Text E. The Alimentary Tract

The alimentary tract is a musculomembraneous canal about 8½ m (metres) in length. It extends from the oral cavity to the anus. It consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The liver with gallbladder and pancreas are the large glands of the alimentary tract.

The first division of the alimentary tract is formed by the mouth. Important structures of the mouth are the teeth and the tongue, which is the organ of taste ( вкуса ). The soft and hard palates and the salivary glands are also in the oral cavity.

From the mouth food passes through the pharynx to the esophagus and then to the stomach.

The stomach is a dilated portion of the alimentary canal. It is in the upper part of the abdomen under the diaphragm. It measures about 21-25 cm (centimetres) in length, 8-9 cm in its greatest diameter. It has a capacity of from 2.14 to 4.28 1 (litres).

The small intestine is a thin-walled muscular tube about 6.5 m long. It is located in the middle portion of the abdominal cavity. The small intestine is composed of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.

The large intestine is about 1.5 m long. It is divided into caecum, colon and rectum.

The liver is the largest gland in the human body. It is in the right upper part of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm.

The gallbladder is a hollow sac ( мешок ) lying on the lower surface of the liver.

The pancreas is a long thin gland lying behind the stomach.

CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

VII. Translate these sentences and define the part of speech of the words in bold type:

The left atrium and ventricle connected by the mitral valve form the left chamber of the heart. 2. The operation made on the diseased joints restored the health of the patient. 3. The main inner organs included in the thoracic cavity are the heart and lungs. 4. The blood carried through the veins from the trunk, head and extremities to the right atrium is called venous.

VIII. Say what organ is spoken about:

This organ is the largest gland in the human body. It is in the upper part of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm in the right side of the abdomen. Its upper surface is convex. This organ consists of small lobules connected together by connective tissue, different vessels and nerves.

This organ is pyriform ( грушевидный ) in shape. It is a dilated portion of the alimentary canal. It is in the upper part of the abdomen under the diaphragm. The liver is above this organ, and the colon is below it. The pancreas is behind this organ.

IX. Combine the adjectives with the proper nouns given below. Translate your word combinations:

Inner, serous, salivary, hard, exact ( точный ), vital, connective, pale, length, palate, coat, capacity, tissue, gland, layer, face.

X. Make up sentences with the predicate in the Passive Voice. Translate them:

Are, with, the oral cavity, connected, the salivary glands; 2) the oral cavity, are, the soft and hard palates, located in; 3) of, main, are, the arteries, composed, three, coats.

XI. Translate the following sentences:

The peritoneum is a serous coat covering the inner surface of the abdominal wall. 2. The shape of the stomach changes when it dilates and its borders greatly extend. 3. The capillaries are connected with the endings of the arteries and veins. 4. The left atrium is smaller than the right one and its walls are thicker than those of the right one.

XII. Translate the sentences determining the meaning of the words in bold type from the context:

The great Russian scientist Pirogov published his Anatomical Atlas in 1851-1854. 2. Anatomy is the science which describes the structure of the human body. 3. The invention of the radio by Popov was a great scientific revolution. 4. The exact number of minutes in an hour is sixty.

XIII. Using the words given in the brackets make up sentences corresponding to the Russian ones:

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