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Major Creek Indian town throughout Choctaw territory and as far west as Arkansas and



Texas. Its ships sailed without interference between Spanish harbors in the Caribbean to

and fro m Cadiz, Lisbon, Glasgow, London, Amsterdam, Hamburg, Le Havre, and even

Turkish, Moroccan and Barbary ports. Indian chiefs placed orders for French wine and

Scots whiskey; hatters and furriers in Hamburg and London received skins and pelts;

flour and other staples poured into Cadiz and Havana.

 

With the death of the senior partner in 1805, Panton, Leslie and Co. was reorgan-

ized as John Forbes and Company. The Creek War and American annexation of Florida

in 1813 began the firm’s long decline. It was dissolved in decades-long proceedings con-

ducted under Spanish, Napoleonic, American, British equity, admiralty, and interna-

tional law (Coker 1986). 10

 

 

Douglas

 

This noble Scots family first appeared in Britain around 1300 and settled on the

Scottish border (Brown 1998). One standard reference book observes that the “Douglases

were one of Scotland’s most powerful families [and] it is therefore remarkable that their

origins remain obscure” (Way and Squire 1998, p. 384). We have seen in chapter 2 that

the Douglases have many branches, but all seem to agree in being originally Gothic, with

the majority of DNA matches turning up in the Iberian peninsula. The name Douglas

means “dark stranger” in Gaelic and may have originated from the Mediterranean com-

plexions of the family’s founders (M. Brown 1998).“ The Black Douglases (so named for

their dark coloring) were the dominant force on the borders between England and Scot-

land from 1300 to 1455 (M. Brown 1998). Family portraits attest to their ancestral Mediter-

ranean physiognomy.

 

Septs associated with the Douglas clan include Blackstock, Blalock, Brown, Drys-

dale, Forrest, Inglis, Kilgore, Kirkpatrick, Lockerbie, McGuiffie, Morton, Sandilands,

Soule, Symington, Troup and Young. The following genealogy is based on The Black Dou-

glases (1998):

 

William of Douglas is the “first of [the Douglas name] for which any certain record

has been found.” He is thought to have been born in or before 1174. “William was surely

related to [probably brother-in-law of] Freskin the Fleming, who came to Scotland before

the end of the reign of David I.” It is believed that both William of Douglas and Freskin

the Fleming came with their families from Flanders, “perhaps connected with the Flouse

of Boulogne.”

 

Other than the possible connection with the Fleming, the wife of William of Doug-

las is unknown. He did however have one known son:

 

1. Archibald of Douglass, who was given lands at Hermiston in Lothian.

 

Archibald of Douglas was born sometime prior to 1198 and died ca. 1240. While his mar-

riages are unknown, he had two known sons:

 

1. Sir William of Douglas

 

2. Sir Andrew of Douglas, ancestor of the Douglases of Morton

 

Sir William of Douglas, known as “Longleg, ” was born ca. 1200 and died sometime after

1274. He had two sons:

 

1. William “le Hardi” Douglas

 

2. Hugh of Douglas

 

Sir William “le Hardi” Douglas was born ca. 1240.

 

While governor of Berwick he was captured when the town was besieged by the English

and spent time in an English prison. He was released later only after agreeing to accept

English King Edward I as overlord of Scotland. However, he later fought alongside William

Wallace. He first married Elizabeth Stewart, and later married Eleanor de Louvaine. He had

one child by each, and one of uncertain maternity:

 

1. Sir James Douglas, “the Good, ” by Elizabeth Stewart. James was a lifelong friend

and supporter of Robert the Bruce, King of Scots. After the Bruce’s death, Sir James

was the Black Douglas charged to take the heart of Robert the Bruce to Jerusalem.

Sir James died in battle in Spain during the crusade against the Moors. He had one

known (illegitimate) son:

 

a. Archibald Douglas, “the Grim, ” who fought in the defense of Edinburgh castle

against English King Henry IV in 1400, and achieved the rank of Lieutenant Gen-

eral of Scotland. Was killed in action along with his son while fighting the English

in France.

 

2. Sir Archibald of Douglas, child by Eleanor de Louvaine

 

3. Hugh Douglas (Lord of Douglas)

 

Sir Archibald of Douglas was born ca. 1297. He married ca. 1328 Beatrice Lindsay, and

they had two known children:

 

1. Eleanor Douglas

 

2. William of Douglas

 

Sir Archibald of Douglas defeated Edward de Baliol, King of Scotland, in 1332 and was

appointed Regent of Scotland during the minority of King David II. He was killed on 19 July

1333.

 

William of Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas, was born ca. 1323. His first marriage was

to Margaret, Countess of Mar (daughter of Donald, 8th Earl of Mar). Whether through

death, affair, or divorce, either before or after Margaret of Mar, he was also associated

with and possibly married to Margaret Stewart. He also had at least one other child by

marriage or affair. Children by Margaret of Mar:

 

 

3. Genealogies of the First Wave of Jewish Families, 1100-1350 c.E.

 

1. James Douglas of Drumlanring

 

2. unknown (m. Alexander Montgomerie)

 

Child by Margaret Stewart:

 

3. George Douglas

Child by unknown:

 

4. Margaret Douglas (m. Sir Herbert Herries)

 

George Douglas, 1st Earl of Angus, and born ca. 1376, is credited with being the found of

the “Red Douglas” branch of the Douglas family. He married on 24 May 1387 Lady Mary

Stewart (daughter of King Robert III of Scotland). They had three children:

 

1. Elizabeth Douglas (b. ca. 1397; m. Alexander Forbes)

 

2. William Douglas

 

3. Mary Douglas, m. Sir David Hay (1421/34 — before 1 Mar. 1478); son:

a. John Hay (1st Lord Hay of Yester)

 

Sir William Douglas, 2nd Earl of Angus, was born ca. 1399. In 1425 he married Margaret

Hay and had two children:

 

1. George Douglas

 

2. Helen Douglas, m. by 1460 William Graham (ca. 1448-1472)

 

George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus, was born after 1425. He was married to Isabel Sib-

bald, and they had two known children:

 

1. Archibald Douglas

 

2. Jane Douglas, m. David “the Younger” Scott, who d. 1492

 

Archibald Douglas was born ca. 1454, and was the 5th Earl of Angus. He married on 4

Mar. 1467/8 Elizabeth Boyd and had three children:

 

1. George Douglas

 

2. Sir William Douglas

 

3. Lady Marjory Douglas (b. after 1467/8, m. Cuthbert Cunningham)

 

George Douglas, Master of Angus, was born ca. 1469. He was married by March of 1487/8

to Elizabeth Drummond (b. ca. 1460) and had five children:

 

1. Alison Douglas

 

2. Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, b. after 1488, m. 1. Margaret Hepburn, affair

with Stewart (first name unknown), m. 2. Princess Margaret Tudor, m. 3. Margaret

Maxwell

 

3. Elizabeth Douglas, b. ca. 1489, m. John Hay

 

4. George Douglas, ca. 1490-Aug. 1522, m. Elizabeth (Isabella) Douglas

 

5. Janet Douglas, ca. 1495-17 Jul. 1537, m. John Lyon

 

Notable in this genealogy are the relatively frequent marriages with the Royal Stew-

art family (which regarded itself as being of Jewish ancestry), marriage to cousins of the

same name (Douglas), and alliances with other families believed to be of Jewish descent

(for instance, Forbes, Hay and Lyon). We might also draw attention to the perpetuation

of the Greek name George, a name drawn from the orbit of late antiquity and the Byzan-

tine world.

 

Gordon

 

The Gordons first distinguished themselves in south central Scotland during the

1300s; the family then moved to Aberdeen on the northeast coast of Scotland (Smout

1969). Here they entered several guilds normally occupied by persons of Jewish ancestry,

e.g., gold and silver smithing, banking, international trading, tin working and leather

tanning (McDonnell 1998). The Gordons seem to have originated in France, where the

name was probably Jardine, meaning “garden” or “gardener, ” which was perhaps later

conflated with the name Jordan. 12

 

However, there is a strong family tradition of origination in Macedonia (northern

Greece), a sojourn in Spain and subsequent immigration to southern France. If this is

the case, then the family probably came to Britain with William the Conqueror in 1066.

Their clan septs include the surnames Jardine, Gardner, and Gardener in addition to Gor-

don. Additional surnames associated with this clan are given below. Several of these are

common to Sephardic and Ashkenazic Jews (e.g., Blair, Davidson, Hay, Lyon, Napier,

Hebron, Pollack).

 

 

Aiken

 

Henderson

 

Bisset

 

Hepburn/Hebron

 

Blair

 

Jardine

 

Broun/Brown

 

Lyon/Leon

 

Burnett

 

MacBean/Bean

 

Carnegie

 

Mhoir

 

Chisholm

 

Moubray

 

Davidson

 

Muir

 

Eaken

 

Napier

 

Fleming

 

Oliphant

 

Gardyne

 

Pollock/Pollack

 

Glass

 

Wemyss

 

Hay

 

Wier/Weir

 

 

As with the other families we have studied, Gordon portraits show them to be dark-

skinned with Mediterranean features. Moreover, we have remarked on the fact that poet

Lord (George Gordon) Byron’s uncle openly practiced Judaism in England during the

1700s (see chapter 2, note 18).

 

Stewart

 

We have already discussed the Stewart family in some detail in chapter 1. The Clan

Stewart (Stuart) Web site states the following 13:

 

The Stewarts descend from the seneschals of Dol in Brittany (France). They came to England

with William the Conquerer; Walter the Steward came to Scotland with King David I. Walter

 

3. Genealogies of the First Wave of Jewish Families, 1100-1350 c.E.

 

was created Steward of Scotland and given estates in Renfrewshire and East Lothian....

 

James, 5th High Steward, swore fealty to Edward I of England, but later joined William Wal-

lace in his quest for Scottish Independence. On Wallace s death, he joined the cause of The

Bruce. Walter Steward married the Bruce’s daughter, Marjorie, thus securing the Kingship

for his son on the death of Bruce’s only son, David II. Sir Walter s son and Bruce s grandson,

Robert Stewart, became King Robert II.... The Royal line continued with male heirs until

Mary, Queen of Scots. The Stewarts held the Scottish (and later the English) throne from

Robert II until 1714.

 

Among the septs allied with the Stewarts are several having Sephardic ties, these

include Lombard/Lumbard, Lyle, DonLevy, Leay, Levack, Lay, Lea, Lew, Lewis, Robb,

Mitchell, Glass, Jameson, and Jamieson. The Lev surnames derive from the Hebrew tribe

of Levi, Robb from Rueben, Mitchell from Michal, Jameson from Chaim, and Glass from

glass-production, a Sephardic skill. Lombard/Lumbard (from Langobardi, the 6th cen-

tury invaders of Italy) was an early medieval name for money-changers from Italy, many,

if not most of them, Jewish; in England, it became synonymous with “banker” and left

its heritage in the name of the main street in the City of London where the stock exchange

took shape (Adler 1939, pp. 211-12). In medieval Oxford, Lombard Hall was named after

its Jewish proprietor (Tovey, p. 8). 14

 

As we explored in chapter 1, HRH Prince Michael Stewart (2000) claims to be of

Davidic Jewish descent. 15 In chapter 5 we will present documentation concerning Jewish

communities dwelling in France prior to the arrival of the Normans. To complete the

picture of Scots-Jewish families, however, it is probably most appropriate to include in

this chapter several Stewart-connected genealogies which suggest a strong Jewish ances-

try feeding into those Norman, Frankish, French, Hungarian and Flemish families that

made their way to England — and onward to Scotland — during the 1050-1150 time period.

 

Figure 4, Hungarian Descent of the Kings of the Scots, shows the descent to Mar-

garet, the wife of Malcolm Canmore (1058-1093 ), who became King of Scots at the time

of the Norman conquest of England. Notably, Margaret descends from several persons

who would appear to be Jews: among them Zoltan, his consort, the daughter of Maroth,

Prince of Bihar, Geza, Prince of the Magyars, whose first daughter was named Judith

(= female form of Judah) and whose second daughter married a king of Hungary named

Samuel Aba (Fig. 5).

 

The genealogy of Maud (Matilda) de Lens shows that Malcolm and Margaret s son,

David I of Scots, also appeared to marry a woman of Jewish descent, Maud de Lens. Her

ancestors included Louis the Pious, King of the Franks (d. 840), who was married to a

Judith. The same genealogy also indicates that the grandmother of William the Con-

queror was a French woman named Judith — and further, that Maud de Lens mother was

also named Judith. Although it may seem odd to place so much emphasis on the female

given name Judith, keep in mind that this was the Middle Ages, a time when the ethnic

identity of given names was of critical importance. It is very unlikely that a woman of

noble birth would be named Yehudah unless she was, indeed, a Jewess, and it was wished

by her parents that she be recognized as such.

 

The degree of consanguinity in the family of the Conqueror also becomes apparent

from this genealogy. The Vatican tried to prevent his marriage to Matilda of Flanders,

his 8th cousin twice removed, related to him within a forbidden eleven degrees of canon

 

First Prince of Hungevy

 

Figure 4. Hungarian Descent of the Kings of the Scots. Figure by Donald N. Yates. Geza II

 

Figure 5. Davidic Descent from Charlemagne to the Kings of Jerusalem. Figure by Donald N. Yates.

Gruffyd ap Lelewelyn d.

 

Senena

 

Richard Comyn of

 

Hextilda

 

1282

 

 

Badenoch

 

Llewelyn II (the Last) Prince of Wales

 

mistress

 

William Great Chancellor of

 

Marjorie Countess of

 

1246-82

 

 

Scotland

 

Buchan

 

 

William 5th Earl of

 

 

Elizabeth

 

Mar

 

 

Helen widow of Malcolm 7th Earl of

 

 

Donald 6th Earl of

 

 

Fife

 

 

Mar

 

Gartnait

 

Isobel of

 

King Robert 1 the Bruce of

 

Marjorie

 

John of Strathbog Eart of

 

(Gratney)

 

Christiane Bruce sister of

 

 

Marjorie

 

Walter 6th High Steward of

 

Isabel

 

Edward Bruce brother of

 

Robert 1

 

Bruce

 

Scotland

Robert

 

Robert II

Stewart

 

Steward of Scotland and King of Scots

 

Figure 6. Descent from Iago (Jacob), King of Wales, to Isobel of Mar. Figure by Donald N. Yates.

 

3. Genealogies of the First Wave of Jewish Families, 1100-1350 C.E.

 

law. Maud de Lens was also his cousin, within the same degree. His children went even

farther: Henry Beauclerc’s second wife was Adelicia, daughter of Ida and Geoffrey of Bra-

bant. She was a 3rd cousin through one parent and a 4th cousin through the other. 16

Albert II of Namur and his wife Princess Regulinde were 4th cousins, clearly illegal (hav-

ing a 7th degree of consanguinity).

 

Figure 6 shows the descent path to Isobel of Mar, who married Robert I Bruce and

was the mother of Marjorie Bruce and grandmother of Robert II, the first Stewart

monarch. Through Isobel’s mother, Helen, her lineage continues back to Iago (Jacob) ap

Idwal, king of Gwynedd (Wales). By the same reasoning used with Judith, we can infer,

given the historical context, that the name Jacob marked one as a Jew.

 

Figure 7 shows the ancestry of Mary of Guise, wife of James V of Scotland. Here we

see the extensive entry of Middle Eastern and Mediterranean ancestry into the Royal

Stewart lineage. Persons such as Isaac Angelos, Hasan Artsume, Stephen of Armenia,

John (Isaac) Comnenos, Isabella of Cyprus, Esther, Judith Bonne of Bohemia, and Louis

the Duke of Saxony are certain to have contributed not only Judaic, but also Central Asian

and Mediterranean heritage to the Scottish Royal Family.

 

And finally we arrive at figure 8, the piece de resistance. It shows the ancestry of the

House of Boulogne and kings of Jerusalem, to which many of our Scottish clans are

linked. We start out with Dagobert I, King of the Franks and a Merovingian (rumored

by various Biblical conspiracy theorists to be of Jewish ancestry, possibly Davidic). We

follow this line down to Theodoric, named Makir Theodoric, whom we will discuss

presently when we turn to St. Machar of Scotland in chapter 5. In the same line, just below

him, we find William de Toulouse de Gellone, the Davidic-descended head of the Jew-

ish state of Septimania in southern France and founder of the Judaic Academy at Gel-

lone (791-828 c.E. ). We will also discuss him at some length, in a future chapter.

 

Significantly we see Judaic naming patterns among the Merovingians and Carolin-

gians. Charlemagne names one of his daughters Dhuada (= Davida, feminine form of

David), 17 and one of his sons, Louis the Pious (d. 840), as we have already noticed, mar-

ried Judith of Bavaria. Poignantly, these lineages continue onward until they reach the

Bouillons and Baudouins (Baldwins) who served as the kings of Jerusalem during the

Crusades.

 

 

Figure 7. Ancestry of Mary of Guise

 

Descent to Marie de Guise-Lorraine, wife of James V of Scots

Khachi’k Artsruni Manuel Comnenos

 

Prince of T’ornavan

 

Hasan Artsruni John Comnenon

 

d 1067

 

= Anna Dalassena

 

Abulgharin Artsruni

Governor of Tarsus

 

Alexis I Comnenos

 

Eastern (Byzantine) Emperor 1081-1118

 

\L = Irene, dau of Andronikus Dukas

 

daughter

= Oshin I

Prince of Lambron

 

 

John (Ioannes) II Comnenos Isaac Comnenos

 

Eastern Emperor 1118-43

Hetum II = Prisca (Irene), dau of

 

Prince of Lambron King Ladislaus I of Hungary

& Tarsus

 

 

Smbat I John (Isaac) Comnenos

 

Prince of Paperon d 1153 d 1174

 

 

Rita

dc 1210

 

= Stephen of Armenia

son of King Leo I

 

Maria Theodora = Andronikus I Comnenos

 

= Amuary I (Amalric) Eastern Emperor

 

King of Jerusalem d 1174 1183-5

 

 

Doleta

= Bertrand I

Lord of Giblet,

 

Cyprus

 

Hugh de Giblet

BalifF of Cyprus d 1233

 

Isabella I

 

of Jerusalem dc 1208

= Henri I

 

Count of Champagne

King of Jerusalem 1191—

 

Alice of Champagne— =— Hugues I

 

of Cyprus d 1219

 

Amalric I

of Cyprus

Amuary II

of Jerusalem

d 1205

 

Irene

 

= Isaac II Angelos

Eastern Emperor 1203-4

Irene

= Philip

 

of Swabia

d 1208

Bertrand II de Giblet

 

Isabella of Cyprus

 

Henry I

 

d 1258

 

d 1264

 

of Cyprus

 

= Henry of Antioch

 

d 1253

 

Margaret

 

Hugues II

 

= Baudouin d’lbelin

of Cyprus

 

of Vitzada

 

Hugues III of Cyprus

King of Jerusalem

d 1284

 

d 1267

 

Kunigunde

= Wenzel III (Vaclav)

King of Bohemia

1230-53

 

Premsyl Otakar II

King of Bohemia

1253-78

= Kunigunde

dau of Rostislav

Prince of Halitch

 

Isabel ________

 

= Guy d’llelin

 

Seneschal Jean I of Cyprus

of Cyprus Jean II of Jerusalem

 

1284-5

 

sL *

Guy of Cyprus

d 1303

 

 

Wenzel IV (Vaclav II)

King of Bohemia

1278-1305

King Waclaw I

 

Alice

 

Henri of Jerusalem

1285-91

 

Henri II of Cyprus

1291-1324

 

= Hugues IV

 

King of Cyprus

1324-59

of Poland

1296-1305

= Jutta, dau of

Rudolf of Habsburg

 

 

Elizabeth d 1330

= John (Jan) of Luxembourg

King of Bohemia 1310-46

 

James (Jacques), King of Cyprus

1382-98 (Titular King of Armenia)

= Esther

 

Judith (Bonne) of Bohemia

1315-49

 

= King John II of France

1350-64

 

Janus

 

King of Cyprus

1398-1432

 

 

King Charles V of France

1364-80

 

= Joanna, dau of Peter I

Due de Bourbon

 

 

Charlotte de Bourbon — = — John (Jean) II

dau of John I King of Cyprus

 

Count de la Marche 1432-58

 

1 Guilhelm Makir b. Babylon +Guibourg

2 Prince Bernard of Septimania +Princess Dhuada (Davida)

 

3 Guilhelm d' Aquitaine d.s.p.

 

3 Bernard Master of Aquitaine

4 Louis II Emperor of Italy 855-75

5 Irmengarde +CountBoso of Vienne

6 Kunigund +Sigebert of Verdun

7 Gozelo I Duke of Lower Lorraine 1023-44

 

8 Godfrey II Duke of Upper Lorraine d. 1069 +Doda (Davida)

 

9 Ida (Saint Ide d' Ardennes) 1040-1 1 13 -HEustache II Aux Grenons Comte de Boulogne

10 Eustache III Comte de Boulogne +sisterof David I King of Scots 1124-53 Mary

11 Matilda=Stephen of Blois

10 GODEFROI DE BOUILLON c. 1060-1 100

10 Baudouin I King of Jerusalem 1 100-18

8 Gozelo II Duke of Lower Lorraine 1044-6 +(mistress)

 

8 Geoffroi III d. 1098 illegitimate

 

9 Baldwin of Le Bourg Count of Rethul +Ida

10 Hugues I de Rethul +Melusine

 

11 Baudouin II King of Jerusalem 11 18-31 +Morfia of Armenia

 

12 Melisende Queen of Jerusalem 1131-52 +Fulques V d' Anjou King of Jerusalem 1131-43

13 Baudouin III King of Jerusalem 1 143-62

 

13 Amaury I (Amalric) King of Jerusalem +Maria of Byzantine Comnenos emperors

14 Baudouin IV the Leper King of Jerusalem 1 174-85

1 4 Sybille Queen of Jerusalem 1186-90

 

15 Baudouin V King of Jerusalem 1 183-6

14 Isabella I of Jerusalem d. 1208 +Henri I Count of Champagne

 

15 Alice of Champagne +Hugues I of Cyprus son of Almaric II King of Jerusalem

16 Isabella of Cyprus d. 1264 +Henry of Antioch

17 Hughes III of Cyprus King of Jerusalem d. 1284

18 Guy of Cyprus d. 1303

 

19 Hugues IV King of Cyprus 1324-59 +Alice

20 James (Jacques) I King of Cyprus +Esther

18 Jean I of Cyprus (II of Jerusalem)

 

21 Janus King of Cyprus 1398-1432

 

22 John (Jean) II King of Cyprus +Charlotte de Bourbon

23 Charlotte Queen of Cyprus 1458-60

23 Anne +Louis Due de Savoy d. 1465

 

ancestor of Mary of Guise & Mary Queen of Scots

 

 

Figure 8. Ancestry of the House of Boulogne and Kings of Jerusalem. Figure by Donald N. Yates.

 

 

Chapter 4

 

 

Genealogies of the Second Wave of

Jewish Families, 1350-1700 C.E.

 

The families discussed in this chapter are known to have arrived in Scotland after

1350. Most came from the Mediterranean and have been found to have Sephardic-

matching DNA.

 

 

Caldwell

 

The Caldwells are believed to have arrived in southwestern Scotland from France

around 1550. Their somewhat jumbled origin story is given below. Despite some obvi-

ous inaccuracies, what is instructive about it is the report of long-term religious harass-

ment by the Catholic Church in Spain and of the dark, Mediterranean complexions of

the Caldwells upon their arrival in Scotland.

 

Before the name Caldwell came into existence, our ancestors were part of two groups of peo-

ple living in Italy who called themselves the Albigenses and Waldenses. Both these groups

were Protestant in their beliefs and are mentioned often in historical accounts. At this time

(i.e., early 1200s), 1 those of Protestant belief were being subjected to heavy persecution by

the Roman Catholic Church. Eventually, because of these persecutions, they were forced over

the mountainous border that separates Italy from France and settled in a small village called

Toulon, near the foot of Mt. Aud (also called Mt. Arid in some accounts). It was here that

three brothers, John, Alexander, and Oliver, were born....

 

The three brothers were originally aligned with the Barbarossa brothers, generally

considered pirates of much note at the time. The Barbarossas were of Algerian birth and

became the dominant power in Algeria. The name “Barabarossa” is a European one mean-

ing “red beard, ” which the leader of these pirates (Khaii-ed-din by his Algerian name,

who died in 1546) apparently had. Nonetheless, these pirates were themselves defeated

by the Governor of Aran when he made a massive effort to end the dominance of the Bar-

barossas. John, Alexander and Oliver escaped without being captured by the Aranian

Governor and returned to Toulon for a short time....

 

 [The Caldwell brothers] put their years of experience on the sea to good use and

amassed a naval fleet of their own, one rivaling the defeated Barbarossa’s in force. Now,

however, Spanish merchants hired John, Alexander and Oliver to do away with

the remaining pirates on the Mediterranean. Though hired by the Spanish, King Francis

I of France was so pleased with their success that he rewarded the brothers, as well. They

decided from that time forward to abandon the high seas and returned to their home

in Mt. Aud, France. But on their return there, they found France in a state of turm-

oil as a result of the persecutions suffered by the Huguenots and Piedmontese, as the

Protestants in France were called. They, being Protestant themselves, returned at once to

Spain. 2

 

From Spain, they took a merchant ship bound for the coast of Scotland. They landed at a

place called Solway Firth. And finding the country (Scotland) in peace under the Protestant

reign of King James VI (approx. 1567-1603) who then became King James I, King of England

(1603-1625), they determined to settle there. After finding a large landholder, he being a

wealthy bishop of the place, they purchased from him a large estate. [They then] sent back to

their native land for other relatives and friends and in a few years became numerous and

prosperous. But in order to acquire full title to this land, it was necessary that they should

gain the consent and signature of the King to their purchase.... The King, upon signing their

titles, imposed the following condition; that the three brothers should, when the King

required it, each send a son with a troop of twenty men to aid in the wars of the King.

 

Our forefathers were... of dark skin, with deep penetrating eyes, [and] high... foreheads.

Although naturally of dark complexion, in mingling with the blue-eyed belles of Scotland

through thirteen generations, the younger generations have shown many instances of the fair

hair and blue eyes of the mother’s family. Thus the blue eyes and the black eyes appear in

almost every family. 3

 

What is evidenced by this account, despite some obvious historical inaccuracies, is

a basically credible story of a French-Iberian family fleeing the Inquisition across Italy

and France, becoming pirates during the mid-1500s, and then seeking safe haven with

other Iberian refugees in the southwest of Scotland. The story takes pains to portray the

family’s founders as Protestants, which is possible, yet unlikely. Few Iberian Protestants

served as pirates in the Mediterranean during the 1500s, while many Sephardic Jews and

Moors did (Benbassa and Rodrique 1995; Fletcher 1992). It also omits mention that at

least one branch of the Caldwell line settling in Philadelphia prior to the American Rev-

olution opened a goldsmith and silversmith shop. These skills were usually passed from

father to son through apprenticeships and were almost exclusively controlled by Jews and

Moors (Fletcher 1992).

 

Further, paternal DNA tests have matched the Caldwells with known Sephardic fam-

ilies, such as Rodriguez and Cooper. This fact, coupled with the prevalence of Caldwells

in Melungeon settlements in the Appalachians, suggests that they were most probably of

French-Iberian Jewish, not French-Iberian Protestant, origin.

 

The entire territory over which the Caldwells purportedly roamed was the same as

the land awarded after the fall of Rome to the Visigoths 4 in 419 C.E. It became the Reg-

num Tolosanum and later the Kingdom of Toulouse (Gibbon II, p. 214). At its center,

Toulon is an important naval port on the Cote d’Azur between Marseilles and St. Tropez

with the Monts de Maures (Moorish Mountains) looming behind it on the French Riv-

iera. Until the Spanish secured Lombardy and the Duchy of Milan, this area belonged,

variously, to Provence, Languedoc, Anjou, and the German Empire. At different times,

it also was part of Savoy, Lorraine, Aquitaine, and the Papal State of Avignon.

 

Significantly, an edict of expulsion against the Jews of Provence was first issued in

1500. Jews in the Kingdom of Naples (which included the duchy of Milan) were partially

exiled in 1510. Wealthy Jews in Spanish-ruled Italy were expelled again in 1541. Begin-

ning in 1555, Jews in Italy were ghettoized, a situation that was to last until Napoleon’s

invasion in 1796. The expulsions of 1515, 1550, and 1575, were to the interior of Italy. In

1572, the Duke of Savoy attempted to give Jews special permission to settle in Nice, but

renounced the plan under pressure from Spain and the Pope. Phillip II of Spain ordered

the expulsion of Jews from the Duchy of Milan again in 1597, and many took refuge in

Protestant Switzerland (Barnavi 1992). From these bare facts it is obvious that Jews liv-

ing in Toulouse had to keep moving to stay ahead of the changing jurisdictions and poli-

cies.

 

Many anomalies formed in this ambiguous, ever-shifting territory. The Jewish state

of Leghorn was established by Portuguese conversos in 1593, and the Jewish community

of Marseilles managed to maintain a continuous existence until Hitler. The Piedmon-

tese Jews were not relegated to ghettos until the 1730s and 1740s. A splendid Rococo syn-

agogue located between Genoa, Turin and Milan, dating back to 1598, survives as

testimony to the past glories of Piedmontese Jewry. 5

 

 

Kennedy/Canaday/Canady

 

The Kennedys first appear in southwest Scottish history around 1360, shortly after

an anti-Jewish pogrom in France (Smout 1969). Their lands were named “Cassilis, ” which

may be derived from the Sephardic name Cassell, and, indeed, Cassell is listed as one of

the Kennedy septs. 6 Other Kennedy sept names are Cassilis, Ulrich, Canady/Canaday,

and Carrick (because Kennedys married into the Carrick family ). DNA analyses have sug-

gested that the Scottish Kennedys and their American descendents are likely of Sephardic

ancestry, and that their original name may have been Candiani (“from Candy”). 7 One of

the primary Melungeon researchers in recent years is N. Brent Kennedy (1997). Genealo-

gies of the Kennedy family of Hyannisport, Massachusetts, do not go farther back than

to Patrick Kennedy, a prosperous farmer of Dunganstown, County Wexford, Ireland,

who was born about 1785 and whose son emigrated to America ( Burke’s 1992). However,

there is no reason to rule out a possible French origin for the Massachusetts Kennedys

before the family became Irish. Both Cassel and Canady appear on a list of refugee

Huguenots to Ireland. 8

 

 

Alexander

 

The Alexanders arrived in Scotland in the late 1400s or early 1500s, concurrent with

the Spanish and Portuguese inquisitions (Roth 1937). Further, both as a given name and

surname, Alexander is not indigenous to the British Isles. Rather it is Greek in origin and

was one of the most widely used names among Mediterranean Jews in the Middle Ages

(Roth 1937). 9 The Alexander family settled in the southwestern portion of Scotland, near

Stirling on the English border — a locale with easy access to France and the ports of the

Mediterranean. The lineage of the Alexander Earls of Stirling is instructive in showing a

pattern of intermarriage with other DNA-confirmed Sephardic-Scottish families (e.g.,

Forbes, Douglas). 10

 

 

Lineage of the Alexander Earls of Stirling

 

Thomas ALEXANDER was born before 1505 in Menstrie, Sterling. His son was Alexander

ALEXANDER. Alexander ALEXANDER was married to Elizabeth FORBES. Alexander

ALEXANDER and Elizabeth FORBES had the following children:

 

1. William ALEXANDER (Earl of Stirling) was born in 1557 in Menstrie, Sterling, Scot-

land. He died in 1640 in Scotland. William ALEXANDER (Earl of Sterling) was married to

Janet ERSKIN about 1580. William ALEXANDER (Earl of Stirling) and Janet ERSKIN had

the following children:

 

2. John ALEXANDER was born about 1590 in Tarbert, Kentyre, Scotland.

 

a. William ALEXANDER was born at Eridy, Donegal Co., Ireland.

 

b. Phillip ALEXANDER.

 

c. Robert ALEXANDER was born in 1610 in Stirling, Scotland. He died in Drumiquim,

Tyrone, Ireland.

 

d. John ALEXANDER was born between 1624 and 1653.

 

e. Andrew ALEXANDER D.D. REV. was born about 1635 in Co. Coleraine, Ireland.

 

f. Archibald ALEXANDER was born about 1614 in Scotland or Co. Armagh, Ireland. He

died on 31 Mar. 1689 in Belleghan, Donegal, Ireland.

 

3. William ALEXANDER was born between 1613 and 1656 in Menstrie, Sterling.

 

William ALEXANDER was married to Margaret Douglas. William ALEXANDER and

Margaret DOUGLAS had the following children:

 

1. James ALEXANDER was born about 1618 in Menstrie, Sterling. He died 9 Dec. 1691 or

17 Nov. 1704 in Donegal, Donegal Co., Ireland.

 

James ALEXANDER was married to Mary MAXWELL about 1639/40 in Raphoe, Done-

gal, Ulster, Ireland. Mary MAXWELL was born about 1634/35 in Raphoe, Donegal, Ulster,

Ireland. She died in Cecil C., Md.

 

James ALEXANDER and Mary MAXWELL had the following children:

 

a. Joseph ALEXANDER was born between 1639 and 1660 in Raphoe, Donegal, Ulster,

Ireland. He died on 9 Mar. 1729/30 in New Munster, Cecil Co., Md.

 

b. William ALEXANDER was born about 1646 in Raphoe, Donegal, Ulster, Ireland. He

died in 1715 in Somerset Co., Md.

 

c. Andrew ALEXANDER was born about 1648 in Raphoe, Donegal, Ulster, Ireland. He

died before 1700 in Cecil Co., Md.

 

d. Elizabeth ALEXANDER was born in 1650 in Raphoe, Donegal, Ulster, Ireland. She

died between 1714 and 1716 in Manokin Hundred, Somerset Co., Md.

 

e. James B. ALEXANDER, weaver and carpenter, was born about 1652 in Raphoe, Done-

gal, Ulster, Ireland. He died in 1719 in New Munster, Cecil Co., Md.

 

f. Frances ALEXANDER was born about 1654 in Raphoe, Donegal, Ulster, Ireland. He

died about 1701 in Somerset Co., Md.

 

g. Samuel ALEXANDER was born about 1657/58 in Raphoe, Donegal, Ulster, Ireland. He

was buried in 1733 in Bethel (Chesapeake City) cemetery. He died on 14 Jun. 1733 in

Cecil Co., Md.

 

h. Jane ALEXANDER was born about 1659 in Raphoe, Donegal, Ulstger, Ireland. She

died on 28 Mar. 1692/93 in Manokin Hundred, Somerset Co., Md.

 

 

4. Genealogies of the Second Wave of Jewish Families, 1350-1700 c.E.

 

i. John ALEXANDER was born about 1662 in Raphoe, Donegal, Ulster, Ireland. He died

after 1718 in Cecil Co., Md.

 

j. Thomas ALEXANDER was born in 1676 in Donegal, Donegal Co., Ireland. He died in

1749 in Augusta Co., Va.

 

Note that the Alexander family immigrated to Baltimore, Maryland — the arrival

point for many immigrants of Sephardic origin due to Maryland’s relatively lax religious

constraints. The burial of Samuel Alexander occurred in Bethel Cemetery, likely a Judaic

burial ground and not a Presbyterian or Anglican churchyard. Finally, Thomas Alexan-

der, born in Donegal, Ireland, is recorded as having died (1749) in Virginia’s Augusta

County, believed to be a Melungeon/Crypto-Jewish community (Kennedy 1996).

 

Additional support for the Alexander’s Sephardic and Crypto-Jewish status comes

from genealogical information on the family once it had reached the American colonies.

Inquiries taken from the Alexander Genealogical Forum on the Internet show a naming

pattern for the children which is markedly Hebrew. There was frequent intermarriage

with the Houston and Kennedy families, both believed to be of Sephardic descent through

DNA testing.

 

Before leaving Alexander, let us present some additional statistics. According to the U.S.

Census for 1990, Alexander is the 96th most common surname in America. If you add the

variants Sanders (75th) and Saunders (421st), the frequency climbs to 0.2 percent, rather

high in the scheme of things. However, Alexander is even more common as a specifically

Jewish surname. It is among the top ten researched surnames at the Jewish Genealogical Soci-

ety of Great Britain, and it figures prominently in Rabbi Malcolm Stern’s Americans of Jew-

ish Descent (1991), as well as in studies of Jewish tombstones in Barbados and Jamaica by

Barnett (1959) and Wright (1976). The Alexander genealogical manuscripts of the Ameri-

can Jewish Historical Society are voluminous. For example, Abraham Alexander, born in

London in 1743, came to Charleston, S.C. in 1760 and was hazan for that city’s Beth Elohim

congregation 1764-1784. Several generations of Scottish Alexanders came to the Shenan-

doah valley from Glasgow, via northern Ireland, to “escape religious persecution” and along

with the McKees, Davidsons and Houstons were benefactors of a stone “temple” built near

Lexington in Rockbridge County in the mid-eighteenth century. 11 Finally, it was an Alexan-

der who presented Glasgow’s Jewish community with an ark (Torah receptacle) for the new

synagogue in South Portland Street, the largest in Scotland in 1901 (Collins 1987, p. 104).

 

The somewhat surprising popularity of the Alexander name among Jews is explained

by a legend enshrined in the writings of the Roman Jewish author Josephus (27-95 C.E.;

Graves 1975, p. 84):

 

According to Josephus, when Alexander [the Great] came to Jerusalem at the outset of his

Eastern conquests [winter of 332 B.C. E.], he refrained from sacking the Temple but bowed

down and adored the Tetragrammaton [the four Hebrew letters for God’s name ] on the High

Priest’s golden frontlet. His astonished companion Parmenio asked why in the world he had

behaved in this unkingly way. Alexander answered: “I did not adore the High Priest himself,

but the God who has honoured him with office. The case is this: that I saw this very person

in a dream, dressed exactly as now, while I was at Dios in Macedonia.

 

“In my dream I was debating with myself how I might conquer Asia, and this man

exhorted me not to delay. I was to pass boldly with my army across the narrow sea, for his

God would march before me and help me to defeat the Persians. So I am now convinced that

Jehovah is with me and will lead my armies to victory.” The High Priest then further encour-

aged Alexander by showing him the prophecy in the Book of Daniel which promised him the

dominion of the East; and he went up to the Temple, sacrificed to Jehovah and made a gen-

erous peace-treaty with the Jewish nation. The prophecy referred to Alexander as the “two-

horned King” and he subsequently pictured himself on his coins with two horns. He appears

in the Koran as Dhul Karnain, “the two-horned.”

 

The surname Alexander was often shortened to Sanders or Saunders and also took

the forms Sender, Sand, Andrus, Andros, and Anderson. 12 Numerous surnames begin-

ning with Sand- (e.g., Sandford) are thought to be related (Jacobs 1906-1911).

 

 

Cowan/Cowen

 

Septs: Cowan, Cowen, Cowans, MacCowan, MaCowan, McCowen, McCown

The Clan Cowan Web site states:

 

Cowan, Cowen, and Cowans are common surnames in Ayrshire, Dumfriesshire, and other

Lowland counties. There was a James Cowhen, chaplain in North Berwick, in 1560. There

was also an old family in Stirling of Cowane. Cowane’s Hospital in Stirling was founded in

1639 by John Cowane, a merchant there. A John M’Coan was in Duchre, parish of Kilbran-

don, in 1691. A David M’Kowne was a notary in Glasgow in 1550, and his name was also

spelled M’Kownne and M’Kowin.

 

Some additional commentary on members of Clan Cowan in the American Colonies

states:

 

Alexander McCown, Sr. was shown in VA in 1715. His six sons came to America in 1728.

Alexander Sr. was a distinguished Presbyterian minister and his son, George, was a ruling

elder of the Presbyterian church. They were Scotch-Irish and suffered religious persecution

in Ireland. Alexander McCown’s ancestors came tp Ireland [from Scotland] in the 1600’s....

 

John McCown, with five brothers, George, James, Malcolm, Alexander, and Moses, emi-

grated from County Tyrone, Ireland, in 1728. John McCown settled in Calf Pasture, Augusta

County, Virginia. James, Moses and Alexander settled in Catawba County, South Carolina,

and George in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania [ U. S. Biographical Dictionary — 1876 — Mis-

souri, p. 723, under McCown, Col. William H., Carthage, Mo.].

 

Alexander McCown was born in Scotland, and moved to Tyrone, Ireland. His six sons...

came to America in 1728 from Tyrone, Ireland. They were called the Blacks and the Reds,

because three of them had black hair and dark eyes and dark complexion. The other three

had red hair and light complexion. The sons named were: James, Alexander, Moses, George,

Malcolm, and John [Mr. Bobby S. Mullins, of Nashville, Tennessee, in correspondence to

Lou Poole dated 29 October 1994].

 


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