ten minutes)

6. We had lunch                                  (an hour)

7. Have you known Lisa                     (a long time)

8. I bought these shoes                        (a few days)

5. Напишите предложения о себе, начиная, словами в скобках.

1. (I‘ve lived)

2. (I’ve been)

3. (I’ve been learning)

4. (I’ve known)

 

6. Поставьте следующие предложения в вопросительную форму.

1. Somebody has broken the window.

2. The cat has caught a mouse.

3. Somebody has left on the electric light all night.

4. Most people have heard this story.

5. The pupils have been writing the essay for two hours.

6. The doctors have just arrived.

7. We have been waiting for you since morning.

8. I am writing on the blackboard.

9. It is raining hard now.

10. Mary is playing the piano the whole hour.

 

7. Образуйте утвердительные предложения, из данных ниже отрицательных.    

1. The psychologist has not prolonged the treatment because the client feels well.

2. The doctor has not yet discharged the patient from the clinic.

3. The patient hasn’t been sleeping since morning.

4. I am not reading your book now.

5. Physiologists have not described the results of the experiment.  

 

8. Образуйте отрицательные и вопросительные предложения, из данных ниже утвердительных.

             1. The red blood cell count has been gradually returning to normal.

             2. The patient has been making a slow recovery for a month.

 

9. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.

 

1. Applicants for Medical School are required to take…

A. exams

B. general test

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