Administer regulation regulate

1. The government must evolve new _______________to reduce unemployment.

2. The college loses a lot of money through poor _____________________.

3. There have been complaints about a lack of direction in domestic _______________.

4. The Navajo _______________ their own territory within the United States.

5. Good government can _________________ a high level of services while maintaining a fiscal discipline.

6. The proposal seeks to change the way the airline industry is __________________.

7. The government followed a ________________ of restraint in public spending.

8. They made all kinds of promises before the election, but have since failed to ____________________ the goods.

9. Some argue that government control of the economy must include an effective incomes ___________________.

10. The government has promised stricter _____________________ of the stock market.

11. The cuts will inevitably impact on service ______________________.

12. On September 27 a new coalition ____________________ was formed.

13. The government may find itself unable to _________________ on tax cuts.

14. The legislation was to be centrally ____________________ by the Board of Education.

15. There are too many rules and ________________ governing small businesses.

7. Translate into Russian the part of the text describing the 7 fundamental principles of traditional public administration and their criticism.

8. Summarize text C in 50-60 words.

9. Study the meanings of these often confused verbs and their derivatives. Fill in the blanks in the sentences with the correct words.

‘to adapt’ versus  ‘to adopt’

to adapt – 1) to change your ideas or behavior so that you can deal with a new situation;

               2) to change something to make it more suitable for a new use or situation;

               3) to change a book or play so that it can be made into a film, TV program, etc.

 

adaptable – adaptable people can change their behavior or ideas easily in order to deal with new situations; adaptable things can be used in different situations or for different purposes.

 

adaptation (or adaption) – 1) a book or play that has been made into a TV film, program etc; 2) the process of changing something so that it can be used for a different purpose;

3) the qualities that make it possible for plants and animals to deal with their environment.

adopt – 1) to decide to start using a particular idea, plan, or method; to formally accept a proposal, usually by voting; to start using a particular way of speaking, thinking, or behaving that is not the one you usually use; 2) to take someone else’s child into your family and legally make him or her your own child; 3) to choose a country to live in as your home; 4) Br E to choose someone to represent your political party in an election.  

adoption – 1) the process of making a child legally part of your family (adoptive parents); 2) the decision to use or accept a particular idea, method, law, or attitude; 3) Br E the choice of someone to represent a political party in an election.

1. For many childless couples, …………………………. is the best solution.

2. The television …....................................... of the stage play was very successful.

3. Courses can be ………………………………… to suit the needs of an individual.

4. The vehicles are large and not easily ………………………………… to new uses.

5. The process of …………………………… to a new school is difficult for some children.

6. The child has now been legally ……………………………. .

7. The policy has not yet been formally ……………………………...

8. The company can easily ………………………………… to changing demand.

9. He specializes in screen …...................................................... of classic novels.

10. We will encourage a wider ………………………… of this strategy for pollution control.

11. Parliament unanimously ………………………………. the committee’s proposals.

12. We need to assess the new situation and …………………………….. accordingly.

13. He decided to …………………………… a more radical approach to the problem.

14. A lot of companies have found it hard to ……………………………... to the new system.

15. The children have …………………………………. well to the heat.

16. Kelly was ……………………………….. as the candidate for Bolton West.

17. Many old market buildings have proved highly …………………………………..

18. The committee recommended the ……………………………... of new safety procedures.

19. We need ……………………………………. workers who are willing to learn new skills.

20. Most students have little difficulty ………………………………….. to college life.

21. They specialize in the …………………………………. of old buildings for housing.

22. She has ……………………………… Japan as her home.

23. The company was accused of being slow to …………………………….. .

24. Many countries have ………………….. quite rigorous processes for review of functions.

 

10. Translate the following sentences into English in writing.

1. Увеличение налогов не может оставаться единственным инструментом фискальной политики.
2. Эти реформы позволят нам более эффективно предоставлять услуги в области здравоохранения.
3. Для соблюдения правил пожарной безопасности должны быть установлены детекторы дыма.
4. Приходившие на смену прежним правительства игнорировали эту проблему.
5. Существуют строгие правила, регулирующие использование химических веществ в продуктах питания.
6. Муниципальные советы (local councils) несут ответственность за предоставление большинства основных услуг.
7. Доложите об инциденте местному правительственному чиновнику.
8. С помощью бюрократической системы правительство стало прямым поставщиком общественных благ.
9. Общественность требует улучшения механизмов отчётности правительства.
10. Считалось, что мотивацией государственных служащих должен быть именно общественный интерес.

Case Study 1

1. Read the Case Study on the history of public administration and answer the questions that follow. Make sure you know the meaning of, can explain or paraphrase the underlined words and phrases.

Early Administration

 

Public administration has a long history, one paralleling the very notion of government. Administrative systems existed in ancient Egypt to administer irrigation from the annual flood of the Nile and to build the pyramids. China in the Han dynasty (206 BC to AD 220) adopted the Confucian precept that government should be handled by men chosen, not by birth, but by virtue and ability, and that its main aim was the happiness of the people.

In Europe the various Empires – Greek, Roman, Holy Roman, Spanish, and so on – were, above all, administrative empires, controlled from the centre by rules and procedures. The development of ‘modern’ states in the Middle Ages is argued by Weber to have ‘developed concomitantly with bureaucratic structures’. Although some kind of administration existed earlier, however, the traditional model of public administration really dates from as late as the mid-nineteenth century.

Earlier systems of administration shared one important characteristic. They were ‘personal’, that is, based on loyalty to a particular individual such as a king or a minister, instead of being ‘impersonal’, based on legality and loyalty to the organization and the state. Their practices often resulted in corruption or misuse of office for personal gain, although the very idea that these are undesirable features of administration itself only derives from the traditional model. Practices that now seem alien were commonplace ways of carrying out government functions under earlier administrative arrangements. It was once common for those aspiring to employment by the state to resort to patronage₂₀ or nepotism₂₁ , relying on friends or relatives for employment, or by purchasing offices; that is, to pay for the right to be a customs or tax collector, and then to charge fees to clients, both to repay the initial sum invested and to make a profit. In early colonial Sydney, the customs officer personally received five per cent of all duties collected and the police were paid a shilling for ‘apprehending and lodging in gaol any sailor who may be found riotous and disorderly’. Key administrative positions were usually not full-time but were only one of the activities of someone in business. The normal way for a young man to gain government employment (only men were employed) was to apply to some relative or family friend in a position to help. There was no guarantee that people employed by the system would be competent in any way.

In the United States for most of the nineteenth century, there existed what was termed the spoils system of administration, derived from the saying ‘to the victor belong the spoils’. After an election in which a new party was elected – and this applied to elections from the local level to the Presidency – every administrative job from the top to the bottom could be filled by an appointee from the winning party. This system reached its nadir in the 1830s during the presidency of Andrew Jackson, who believed that there was no specific expertise involved in public administration, nor was there any reason that the administration of government should persist when its political complexion changes. The benefits of public office – patronage, direct financial benefits – rightly belong to the successful party in an election.

Jackson thought there were advantages in making the administration more egalitarian₂₂ and democratic: ‘I can not but believe that more is lost by continuance of men in office than is generally gained by their experience.’ Presumably, by changing officeholders whose loyalties were clearly to the party, much could be gained, perhaps even reduced corruption. It could even be argued that political accountability was enhanced in ‘reaction to a sense that government had not been sufficiently responsive to changes in the electoral will.’ This egalitarian philosophy fit well with the American distrust of government, but had major drawbacks such as the periodic chaos which attended changes of administration; the popular association of public administration with politics and incompetence; the growing conflicts over appointments, etc. Such a system was neither efficient nor effective. Citizens did not know where they stood when government administration was, in effect, a private business in which government decisions, money and votes were negotiable commodities.

Eventually, the inherent problems of earlier forms of administration led to changes in the latter part of the nineteenth century and to the reforms associated with the traditional model of administration. Pre-modern bureaucracies were ‘personal, traditional, diffuse, ascriptive and particularistic’ where modern bureaucracies, exemplified by Weber, were to become ‘impersonal, rational, specific, achievement-oriented and universalistic.’ Earlier practices now seem strange because of the very success of the traditional model of administration. Professional, non-partisan administration is so familiar to us that it is hard to imagine that any other system could exist.

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