Обратите внимание на произношение следующих букв и буквосочетаний.

tion        [∫n] education, mention, vocational, attention, calculations,

specialization, organization;

ea          [i:] means, each, leak, team, lean, cream, steal, dream, bleak,

              peak, beam.

Прочитайте и переведите текст.

HIGHER EDUCATION IN RUSSIA

Higher education in Russia is not compulsory. After leaving secondary school young people enter vocational schools, high schools or higher education institutions. The latter include institutes, academies and universities. As a rule, studying at the institute is connected with one sphere of education: technical, medical, humanitarian, military or service. Universities usually offer wider range of specialities. Recently, the following system has been developed: institute – academy – university. That means that each establishment of higher education can change its status which depends on the quality of teaching staff and educational process as well as on the number of faculties and specialities.

Usually the course of study lasts 5 or 6 academic years (and from 3.5 to 6 academic years at the extra-mural department). Each academic year is divided into 2 terms, at the end of each term students take exams. If you have passed your entrance exams well, you’ve got an opportunity to study free of charge. Otherwise, you’ll have to pay for education.

Russian higher schools have a comprehensive curriculum, which includes general-educational and specialized subjects. Students attend lectures and fulfil lab works. At the end of study they take final exams and defend graduation projects.

Higher education in Russia still has some benefits. If you study hard, you can get scholarship and an institute organizes free holidays for its students. There are a lot of student clubs, students have celebrations, visit theatres, cinemas, concerts and take part in scientific conferences. Everybody has the opportunity to get a second education or continue their first, through post-graduate courses that are offered at higher education institutes.

 

Соотнесите вводные слова и союзы из предложений с их переводом. Составьте 3 предложения с любыми из этих слов .

1. As a rule, studying at the institute is connected with one sphere of education.

2. Recently, the following system has been developed: institute – academy – university.

3. Each establishment of higher education can change its status which depends on the quality of teaching staff and educational process as well as on the number of faculties and specialities.

4. Usually the course of study lasts 5 or 6 academic years.

5. Higher education in Russia still has some benefits.

 

В последнее время; обычно; так же, как; все-таки; как правило.

C какими фактами из текста “ Higher education in Russia ” соотносятся следующие цифры? Прочитайте соответствующие отрывки из текста.

1) 3.5 – 6. 2) 2. 3) 5 or 6.

7. Прочитайте текст и заполните таблицу о системе образования в разных странах.

 

HISTORY OF EDUCATION

As long as we live we continue to learn, and the education we receive when we are young helps us to continue learning. We are taught to read and write, and are taught many of the essential facts about, the world and shown how to sort them out so that later in life, we shall be able to find out things ourselves and not to ask other people.

The first teachers were fathers and mothers, but very early in the history of man children began to be taught by people other than their fathers and
mothers. It is thought that schools first started in Egypt 5,000 to 6,000
years ago, and that it was the invention of writing which made them
necessary. Reading and writing were quite different from the skills used in
everyday life, and writing made it possible to store up knowledge which
grew with each generation. Specially trained people were therefore needed
to teach it. 

Only the sons of nobles attended the first Egyptian schools, which
taught reading, physical education and good behaviour. In ancient India the
priestly caste decided what should be taught to each of the four castes, or
groups, into which people were divided. Only the priestly caste was allowed to learn the Hindu, scriptures. In China, until the 19th century, education was organized according to social classes, and consisted largely of learning the scriptures by heart.

A clear example of the way in which even neighboring peoples
produce different types of education comes from ancient Greece. Sparta and
Athens were two Greek states. The Spartans, hard and warlike people, gave
a purely military education to their children. At the age of seven all boys of noble families were taken from their homes arid sent to live in schools. They were kept under a very strict discipline and were taught hunting, military scouting, swimming and the use of weapons. The Spartans despised literature, and some people think they could not even read.      At the very .game time, also for the nobles only, the building what we call a liberal education⁴- one that helps a man to all sides of his nature, helps him to make and appreciate beautiful things and helps him to, find the best way of life. They thought it important to educate the body as well as the mind, and had a programme of physical, training which consisted of running, jumping, wrestling and throwing the discus. As time went on Athenian education paid special attention to reading, writing and literature and these were taught by a special teacher, known as the "grammatist". Common people were not educated; they were trained in craftsmanship, workmanship, trades.

Greek philosophers, or thinkers, always discussed what education
should try to do and what it should include. Plato wrote a book called The
Republic, which is one of the best books ever written on education, and
since those days Greek ideas have influenced European education,
especially secondary and university education.

The Romans were very good at organizing, and they were the first
people to have schools run by the government free of charge. Throughout
their great empire there was a network of these schools which provided for
three stages of education.

At six or seven all boys (and some girls) went to the primary school, where they learned "three R's": reading, writing, and arithmetic. Most children were not taught more than this, but at 12 or 1-3, boys of the rich families went on to the "grammar" school to study the Greek and Latin languages and literatures, that is, what had been written in those languages. At 16, young nobles who wanted to enter politics or the service of their country went to the schools of rhetoric to be trained in rhetoric, or public.

In Great Britain the first teachers we read about were craftsmen. They taught children to read, write and count, to cook and mend their own shoes. In the early 19th- century the main system of teaching was the "Monitor" system. The teacher could manage a class of 100 or more by using older pupils or "monitors" to help him. The schools had long desks which were sometimes arranged in tiers so that the teacher could see every child in a large class.

 

The name of the country	Who was taught	What was taught
Egypt	The sons of nobles	Reading, physical education, good behaviour
Ancient India
China
Sparta
Athens
Roman State
Great Britain

8. Расскажите о высшем образовании в России.

9. Перескажите текст, пользуясь планом реферирования (см. приложение). Обратите внимание на перевод следующих слов.

a definition – определение

to list – перечислять

according to – согласно

to grant – присуждать

a division – отделение

recreational – предназначенный для отдыха и развлечения

facilities – условия, возможности

a teaching assistant – доцент

competitive – конкурсный

to accept – принимать

to apply – подавать заявление о приеме

an applicant – абитуриент

 

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