УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ПО ГРАММАТИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕМЕ

«ОБЪЕКТНЫЙ ИНФИНИТИВНЫЙ ОБОРОТ»

Грамматические признаки:

1. Оборот: существительное в Общем падеже          местоимение в Косвенном падеже

+ ИНФИНИТИВ

2. Употребление: после глагола-сказуемого, выражающего:

а) желание (to want, to wish, to desire …), б) умственные восприятия (to know, to consider, to believe …), в) просьбу, приказание (to ask, to order), г) физические восприятия (to hear, to see, to feel …) - в этом случае инфинитив употребляется без частицы «to»

3. перевод на русский язык: придаточным дополнительным предложением, подлежащим и сказуемым которого становится оборот (следовательно, инфинитив переводится личной формой глагола).

The teacher wanted the students to carry out the analysis of wine quality after the process of maturing. Преподаватель хотел, чтобы студенты провели анализ качества вина после процесса выдерживания. Technologists consider all the processes of wine making to influence the quality of the final product. Технологи считают, что все процессы виноделия влияют на качество конечного продукта. We heard an interesting research have been done in the field of wine making in this laboratory. Мы слышали, что интересное исследование было сделано в области виноделия в этой лаборатории.

1. Укажите номера предложений, содержащих объектный инфинитивный оборот.

1. This type of wine is found to be most popular. 2. Winemakers consider the type of wine to depend on the raw material and the manner of its processing. 3. They discussed the methods to be applied in their research. 4. I heard this laboratory carry out experiments with wine filtration next month. 5. We have tested the clarified juice to be concentrated in a vacuum evaporator. 6. They expect a new winery to be built in this region. 7. Technologists knew some efficient methods to have been elaborated for quality control of foodstuffs.

2. Переведите на русский язык данные предложения, обращая внимание на формы инфинитива.

А. 1. The chief technologist of the winery ordered the workers to stop the production line because of the unexpected breakage of one of the installations. 2. They wished this very expert to take part in their research of table wines. 3. Winemakers know many changes in wine to take place during the fermentation process.

В. 1. Technologists believe cloudy wine to be clarified and aged before binning. 2. The administration wanted its winery to be reconstructed next year. 3. I suppose sugar to be used in the process of wine fermentation.

С. 1. Experts believe grape culture to have reached its widest extension in Europe in the 15^th century. 2. Documents state Europeans to have imported wines if their climatic conditions were unsuited for grape cultivation. 3. We know than  to have carried out the analysis of grape juice.

D. 1. They heard some wineries have been reconstructed according to their project. 2. Scientists believe the art of wine making to have been discovered in India and Egypt 3500 B.C. 3. We know mathematical models to have been developed to predict the length of some technological processes.

3. Переведите на русский язык данные предложения, выделив объектный инфинитивный оборот.

1. Winemakers expect new technologies to be applied to improve wine quality and enlarge wine assortment. 2. We know various types of wines to be produced on an increasing industrial scale in our days. 3. Winemakers recommend the fermenting vats to be filled not completely because of chemical reactions. 4. They believe a new method of filtration to be introduced in this winery. 5. Food scientists regard sugar to be the most economical form of food energy. 6. Specialists say the fermenters used for dry red wine processing to vary in size. 7. They expected their experiment with green wine to give interesting results. 8. The worker saw the pressure in vats remain unchanged during the process of racking. 9. We heard advanced equipment have been installed in this winery. 10. Specialists know wine making to create a certain amount of organic waste.

4. Следуя модели, сделайте необходимые изменения в структуре данных предложений, т.е., используя объектный инфинитивный оборот, замените сложно-подчиненные предложения простыми.

Scientists consider that India and Egypt are the first countries making wine. – Scientists consider India and Egypt to be the first countries making wine. We expect that this type of wine will be widely produced. – We expect this type of wine to be widely produced.

1. We know that wines are divided into two groups-vintage and ordinary. 2. Everybody understands that wineries are usually built not far from vineyards as only fresh grapes give good wines. 3. Technologists believe that mature fresh grapes are used for the production of table wines. 4. People consider that grape wine has been the best beverage since ancient times. 5. We know that modern wine making is a highly developed industry. 6. Specialists know that a desirable and acceptable bouquet of wine is formed during clarifying and ageing. 7. Winemakers saw that wines in small casks matured much faster in warm cellars. 8. Technologists expect that lees and sediment are separated during racking.

5. Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения, используя объектный инфинитивный оборот.

1. Мы знаем, что целью процесса созревания и выдерживания является пре-образование молодого вина в продукт, приемлемый для рынка. 2. Эффектив-ная технология требует, чтобы все вина подвергались осветлению, стабили-зации и отстаиванию до их контейнеризации. 3. Следует помнить, что конеч-ный аромат вина развивается в процессе выдерживания. 4. Технологи полага-ют, что оклейка вина осуществляется более эффективно в небольших емкос-тях. 5. Во время экскурсии на винзавод студенты узнали (услышали), что процесс переливания включает сцеживание молодого вина из одной емкости и его перемещение в другую. 6. Практика показала, что продолжительность этого процесса зависит от сорта и качества вина. 7. Виноделы обнаружили, что охлаждение ускоряет процесс выдерживания вина. 8. Доказано, что взаимосвязь размера конечной емкости и времени выдерживания вина является очень важной в процессе хранения бутылочного вина в подвалах.

TEXT B “FROM THE HISTORY OF WINE MAKING”

Прочитайте текст и разделите его на логические части.

Какие аспекты виноделия потребовали правовых инструкций еще несколько тысячелетий назад?

Скажите, что является предметом внимания в области виноделия в наше время.

Notes

vine – виноградная лоза testimony in praise - подтверждение восхваления regulations – инструкция, обязательное постановление

sophistication – подделка dilution – разбавление revenue – доход tax – налог; облагать нало-гом

Wine has been a part of the diet of man since he settled in the Tigris-Euphrates basin and in Egypt several thousand years before our era. From these regions the vine¹ was carried to all the Mediterranean countries by pre-Christian traders. Grape culture for wine production was known to the Assyrians and Egyptians by 3500 B.C. Greek traders brought grapes to Marseille by 600 B.C. and grape culture had spread far down the Rhine by 200 A.D. and reached its widest extension in Europe in the 15^th century.

Long ago, wine became the normal table beverage of the Mediterranean countries, except for those where religion forbade its use. Even non-wine producing countries, such as England, the Benelux, and Scandinavian countries, imported large amounts of wine. Wherever Europeans have settled they have attempted the culture of the vine or, failing this, they have imported European wines for their needs.

The literature contains many references to the importance of wine from Homer to Hemingway. Roman historians and poets have left us eloquent testimony in praise² of wine. The vine was cultivated and wines were made throughout Europe during the post-Roman and pre-modern period.

Assyrian records indicate that legal controls on wine making are several thousand years old. The regulations³ seem to have been made with the idea of preventing falsification or sophistication⁴ of commercial wines. To prevent dilution⁵ of wine in the Middle Ages, taverns were forbidden to have water. This concept is present in the laws of many countries at present. Various legal restrictions were set up to prevent wines from being diluted or otherwise reduced in quality with consequent loss in sales and reduction in the state’s revenue⁶.

Another concept, developed particularly in England, was that alcoholic beverages were a luxury product and should be especially taxed⁷ to produce additional revenue for the state. This idea is very much in evidence in modern British and American taxes on alcoholic beverages. It is not absent from the French and Italian tax structure.

Finally, in the late nineteenth century the development of public health regulations for foods began and many of these were applied to wines. This aspect of legal control is still being developed.

 

TEXT C “GROWING CONDITIONS OF GRAPE”

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