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Health Service in Great Britain



 

The National Health Service Act was passed through Parliament in 1946 and in 1948 this Act received the Royal assent and was brought into operation.

 Similar services operate in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Further administrative changes were introduced by a number of other Health Service Acts.

Most medical treatment in Great Britain is free, but charges are made for drugs, spectacles and dental care. Free emergency medical treatment is given to any visitor from abroad who becomes ill while staying in England. But those who come to England specifically for treatment must pay for it.

 The National Health Service provides free medical care both in hospital and in the out-patient clinic. People may use the NHS or they may go to doctors as private patients. In big cities there are some private hospitals which people may use. Many people who have enough money still prefer to be private patients because they think that they can in that way establish a closer relationship with the doctor or because they do not want to be put in a large room with other patients.

A patient can choose between NHS and private treatment at any time. Moreover he can take some of his medical care through the NHS, and some privately. If a patient is dissatisfied with his NHS family doctor or dentist, he may change to another one. In fact, 97 per cent of the population uses the NHS.

 The role of the family doctor (General Practitioner) is very important. Not all patients need highly specialized attention and the GP does invaluable work by filtering off 90 per cent or so of the total medical work.

 The freedom of choice applies to doctors and dentists too. They can choose whether they want to join the NHS or not, and whether they will have NHS patients or private ones. In fact, the majority work in the NHS.

They have modern hospitals but half of the buildings are over 100 years old. 70 per cent of their hospitals are small, with only about 200 beds. Such hospitals are not economical and cannot provide a full range of service, which requires a district hospital of 800 beds or more. Now they have more than 150 health centers in the U.K. The first Scottish health centre was opened in Edinburgh in 1953. These health centers are an integral part of a unified comprehensive health service. Health centers provide all the special diagnostic and therapeutic services which family doctors may need, such as electrocardiography, X-ray, physiotherapy and good administrative and medical records systems. Family doctors work in close cooperation with the hospital doctors. Health centers are the basis of primary care.

There are centers which provide consultant services in general medicine and surgery, ear-nose-throat diseases, obstetrics and gynecology, ophthalmology, psychiatry and orthopedics. All consultations in the centre are by appointment only. The patient is given a definite time at which to attend. This is recorded on a card for him. Each doctor decides for himself how many patients he can examine in one hour. They believe that the patient is the most important person in the health centre and that we should direct all our energy towards helping him as much as possible.                     

                                             

 

Приложение 2

What is Health for all?

The idea of health for all was first forward at a number of WHO's Regional Committees in the last decade of the 20th century. It has given rise to severe skepticism. "How do you define health? What do you mean by all? Will no more babies be born with congenital diseases?"

It does not mean that nobody will be sick or disabled. It means a different approach by which health is considered in the broader context of its contribution to and promotion by social and economic development, so that all people will be able to lead socially and economically satisfying lives. It means that people will use better methods than they do now for preventing disease and alleviating unavoidable disease and disability, and better ways of growing up, growing old and dying gracefully. Today nearly one thousand million people do not live satisfying lives, since they exist in a state of social and economic poverty. This is a combination of unemployment, poverty, a low level of education, poor housing, poor sanitation, malnutrition, affliction by disease. Taken together these create a vicious circle, and improvement of any one of them could contribute to improvement of all of them.

Recent studies have shown that considerable improvements in people’s health can take place for as little as 0, 5 to 2 per cent of the yearly gross national product per person. This is by any standard a reasonable cost. So cost factors should not hinder governments when they consider if, and to what extent, they should commit themselves to the target of health for all.

 

About the NHS

Since its launch 60 years ago, the NHS has grown to become the world’s largest publicly funded health service. It is also one of the most efficient, most egalitarian and most comprehensive.

The system was born out of a long-held ideal that good healthcare should be available to all, regardless of wealth – and that principle remains at its core. With the exception of charges for some prescriptions and optical and dental services, the NHS remains free at the point of use for anyone who is resident in the UK – more than 60m people. It covers everything from antenatal screening and routine treatments for coughs and colds to open heart surgery, accident and emergency treatment and end-of-life care.

Although funded centrally from national taxation, NHS services in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales are managed separately. While some differences have emerged between these systems in recent years, they remain similar in most respects and continue to be talked about as belonging to a single, unified system.                 



Тема № 19

Название темы: «Health сare system in the USA».

2. Формы работы: подготовка к практическим занятиям, подготовка материалов по НИРС.

3. Перечень вопросов для самоподготовки по теме практического занятия.

Знать лексический минимум общего и терминологического характера, знать медицинскую лексику и терминологию. Уметь использовать лексико-грамматический материал в нестандартных ситуациях, владеть иностранным языком в объеме необходимом для возможности коммуникации и получения информации из зарубежных источников.

1. Текст «Health care system in the USA».

Напишите аннотацию данного текста.

 

2. Текст «Health care system in the USA» часть 2.

Задание. Ответьте на вопросы.

1) What are the types of insurance Americans can have?

2) What can happen if you have no insurance?

3) How is health insurance actually arranged?

4) How long does an American woman usually stay in the hospital when she has a baby?

5) How are doctors paid?

6) Is the dental care different from regular health care?

7) How are emergency situations dealt with in the USA?

 

3. Составьте сообщение по теме «Health care system in the USA».

4. Самоконтроль по тестовым заданиям данной темы.

1. Прочитайте и скажите, верны ли утверждения, данные ниже. Объясните свой ответ.

1) Outpatient services are becoming more and more widespread.

2) Visiting a hospital as an outpatient is cheaper than being confined as an inpatient.

3) Children are among the greatest users of extended care facilities.

4) To be able to use a self-care center, a patient should be ambulatory.

5) Most older people do not use outpatient services because they cannot afford to pay for them.

6) Rehabilitation by occupational therapy includes the use of massage.

7) Emergency units usually operate around the clock.

8) An ambulance is a machine used in an emergency unit to administer oxygen.

9) Hospitals that have progressive health care programs encourage patients to return home as soon as possible.

10) Psychiatric patients are too sick to be treated on an outpatient basis.

 

            

2. Тест. Заполните пропуски, выбрав вариант ответа.

5. Заполните пропуски, выбрав правильный вариант:

1. This __________ pencil is broken.

1. --

2. a

3. an

4. the

 

2. Her son is _________ doctor.

1. the

2. a

3. an

4. --

 

3. Three men came to __________ New York for a holiday.

1. --

2. a

3. an

4. the

 

4. Every year they go to __________Black Sea.

1. the

2. a

3. an

4. --

 

5_____ Petrovs live in the United States of America.

1. the

2. a

3. an

4.--

 

6. She ________a manager of the policlinic.

1. am

2. is

3. are

4. were

 

7. There ________ a woman in the room.

1. was

2. were.

3. are

4. am

 

8. Can you _________ a bird in that tree?

1. saw

2. see

3.sees

4. seen

 

9. Our teacher ________several foreign languages.

1. knows

2. know

3. known

4. will know

 

10. I _______ in a dormitory. I rent an apartment.

1. live

2. don’t live

3. doesn’t live

4. will live

 

11. There is __________ in that room.

1. anybody

2. is anybody

3. nobody

4. isn’t nobody

 

12. I am sure there is _________in the office now.

1. somebody

2. anybody

3. some

4. any

 

13. It _________more fun to live in a dormitory or student hostel than to rent an apartment.

1. isn’t

2. is

3. are

4. am

 

14. When _________ your university founded?

1. will be

2. were

3. was

4. are

 

15. We __________ a building for the library and computer center.

1. have

2. has

3. will have

4. having

 

16. Luxurious tennis courts ________ irresistible atmosphere around the place.

1. will create

2. creates

3. create

4. creating

 

17. William James ___________ the philosophy of pragmatism.

1. will develop

2. develops

3. developed

4. is developing

 

18. He __________ a degree in 1869.

1. received

2. receives

3. will receive

4. was received

 

19.There __________ much snow in winter.

1. are

2. is

3. were

4. am

20. Does she _________ in Krasnoyarsk?

1. lives

2. live

3. lived

4. is living

 

21. Ken’s behind Mary. Mary’s _________ Ken.

1. In front of

2. between

3. beside

4. next

 

22. Whose is this house? It’s _________.

1. our       

2. ours      

3. our one

4. ours one

 

23. Pat’s a girl _________long hair.

1. with some            

2. with her                

3. with

4. with the

 

24. What time _________dinner?

1. does Peter have

2. does Peter has           

3. do Peter has

4. Peter has

 

25. My family _________ very wealthy and can pay for my tuition.

1. is

2. are

3. were

4. isn’t

 

26. I ________ very interested in psychology.

1. is

2. am

3. are

4. isn’t

 

27. I _______________dinner at university cafeteria.

1. is having

2. has

3. have

4. have had 

 

28. We ____________ for the whole evening.

1. is reading

2. are read

3. were reading

4. was reading

 

29. They __________ to work on Sunday.

1. don’t go

2. doesn’t go

3. is not going

4. were going

 

30. I didn’t ___________ well that evening.

1. feel

2. felt

3. feeling

4. is feeling

 

31. They _______ to the same school.

1. goes

2. gone

3. went

4. are going

 

32. He _____________ this book tomorrow.

1. will read

2. reads

3. is reading

4. read

 

33. He woke _________at 6 o’clock.

1. over           

2. off               

3. up           

4. down

 

34. If it _________ this weekend, I’ll stay at home and watch TV.

1. rains         

2. will rain         

3. rain           

4. rained

 

35. If he _____ yesterday, he would have got an excellent.

1. had read the text         

2. will read the text         

3. would read the text           

4. read the text

Key: 1.1; 2.2;3.1; 4.1; 5.1; 6.2; 7.1; 8.2; 9.1; 10.2; 11.3; 12.1; 13.2; 14.3; 15.1; 16.3; 17.3; 18.1; 19.2; 20.2;21.1; 22.2; 23.3; 24.1; 25.1; 26.2; 27.3; 28.3; 29.1; 30.1; 31.3; 32.1; 33.3; 34.1; 35.1;  

 

3. Исправьте ошибки в следующих предложениях.

1. If I would have a car, I would give you a lift.

2. They will call the new baby Victoria, but they aren’t sure yet.

3. My sister would visit us more often if she wouldn’t live so far away.

4. I’m playing tennis tomorrow, but I’m not sure.

5. If I’m younger, I’ll learn to play the piano, but I’m too old now.

6. If you went yesterday to the theatre, you would met your cousin.

4. Заполните пропуски в предложении, используя слова, данные в скобках.

1. If I had more money, would you marry (you/marry) me?  

2. He wouldn’t help you if______ (he/not/like) you.

3. ______ (you/find) the machine is quite simple to operate if you look at the manual.

4. ______ (your parents/not/be) proud if they could see you now?

5. If ______ (I/not/revise) thoroughly, I may fail my test.

6. If you wanted to buy someone a really good present, what sort of thing ______ (you/look for)?

7. You’d have a lot more friends if ______ (you/not/be) so mean.

8. How _______ (you/feel) if you were in my position?

 

Key:

2. he didn’t like

3. You will find

4. Wouldn’t your parents be proud

5. I don’t revise

6. would you look for

7. you weren’t

8. would you feel

 

5. Самоконтроль по ситуационным заданиям.

1. Edna Wilson (89) has had a fall and fractured her hip. She says she doesn’t’ want surgery or physiotherapy. She wants her daughter to look after her at home. Mrs. Wilson’s daughter is not happy about this. She says her mother is not thinking clearly. She doesn’t want to care for her mother 24 hours a day, and wants her to have surgery ‘for her own good’.

 

1. What should Mrs. Wilson’s doctor advise? 

2. Should people be forced to have medical treatment when they don’t want it?

3. Does the family need a psychologist?

 

2. You are the hospital manager. Choose one of these things which you want to spend the money on, and think about why it is important.


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