Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология
Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии


Diseases of the conjunctiva



Pre corneal membranous occlusion of the cornea is described to date only in rabbits, dwarf rabbits and humans. This is a rare disease. With regard to age and sexual predisposition, it is believed that young males predisposed to the disease at the age of five to twelve months. To date, science has not proven that the disease can be congenital. Based on a comparative analysis of the damage to the pre-corneal membrane in humans, the secondary nature of the disease is assumed. To date, it is not known whether the excess membrane growth in rabbits, as in humans, is a consequence of a violation of the innervation regulation of the area of ​​the conjunctival transition into the cornea. In the future, patients with these disorders will undergo anesthesiometry to test the tactile sensitivity of the cornea and the limbal part of the conjunctiva. Treatment consists in surgical removal of the membrane. Since the proliferation of the conjunctival part of the membrane is of limbal origin, to avoid relapses, the conjunctiva of the eyeball is removed at a distance of 4-5 behind the limbus. Due to the possible inflammatory genesis of the process, therapy with eye ointments containing an antibiotic and a corticosteroid is recommended in the future. Inflammatory diseases of conjunctiva are among the most common eye diseases in rabbits. The cause may be numerous infectious agents, such as Pasteurella multocida, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas spp., Chlamydien, Treponema cuniculi and Myxomatosis virus. Mixomatosis is a viral disease that is most common in wild rabbits, but in some cases domestic rabbits can also be affected. Transmission of the pathogen occurs through flies and mosquitoes.

Clinically, myxomatosis manifests itself in the form of subcutaneous edema, mainly in the area of ​​mucosal-skin transitions of the natural openings of the body, such as eyelids, ears, the entire head region. Based on these symptoms, a preliminary diagnosis can be made. However, the final diagnosis can be made only by isolating the virus. Own experience shows that rabbits that are kept in the garden, very often suffer from keratoconjunctivitis caused by myxomatosis. Specific therapy does not exist. Sick animals are subject to euthanasia. However, it should be remembered that non-infectious agents are also capable of causing conjunctivitis. These include the already described defects of the eyelids, trichiasis, distichiasis, violations of hygiene content, very dusty premises, as well as traumatic effects.

 

Diseases of the nasolacrimal canal

 Pasteurella multocida in rabbits is the most frequent infectious disease. Rabbits with pasteurellosis often come with eye diseases, such as conjunctivitis, epiphora (lachrymation), purulent discharge from the eyes, blockage of the nasolacrimal canals and dacryocystitis. With only local antibiotic therapy, inflammatory changes in the lacrimal canal are quite resistant to treatment, in many cases this leads to the development of a chronic disease. Rinsing of the nasolacrimal canal, depending on the severity of the process, should be carried out twice-thrice or once a week. As a washing solution, saline is recommended for use with the addition of an antibiotic to which there is sensitivity. In parallel, dacryocystitis is treated with drops containing antibiotic, to which sensitivity is determined on the basis of bacterial inoculation. Eye drops should be instilled 5 times a day for a week, then the prolongation of the course depends on the severity of the symptoms. The application of ointments for dacryocystitis is contraindicated, since ointments can lead to blockage of lacrimal passages.

Diseases of the cornea of ​​rabbits

 Clinical symptoms associated with corneal diseases

 Corneal diseases in rabbits are characterized by clinical signs associated with pain. The surface of the cornea is very well innervated by sensory nerve fibers, especially in the center. Even slight damage to the epithelium leads to lacrimation, blepharospasm, conjunctival hyperemia and reflex uveitis, which is accompanied by myosis and Tyndall effect; when stimulating painful tactile receptors, an increased amount of protein is produced in the aqueous humor of the eye chambers, pupils constriction and congestion hyperemia are observed. This axon-reflex is responsible for the manifestation of clinical symptoms of anterior uveitis and the occurrence of pain that occurs with most eye diseases. Lacrimation as a clinical symptom of corneal diseases is observed in all animal species, except for those that do not have tear fluid production. Diseases of the cornea can lead to its turbidity, swelling, scar formation, vascularization.

Corneal ulcer Corneal ulcer is caused by damage to the epithelium of the cornea, which leads to the destruction of the epithelium and damage to various parts of the stroma. The most frequent ophthalmologic pathology in rabbits is ulceration of the cornea. Ulcers can be classified as non-healing, sterile, infected and rapidly progressing. There are many reasons that can cause corneal ulcers in rabbits, and all of them must be consistently excluded in this pathology. Each state of the eye, leading to pain and irritation, can cause further damage to the cornea and aggravation of the ulcer, for this reason a thorough ophthalmological examination should always be carried out.

Clinical Symptoms Epiphora (lachrymation), blepharospasm, and conjunctival hyperemia are the most frequent clinical manifestations of corneal ulcers in rabbits. Deficiency of the corneal epithelium and stroma can be seen with the naked eye, however, it is recommended to stain the surface of the cornea with fluorescein in order to visualize the size and depth of the defect. At the same time, symptoms of anterior uveitis, such as miosis and Tyndall effect, can be observed.

 

 

                                   Conclusion

 Orbital operations Removal of the eyeball. Poorly organized medical work is the main cause of irreversible processes in eye diseases, when the last option to save the life of an animal remains the removal of the eyeball. This operation on the head is painful and characterized by significant bleeding. Therefore, before surgery, animals are prescribed drugs that increase blood coagulability, and the operation is carried out at a high rate under general anesthesia. Enucleation of the eyeball is the removal of the eyeball with partial preservation of the conjunctiva and eyelids. After the preparation of the operating field, the eyelids are moved apart and, retreating 0.2-0.5 cm from the arch of the conjunctiva towards the orbit, dissect the conjunctiva around the eyeball, holding it with tweezers.  Then scissors are inserted into the depth of the orbit, cross the muscles, gradually remove the eyeball from the orbit and cross the optic nerve. With neoplasms, the lacrimal gland and the third eyelid are removed. Bleeding from the eye artery is stopped by applying a hemostatic tweezers. The cavity is washed with a warm antiseptic solution and swabbed with gauze tampons impregnated with rivanol or furacillin solution. The eyelids are temporarily brought together by a nodular suture, which is removed for 2-3 days. Further treatment consists in systematic processing of the orbit cavity before filling it with granulations and coating with conjunctiva. The exenteration of the eyeball is an operative removal of the eyelids and periorbits with the tissues enclosed in it, usually without preservation of the eyelids. This operation is performed with deep lesions of the eye tissues or with neoplasms. Under the upper eyelid, up to its arch, enter the index finger and under its control cut the skin of the eyelid near and along the upper edge of the orbit. The same incision is made at the base of the lower eyelid near the lower edge of the orbit. After this stupid way separate the cut off eyelids and all soft tissues together with the eyeball, a pathological tissue up to the orbit (periosteum). Then all the prepared tissue is pulled outward, curved scissors are introduced into the orbit and the eye muscles and optic nerve are cut as close to the bone as possible. Remove the remains of soft tissues by scissors and curette, the wound is cleaned of blood clots, pieces of tissue and sprinkled with antiseptic solution. The cavity of the orbit is swabbed with sterile tampons. Provisional seams and a bandage bandage are placed on the edges of the wound. In the postoperative period, the provisional seams are removed for 2-3 days, tampons are removed, the wound is treated with antiseptic powder, and seams are applied. If there are signs of inflammation, the orbit cavity is drained, and the wound is sutured in part.

 

 

References:

 1. Aurorov VN, Lebedev LV Veterinary ophthalmology. - M .: Agropromizdat, 1985.

 2. Avrsrov V.N. Allergic eye diseases of farm animals. - Lecture for universities. - Voronezh, 1991.

 3. Herzen PP, Aranchs SV, Skrypnik V.I. and others. Operative surgery in veterinary medicine. - Poltava, 1998.

 4. Kopenkin EP Diseases of the eyes of dogs and cats. Moscow: ZooMedVet, 2002. -4.1. 

5. Maychuk Yu.F. Allergic eye diseases. - Moscow: Medicine, 1983.

 6. Novokainovye blockades, intravascular and intraosseous injections of novocaine in veterinary practice: Textbook / VA. Chervanev, L.P. Troyanovskaya. - Voronezh: VSAU, 2002.

 7. Petrakov K.A. Salnko LT, Paniisky SM Operative surgery with the basics of topographic anatomy of domestic animals. - M .: Kolos, 2001. 8. Popesko P. Atlas of the topographic anatomy of farm animals-Bratislava: 1978.-T. 1-3.

9. Therapeutic ophthalmology. Ed. M.L. Krasnova, N.B. Shulpina - M .: Medicine, 1985.

10. Khrustaleva IV, Mikhailov N. Shneyberg Ya.I. Anatomy of domestic animals. - Moscow: Kolos, 1994.

 11. Chervanev, V.A. Rickettsial conjunctival-keratitis in cattle: diagnosis, treatment and prevention. - Voronezh: Origins, 1997.


Поделиться:



Последнее изменение этой страницы: 2019-04-19; Просмотров: 200; Нарушение авторского права страницы


lektsia.com 2007 - 2024 год. Все материалы представленные на сайте исключительно с целью ознакомления читателями и не преследуют коммерческих целей или нарушение авторских прав! (0.013 с.)
Главная | Случайная страница | Обратная связь