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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
Read the text again and translate it.
Various materials are used as a solution for fastening. It was so a long ago. Sometimes in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) masters applied resin substance — bitumen. Egyptians used plaster (sulfate of calcium). Greeks and Romans originally worked with oxide calcium. But the limy solution was easily washed away by a rain. Subsequently Greeks and Romans took more durable cement mortal on arms — a mix to exhaust, sand and volcanic ashes. Later Romans began to add to it gravel for reception of concrete. Greeks continued building of integral blocks of a stone or marble. One more major landmark became manufacturing bricks in the furnace for roasting at high temperatures. So it was received stronger and more durable material in comparison with samanom. But Romans used only thin layers of these materials for lacing concrete designs. Besides dwellings, builders could erect majestic palaces, temples and monuments. They also decorated with their decorative stone lying. Many things are made by metal tools. Metal tools allow cutting, squaring and polishing a stone. Metal tools such as an axe, а saw, builders used many years ago. Also they had an opportunity to use available materials more widely. Now they could cut the big trees and split them and bars.
5. Read the text again and complete the spidergram:
6. Read the text again and complete the following sentences: • Now they could cut the big trees and... • Various materials were used... • .. .took more durable cement mortal on arms — a mix to exhaust, • Many things... • Greeks and Romans... • ...hi comparison with samanom. Lesson 49-50 EXTRUDED PRODUCTS Warming - up 1. Discuss the following: · What do you know about high-quality products? • What are their advantages and disadvantages? 2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary if you need: • parameters • finished products • customers demands • high-quality products • printing industries • manufacturing of aluminum 3. Make up your own sentences with the words from Ex 2. 4. Read the text and find new words from the text. 5. Reading for general understanding. Skim read the text. Think of a good title for it. Compare it with other students' titles. 6. Reading for specific information. Read the text, choose a right word. Using aluitiinum extrusions is growing rapidly {worldwide, nowhere). They are increasingly used in a variety of (new, old) applications. As a construction (material, book), aluminum extrusions free the imagination and expand the (parameters, borders) of possibilities. We offer extruded aluminum profiles, semi-manufactured {components, goods), systems and finished products — meeting our customers' {demands, methods) for performance, quality, precision and economy. Hydro Aluminum has already implemented more than 200.000 customer profiles worldwide. Customer satisfaction and product excellence are our key {goals, words). Hydro {Aluminum, concrete) also offers a wide selection of standard extrusions with more than 1.500 different profiles. Hydro Aluminum will assist you in finding the {standard, defective) aluiminum extrusion that fits your needs. Extrusion is a {process, idea) that provides virtually unlimited opportunities for adapting product shapes. {Costs, processes) are cut by using fewer components, which reduces the finishing process and simplifies assembly. Aluminum extrusions inspire creative {designs, works) and technical solutions that improve, simplify and reduce costs. At the initial stage, we work together with our {customers, produces) on product development. Optimal design and correct alloy selection can simplify later stages of the creation {process, method) and generate cost savings. Besides this, we use cutting-edge {technology, words) for quality fabrication with high precision. Hydro Aluminum is a global supplier of a {wide, narrow) range of high-quality products such as cast, rolled and extruded products for the automotive, construction, packaging end printing (industries, hospitals). We are a strong and versatile (partner, teacher) with more than 85 years of experience in the {production, sating) and manufacturing of aluminum, and are active throughout the entire value chain. (Aluminum, concrete) from our smelters and participating interests in smelters at home. and abroad forms the basis of these operations. We supply the (market, house) with over 3 million tones of (metal, glass) products annually from our global metal supply network. In addition, aluminum recycling represents a valuable resource for our (company, school). 7. Reading for specific information. Read the first paragraph and translate, answer the following questions: • What is extrusion? • Is the use of aluminum extrusions growing rapidly worldwide? • Are they increasingly used in a variety of new applications? • For what are aluminum extrusions used? • Why is Hydro Aluminum a global supplier of a wide range of high-quality products such as cast, rolled and extruded products for the automotive, construction, packaging end 8. Read the text again and complete the spidergram:
9. Read the text once more and complete the following sentences: • ,..is a process that provides virtually unlimited opportunities for... • Aluminum extrusions inspire creative designs and... • Hydro Aluminum has already implemented more than... • We... of metal products annually from our global metal supply network. • In addition... represents a valuable resource for our company. • ...we work to enhance people's quality of life — every day. • ...is a process... • ...we use... • ...are our key goals. • We after... 10. Read the following statements and say whether they are true of false. Correct the false statements: • The use of aluminum extrusions is not growing rapidly worldwide. • Hydro Aluminum has already implemented more than 100.000 customer profiles worldwide. • Customer satisfaction and product excellence are not our key goals. • Hydro Aluminum also offers a wide selection of standard extrusions with more than 1,000 different profiles. • We supply the market with over 2 million tones of metal products annually from our global metal supply network. • We offer cost-effective solutions by implementing best practices. • Aluminum extrusions inspire creative designs and technical solutions that improve, simplify and reduce costs. • Extrusion is a process that provides virtually limited opportunities for adapting product shapes.
• Our focus isn't on product quality and capabilities. • Optimal design and correct alloy selection can not simplify later stages of the creation process and generate cost savings. Lesson 51-52 ALUMINIUM Warming - up 1. Discuss the following: • What products are used in building and construction? • Can you describe any of these materials? 2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary quality labels training for employees calculations documentations leading role competence certificate engine blocks structural components for the automobile industry 3. There are 10 words in this word square. Can you find them?
4. Read the text and find new words from the text. 5. Reading for general understanding. Skim read the text and think of a good title for it. Compare it with other students' titles. 6. Find and translate all the sentences containing the following words: • a worldwide network • packaging and printing industries • to create innovative and sustainable solutions • an aluminium's strength • an industrial machinery • an aluminium extrusion
7. Reading for specific information. Read the text, choose a right word. 8. Read and translate the first paragraph from the text. As one of the worlds top integrated aluminum companies Hydro Aluminum offers customers a wide range of high-quality products. Our focus on innovation, quality and cost-efficient solutions has led us to achieve market leadership in many of the most important industry's (market, school) segments in the automobile, construction, packaging and printing industries. 27.000 employees of Hydro Aluminum form a worldwide network that builds on 85 years of experience in (he (production, sailing) and fabrication of aluminum. Hydro Aluminum has achieved a leading (role, place) in the following market segments: foil, lithographic strip, a building system, heat transfer systems and structural components for the automobile industry, high purity aluminum and magnesium. With 27,000 (employees, teachers) from 28 countries of the world our aluminum business holds a leading position in a number of areas. Our own (production, manufacture) was nearly 1.5 million tones of primary aluminum in 2003, in addition to a considerable trading activity. Aluminum's strength, low density, corrosion, resistance and design flexibility make it an ideal (material, role) for building applications. More than 50 percent of all extruded products are used in (building, field) and construction. We are a major global supplier of building systems based on aluminum extrusions. We have a wide product range and are active in all parts of the (industry, school). We offer everything from single home residential solutions to large international tender projects. Working with Building Systems teams you can save (time, position) — starting with the design process all the way to logistics. Proprietary software for project calculations hands are on project support (documentation, idea) in a wide range of languages extrusion accessories and fittings. We have the competence for efficient tooling and can supply (machine, water) solutions. We can assist you in testing your finished products and assembly line productivity, as well as providing fireproof (certificates, boxes) and other quality labels. We can provide training for your employees to ensure efficiency. We can deliver directly to the project site. Industrial machinery and accessories, tools, equipment, precision engineering, medical gear and instruments include (aluminum , iron) extrusions due to the metal's inimitable combination of properties, Aluminum extrusions are used in practically as businesses, products and environments. We have all the (resources, members) required to deliver extrusions of exactly the right design, shape and size for our customers (finished product, resources). Using of aluminum extrusions reduces the number of (components, customers) and simplifies assembly and individual component connections. An attractive finish and good thermal conductivity are just some of the strong (arguments, facts) for using aluminum in these products. At the design stage it is possible to construct an (extrusion, components) that minimizes the need for further work and makes fitting and assembly more efficient. Because of its ductility, (aluminum, water) is highly suitable-for all types of fabrication. The bulk of the extrusions we deliver go through some form of fabrication and some kind of surface treatment. 9. Reading for specific information. Read the second paragraph • How much percent of all extruded products are used in building • What can you tell about working Building Systems teams of • What are advantages of aluminum? • What can this company provide? 10. Read the text again and complete the following sentences: • Our focus on innovation, quality and cost-efficient solutions has led us to achieve market leadership in many of the industry's most important market segments in the... • We have... all the... shape and size for our customers finished product. • We have for efficient tooling and... • Aluminum's strength, low density... for building applications. • experience in the production and fabrication of aluminum as well as a strong... for today's challenges and tomorrow's opportunities. • We can provide training for... • ...we deliver go through... • ...aluminum is highly suitable... • We have... international tender projects. • Working with our... 11. Read the following statements and say whether they are true of false. Correct the false statements: • The 25.000 employees of Hydro Aluminum form a worldwide network that builds on 85 years of experience in the production and fabrication of aluminum as well as a strong commitment • With 20.000 employees in 23 countries throughout the world, our aluminium business holds a leading position in a number of areas. • Our own production was nearly 1.7 million tones of primary aluminium in 2003, in addition to a considerable trading activity. • More than 45 percent of all extruded products are used in building and construction. • The bulk of the extrusions we don't deliver go through some form of fabrication and some kind of surface treatment. Lesson 53-54 PLASTIC MATERIALS Warming - up 1. Discuss the following: • Many new materials we live with have become familiar to us over centuries, have not they? • What are these materials? 2. Match the following words with their Russian equivalents:
3. There are seven words in this word square. Can you find them ?
4.Read the text and find new words from the text. 5. Reading for general understanding. Skim read the text. Think Many new materials are familiar to us over centuries. We are pretty well acquainted with the advantages and disadvantages of wood. We know that glass is transparent, but in some ways it is rather brittle. Glass has the advantages of cheapness, rigidity and chemical inertness. We are aware that most metals can stand severe handling, but some of them rust. But such materials as plastic materials are not found in nature. Some years ago plastics were little more than laboratory curiosities! Today plastics are conceived in the laboratory of the chemical plant. But plastic is formed by extrusion or injection molding under very high pressure. It can be molded into any desired shape. Organic plastics are divided into two general groups: thermosetting and thermoplastic. The thermosetting group becomes rigid through a chemical change that occurs when heat is applied. These plastics cannot be remolded. The thermoplastic group remains soft at high temperatures and must be cooled before becoming rigid. This group is not used generally as a structural material. Plastics are rapidly becoming important construction materials because of their great variety, strength, durability and lightness. The high strength to weight ratio of some plastics offers big field in the coming age of space travels and rockets. Plastics are light. The same benefits of light weight coupled with good strength and absence of corrosion offer tremendous potential as alternatives to traditional building materials. A given volume of polythene weights less than one-eighth of an equal volume of iron and less then half of the same volume of aluminum. The following characteristics of plastics are usually shared by all plastics: lightweight, corrosion resistance, electrical and thermal insulation, ease of fabrication, transparency in some materially ease of coloring and economy of production. These characteristics of plastics explain their increasing acceptance by industries. The development of plastic has been so rapid. Since World War 11 there have been rapid developments in the manufacture of blown thermoplastic bottles made of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, or some other plastics. Plastic bottles are much lighter and less fragile than glass bottles. We can hardly name a branch of industry where plastics are not applied. Plastics have been already used in the industry: from rockets and electronics to toys and house ware. Plastic products offer many advantages over the materials they replace, such as ease of handling, lower maintenance costs and rapidity of assembly. The insulation and dielectric properties of plastics led to their early use in the electrical engineering industry, which was followed by special application in mechanical engineering. Automobile, aircraft and shipbuilding industries have also made use of advantages offered by plastics. Using of plastics as materials for a construction in the form of sheets, rods or tubes is substituting the conventional metals. Plastics offer a lot of properties for the designs. Plastics have now been developed to such an extent that they can be applied to almost every branch of building, tram the laying of foundations to the final coat of paint. 6. Read the text again and translate the second paragraph, 7 Reading for specific information. Read the text and answer the following questions to the text:
• What plastic products do you know? • Have plastics been conceived in the laboratory or are born in • Were several years ago plastics little more than laboratory • What rapid developments have been in the manufacture of • What are the main characteristics of glass? 8. Read the text again and complete the spidergram:
9. Read the text once more and complete the following sentences: • ...their increasing acceptance by industries. • ...glass is transparent... • ...are conceived in the laboratory... • We are aware... • The development of plastic... • Since World War II... • ...the same basic sequences. • The following characteristics of plastics are usually shared by all plastics... • ...are light. • ...are rapidly becoming important construction materials because of their great variety, strength, durability and lightness. • ...products offer many advantages over the materials they replace, such as ease of maintenance costs and rapidity of... assembly. • A plastic is a... any desired shape and which uses an organic substance as a binder. • ...plastics are divided into two general groups: • ...becomes rigid through a chemical change that occurs when heat is applied. 10. Read the following statements and say whether they are true of false. Correct the false statements: • We are not pretty well acquainted with the advantages and aura of wood. • Two years ago plastics were little more than laboratory curiosities. • Since World Wai1 I there have been rapid developments in the manufacture of blown thermoplastic bottles made of Polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, or some • Plastic bottles are much lighter and less fragile than glass bottles. • Plastics have been conceived in the laboratory and are born in a chemical plant. • Plastics are not light. • Plastics offer a lot of properties for these designs. • Glass has the advantages of cheapness, rigidity and chemical inertness. • We are pretty well acquainted with the advantages and wood. • Few new materials are familiar to us over centuries. Lesson 55 PLASTICS Warming - up 1. Discuss the following: • What do you know about plastics? • What plastic products are you familiar with? 2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary if you need: • plastic • resin • organic • celluloid • electrical engineering industry • automobile • volume of polythene • revolution in interior and exterior design 3. Read the text and find new words from the text. 4. Reading for general understanding. Skim read the text. Think of a good title for it. Compare it with other students' titles. One of new synthetic materials used widely is plastic. Although the first plastic, celluloid was introduced 100 years ago. Some types of plastics are very tough, e.g., nylon. Others may be relatively brittle, as polystyrene. Plastic is not as strong as iron or steel or concrete when it comes to supporting great weights. Plastics do not rust and therefore require no protective layer, such as paint, which can subsequently peel off. They can be colored and such .color is part of the material. Some types will withstand higher temperatures than others and the ceiling temperature is constantly being raised as new varieties appear. Plastics have found wide application both in everyday life and in industry. It is a decorative plastic — laminate. It consists of paper filler impregnated with thermosetting resins, on top of which is laid similarly impregnated paper. The paper itself is topped with a melamine resin treated skin which gives a tough surface. This sandwich being then pressed and subjected to heat. A laminate has been developed which is suitable for both inside and outside use. It is used by an architect and a builder in interior and exterior design. A Laminate can be worked by all the methods commonly employed by a builder. A Laminate has some weathering properties. There were many disadvantages in the development of decorative laminates before they could be put on the market. Its chief advantage is that it needs no maintenance other than an occasional wipe down with a damp cloth. Another important property is that curved surfaces can be introduced and sharp comers eliminated in areas where hygiene is an essential consideration. 5. Read the text once more and translate about b) decorative plastic — laminate.
6. Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph 7. Read the text once more and complete the spidergram:
8. Reading for specific information. Read the text, choose a right word. 9. Read the paragraphs about Reinforced and Foamed Plastics and answer the following questions: • What is added to create a reinforced plastic? • What are foamed plastics? Reinforced Plastics. In order to improve the (mechanical, plastic) properties of resin, glass fibers are often added to create a reinforced (plastic, water). Glass fabrics offer great potential for structural use. Since the (glass, iron) fibers have tensile strengths up to 600.000 (42.000 kg/sq cm)? their addition to a resin results in a composite (material, work) with an ultimate strength up to 250.000 (17.500 kg/sq cm), although lower strength combinations are normally used as structural (panels, boxes) as structural shapes such as I-beams and as bodies for ships and trailers. Ал experimental (house, work) built in Disneyland in 1956 has a reinforced plastic shell. Foamed Plastics. Foamed plastics, such as urethane and polystyrene, have very low compressive and tensile (strength, glass) and puncture easily. They can be used between two layers of a hard surface material such as a metal to create a laminated (sandwich, ship) panel with high stiffness. Such panels are used as floors, partitions and exterior walls in (buildings, garages). 10. Read the following statements and say whether they are true of false. Correct the false statements: • Plastic like heat. • Plastic can not part of the material. • Plastic is not applied in industry. • The use of plastic in the form of robs or tubes are substituting the conventional metals. • There was a drop in power consumption of between 10 and 20 percent. • It is a decorative plastic — laminate. • It is not used .by an architect and a builder in ulterior and exterior design. • Some types of plastics are very tensile. • Color is part of the material. • There were many advantages in the development of decorative laminates. Lesson 56 |
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The.,, employees of Hydro Aluminum form a... on 85 years of
