Medical Education in the USA

 After finishing secondary studies the candidate for medical school must complete at least three years of higher education in a college or university.

This period of college or university studies is called "the premedical phase". The students who are taking this course of studies preparing them for a medical school are called "premeds". A student applies for admission to a medical school when he has completed premedical studies. The application costs approximately $ 50.

 Academic achievement is the most important factor in the selection of students. In most medical schools candidates are required to pass the admission test. This is a national multiple choice test. The test lasts about eight hours over a one day period and includes questions in biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics and English. Then special admission committees have personal in­terviews with the candidate in order to assess the candidate's general qualities, his character and his ability to study medicine. The competition is very difficult and only about half of the students who apply to a medical school are accepted and begin their medical education.

  The basic medical sciences are presented largely during the first two years of medical studies. In the first year students study anatomy, biophysics, bio­chemistry, physiology, bacteriology, histology and other subjects. In the second year they study microbiology, pathology, physical diagnosis, and pharmacology and laboratory diagnosis. At the end of four years all students receive the Degree of Doctor of Medicine that is M.D. Then they must work for one year as interns. This course of work at the hospital or clinic is called internship. After the internship young doctors must have a period of residency at the clinic.

The period of residency is obligatory for all medical graduates. This period varies, depending on the specialty of the doctor. Generally, the period of residency is three or four years. For instance, residency in surgery and neurosurgery in the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine lasts for four years. Residency in internal medicine, preventive medicine and radiology lasts for three years. After the residency the graduate is granted a license to practice and he may work either in government service or private practice.

 Medical schools are gradually increasing their tuition fee in all the universities of the USA. Only a small part of students receive scholarships. The majority of the students have to work to pay for their studies. The government financed universities charge less, while the tuition of the private colleges and universities is extremely high.

 

University of Minnesota Medical School.

 

All regular applicants for the freshman class at the University of Minnesota Medical School are required to take the medical college Admission Test (MCAT). This test measures candidates’ factual knowledge of the science (students must earn a bachelor’s degree before entering the Medical School), their reading skills and their ability to solve problems. In selecting applicants for admission the Admission’s Committee will place emphasis on those qualities of motivation, intellect and character essential to a physician.

The Medical School provides the faculty and facilities for instruction of students in medicine. The primary goal of medical education is to prepare good physicians who possess a sound training in human biology.

The course of study for the MD degree requires completion of 13 quarters of academic work in the Medical School. The first four quarters, termed Year One, include course work in basic medical sciences, behavioral sciences and introductory experiences with patients. Year One study is focused on the structure and functions of the human body. Instruction begins with normal structure and biochemical processes in anatomy and biochemistry. Then the focus shifts to the normal functioning of body systems and the reaction of the human organism to disease processes and to the study of microorganisms and their relationships to man and disease. These topics are presented in courses in microbiology, physiology, neuroscience, clinical correlation and pharmacology.

The Three-quarter sequence of Year Two consists of lectures and laboratories in organ system pathology, pharmacology, and interdisciplinary courses in pathophysiology and practice tutorials in clinical medicine.

The students in Year Three and Four work to extend knowledge of medicine through full-time clinical work, participating in the care of patients in hospitals, clinics and office practice settings. The remaining clinical course is individualized, relating specifically to personal interests and career goals.

Комментарии к тексту

1.    University of Minnesota Medical school - Medical school of the University of Minnesota

2. Minnesota –штат на севере

3. Bachelor’s degree – степень бакалавра

4. Medical school – В Великобритании и США высшее медицинское учебное заведение

5. the faculty – (зд) профессорско-преподавательский состав 

Psychology Boards (ASPPB) which created and maintains the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP).

 

Тема № 17

Название темы: «Health Service in Russia».

2. Формы работы: подготовка к практическим занятиям, подготовка материалов по НИРС.

3. Перечень вопросов для самоподготовки по теме практического занятия.

Знать лексический минимум по теме, основную медицинскую терминологию на иностранном языке; грамматический материал; уметь использовать знания лексико-грамматического материала устной и письменной речи, владеть иностранным языком в объеме, необходимом для возможности коммуникации и получения информации из зарубежных источников.

 

Задания.

1. Изучающее чтение и перевод текста «Health care in Russia».

 

2. Ответы на вопросы по теме занятия.

1. What is the character of health service in our country?

2. What is the most distinctive feature of?

3. What are the main tasks?

4. What do we pay much attention to?

5. What is the basic medical unit in our country?

6. What do Polyclinics have?

7. How many hours a day does a district doctor work?

8. The emergency service is rather specific, isn't it?

9. What are the main tasks of the Mother-and-Child Health Care Centre?

10. What is medical research concerned with?

 

3. Поисковое чтение и перевод текста «The problems of Russian health care system. The People`s Health is Society`s Wealth».

 

4. Ответы на вопросы по теме занятия.

1) What is the main attention of health service in Russia paid to?

2) What is one of the most important tasks in the fight against different diseases?

3) What is helpful in health education?

4) Is the polyclinic the basic medical unit in our country?

5) How many hours does the doctor work?

6) Is the emergency ambulance service free of charge?

7) What can you say about the equipment of the emergency ambulance service?

8) Are there many specialized hospitals in Russia?

 

4. Самоконтроль по тестовым заданиям данной темы.

Выполнение тестовых заданий

Прочтите следующие утверждения и выразите свое согласие или несогласие. Начните свои ответы со слов I believe you are right saying that... или; In my opinion you are wrong,

1. Prevention of diseases is the main principle of health service in our country.

a) I believe you are right saying that the prevention of diseases is the main principle of health service in our country.

b) I believe you have right saying that in our country prevention of diseases is the main principle of health service.

c) I believe you are right saying that prevention of diseases is the main principle of health service in our country.

d) I believe you are right saying that a prevention of diseases is the main principle of health service in our country.

 

2. There are private clinics in Russia and some medical institutions are not financed by the state.

a) I believe you right saying that there are private clinics in Russia are not financed by the state and some medical institutions.

b) I believe you are right saying that there are private clinics and some medical institutions are not financed by the state in Russia.

c) I believe you are right saying that there are private clinics in Russia and some medical institutions are not financed by the state.

d) I believe you are right saying that in Russia and some medical institutions are not financed by the state there are private clinics.

 

3. All large industrial enterprises do not provide medical care for the workers.

a) In my opinion you are wrong, for the workers all large industrial enterprises do not provide medical care.

b) In my opinion you are wrong, all large industrial enterprises do not care for the workers.

c) In my opinion you are wrong, all large industrial enterprises do not provide medical care for the workers.

d) In my opinion you are wrong, do not provide medical care for the workers.

 

4. Dispanserisation is restricted only to ТВ patients and does not include patients with hypertension, coronary heart diseases and alimentary diseases.

a) In my opinion you are wrong, dispanserisation isn’t restricted only to ТВ patients patients with hypertension, coronary heart diseases and alimentary diseases.

b) In my opinion you are wrong, dispanserisation isn’t restricted only to ТВ patients and does not include patients with hypertension, coronary heart diseases.

c) In my opinion you are wrong, coronary heart diseases and alimentary diseases, dispanserisation isn’t restricted only to ТВ patients and does not include patients with hypertension.

d) In my opinion you are wrong, dispanserisation isn’t restricted only to ТВ patients and does not include patients with hypertension, coronary heart diseases and alimentary diseases.

Выберите правильный вариант:

1) Outpatient …. are becoming more and more widespread.

a) services

b) help

c) buildings

d) wards

2) Visiting a hospital as an outpatient is …. than being confined as a patient.

a) cheap

b) cheaper

c) more cheap

d) the cheapest

3) Children are among the … users of extended care facilities.

a) goodest

b) badest

c) worst

d) greatest

4) To be able to use a self-care center, a patient should be ….

a) inpatient

b) ambulatory

c) healthy

d) emergent

5) Most older people do not use outpatient services because they cannot afford … for them.

a) to buy

b) to sell

c) to care

d) to pay

5. Самоконтроль по ситуационным заданиям.

1. Your sister woks as a physician. Ask her to tell you about the duties of a physician. Use the following word combinations: local polyclinic, in the evening shift, to examine patients, to have the patient X-rayed, to sound the heart and lungs, to check the blood-pressure, to give a sick-leave, certificate, to diagnose, to prescribe medicine.

 

2. You are a doctor assistant. Fill in a case history of a patient ill with … (disease of your chose) according to the following plan.

Name

Age

Sex

Address

Occupation

The main complaints

FH (family history)

PH (past history)

HPI (history of the present illness)

Primary diagnosis

 

3. You are the head of a regional hospital. How can you improve the quality of provided medical services?

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