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EMERGENCE OF DESIGN PROFESSIONALS
Warming - up 1. Discuss the following: • How many societies representing the building design professions do you know? • What architects of the Renaissance do you know? 2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary if you need: regulation role process mathematical models in building professionalism nation building codes model of licensed professions discipline 3. Make up your own sentences with the following words: New building types (новые проекты зданий), a building science (наука о строительстве), licensed professional (лицензированный профессионал ), a rise of professionalism (рост профессионализма,), responsibility of an architect (обязанность архитектора), an industrial age (пек индустриализации), large-scale buildings (крупномасштабные здания). 4.Reading for specific information. Read the text and answer the
• When was a major change in the role of (he architect? • What was the response of the architect? • One of the first buildings for which the architect and engineer • Were old societies representing the building or writing design We have mentioned that architecture is a science of building. On one hand, coming of a building science also marked a major change in the role of an architect. The response of the architect was to develop a new role of licensed professional on the model of licensed professions such as law and medicine. It meant a bewildering range of new building types. On the other hand, with coming of a building science, there was a further division of labour in the design process. Some new disciplines appeared to teach engineers and architects. One of them was structural engineering as a separate discipline specializing in the application. We know that for building an architect and an engineer are needed. One of the first buildings for which an architect and an engineer were separate persons was the Granary (1811) in Paris. The building design professions were founded, including the Institute of Civil Engineers (1818) and the Royal Institute of British Architects (1834), both in London, and the American Institute of Architects(1857). Official government licensing of architects and engineers was not realized until beginning with the Illinois Architects Act of 1897. With the rise of professionalism was the development of government regulation, which took the form of detailed municipal and nation a building codes specifying both prescriptive and performance requirements for buildings. 5. Find and translate all the sentences containing the following • coming of a building science • structural engineering • building design professions • building codes 6. Read the text again and complete the following sentences: Coming of the industrial age also... The response of the architect was... One of the first buildings... With the rise... On the other hand, with the coming of a building science... Official government licensing of... 7. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements; • Coming of the renaissance age also marked a major change • Two of the first buildings for which the architect and engineer • Societies representing the building design professions were not • We know that for building an architect and an engineer are • One of them was structural engineering as a separate discipline Lesson 11-12 A CONTRACT BETWEEN THE CLIENT AND THE CONTRACTOR Warming - up 1. Discuss the following: • What do you know about a contract? • Have you signed any contract? 2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary • commission for a building • client • preliminary plans • building contractors • correct any defects • exact dimension of every part of the building • final design 3. Reading for general understanding. Skim read the text. Think of a good title for it. Compare it with other students' titles. 4. Reading for general understanding. Read the text, choose a , right word. After receiving (commission, a plan, money) for a building, an architect meets a (client, friend, relative) and discusses his requirements. After visiting the site, the architect draws up a preliminary plan. Then the architect submits the (cost, price, money) to the client for his approval. If the client suggests anything, the architect incorporates them into the final design. Only the final design shows the exact dimension of every part of the building. At this (stage, level) several building contractors are invited to bid for the job of constructing the building. When they submit their lenders or prices, the architect assists his client in selecting the best one and helps him to draw up a (contract, picture) between the client and the contractor. Then a work starts on the (building, lesson). The architect makes periodic inspections to make sure that the building is being constructed according to his plans and that the {materials, instruments) specified in the contract are being used. The client pays the (bills, work) from the contractor during the building period. At the end of the building the contractor completes the (building, work, and lesson) and the client occupies it. After completing there is a (period, time) known as the "defects liability period". During this period the (contractor, client) must correct any defects that have appeared in the fabric of the building. Finally, when all the defects have been corrected, the client takes ml! (profession, work) of the building. 5.Read and translate the second paragraph from the text. 6.Reading for general understanding. Read the text again and
• When does an architect meet the client? • When does an architect draw up preliminary plans? • When are building contractors invited? • When does an architect make periodic inspection? • What is the "defects liability period"? • When does the client take full possession of the building? 7. Now find a word or an expression in the passage which means: to be given the job of designing a building to offer to a client for his consideration to offer to do some work at a certain price to look at the building work in detail at regular intervals an interval of time after the building has been finished a contractor is responsible for correcting any faults in it to have complete ownership of the building Lesson 13 |
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