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Ranean and Semitic-Hamitic people, the “Phoeni-
cians.” “Therefore we can say that in... a multitude ... of ways, the Celts and Hebrews bear a remarkable relationship. Since the Celts were spread over most of Europe, the cultural, historical, and [religious] implications... are immensely significant” (Brooks 2001, p. 90).
3. While stereotypes are often exaggerations or untruths, they do have value as social constructs, playing as legitimate a part in the study and writing of history as in the practice of marketing, anthropol- ogy, and government.
4. Melungeons are sometimes also referred to as Black Dutch. On the beginnings of the use of this term in U.S. history to refer to Hollanders of dark appearance (with mention neither of Melungeons nor Jews), see Mary Bondurant Warren, editor, Family Puzzlers (July 22, 1976, No. 457; reproduced on USGenNet, < http: //www.tngenweb.org/cherokee _by_blood/dutch.htm> ). Warren is a reputable source, as she served as historian of the state of Geor- gia. The same people were often called Portuguese in colonial Virginia and Carolina records (Gallegos 1997). A connection between the two lies in the Sephardic Jewish merchants who settled in the Dutch Republic following its independence from Spain, who called themselves, ambiguously, gente del linaje, or homens da nafao, or “Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation” (on which, Bodian 1997, without reference to Melungeons). They streamed into Britain, and thence to America, beginning with the mission of
Notes— Chapter 1
Amsterdam chief rabbi Menasseh Ben Israel to read- mit Jews to England under Cromwell (Wall 1987). The first known use of the word Melungeon in U.S. records (“Melungin”) occurs in the minutes of the Primitive Baptist Church of Stony Creek, Tennessee, in 1813 (Goins 2000, p. 9), where it is applied to cer- tain “irregular” members with the surnames Minor, Gibson, and Collins who fraternized with the Size- mores (Cismar), a mixed Portuguese Jewish and American Indian family, on Blackwater Creek (see Horton n.d.; appendix A for Sizemore DNA). Mere knowledge of such a rare term, thought to be Ara- bic (“cursed souls”), must have come from the Collinses, Goinses, Sizemores, and others, who moved in a Caribbean and Spanish-Portuguese orbit. Many years later, these and other families who clus- tered on Newmans Ridge were labeled as Melungeon by a Nashville journalist named Drumgoole (1890), and the term has stuck. She was a descendant of Alexander Drumgoole (d. 1837), a Scots trader among the Cherokee, whose mixed-blood daughter Nannie married Cherokee chief Doublehead (d. Aug. 9, 1807). This journalist is credited with populariz- ing many elements of the Melungeon legend at a time when her cohorts among New York travel writers were inventing “hillbillies” (Benjamin Albert Botkin, A Treasury of Southern Folklore [New York: Crown Publishers, 1949], pp. 85-86). The term Melungeon is also used in Brazilian history to refer to settle- ments by Portuguese Jews and Moorish adventurers among Amerindians of the Wild Coast (the great bulk of Brazil’s African slaves came from Angola and were Malungin-speaking). Obviously, it is not re- stricted to people of Newmans Ridge and surround- ing area, any more than the term Black Dutch is confined to Virginians or North Carolinians.
5. A Scots presence among Melungeons must be seen in the larger context of Scottish mercantilism, exploration, colonization, and emigration. Scots clearly preceded English, Spanish, and French to North America (Thompson 1994, pp. 303-31). Parts of the New World were known throughout the Mid- dle Ages as Albany, the traditional designation for the realm of Scotland and the British Isles (in Norse, Vitramannaland, or “Glass-man Country, ” perhaps a rendering of Glasvegiana “New Glasgow”). Viking colonists used Scotsmen as guides and interpreters, as did also the Spanish conquistadors. Thorfinn Karlsefni, who established the first settlement in Vinland after explorations by Eric the Red and Leif Ericsson around the year 1000 C.E., put two Scots ashore in the new land, probably the southern coast of Labrador, with instructions to explore the coun- tryside, and they returned with cranberries and an ear of wild barley (Mallery and Harrison 1979, pp. 75, 80, 124). At this time, the Orkneys were ruled by the Thorfinn dynasty, which owed allegiance to the Norwegian Crown (see MS p. 10 above). The name, however, came from France, and with the widow of the last Orkney ruler the line merged with Scotland’s. In 1398, Templars under Henry Sinclair, Earl of the Orkneys, mounted an expedition to Greenland and beyond, one of his men dying on the voyage and being entombed in the future state of Massachu- setts (Thompson 1994, p. 302). Tam Blake (Tamas Blaque) was a subject of King James V, the son of William Blake and Agnes Mowat, who joined the Coronado Expedition in 1540 to explore what is now Arizona and New Mexico (Hewitson 1993, pp. 11-13).
6. The sandstone trophy that was “returned” to Scotland by the English amid much fanfare in 1996 (Ascherson 2002, pp. 1-24) is held by many not to be the real Stone of Destiny (Saxum Fatale) but a decoy that was allowed to go to England with the armies of Edward I in 1296 (see, for instance, Gar- diner 2001, pp. 246-48). The original ancient sym- bol of Scottish nationality is thought to have been smaller and of basalt.
7. Perhaps Chaldees, Babylonians?
8. The name has been traced to Bethune, the town in Flanders, but perhaps the town was named for “Beatons, ” not vice versa.
9. The Scottish bagpipe is attested as early as the 5th century. Of the Old Irish bagpipe, “very little is known of this instrument, ” although “there is rea- son to believe that the origin of the bag-pipe must be sought in remote antiquity. No instrument in any degree similar to it is represented on any of the mon- uments of Egypt or Assyria known at the present day; we are, nevertheless, able to trace it in ancient Persia and by inference in Egypt, in Chaldaea and in ancient Greece” ( Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911).
10. It is interesting to note that when Charle- magne gathered about him a select academy of bards and scholars at his capital Aachen, he chose the secret name King David (Einhard, Vita Karoli). His fea- tures were used in Carolingian illuminated psalters for the portrait of King David, believed at that time to be the author of the Psalms.
11. The founder of the order was Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153), the son of Tescelin Sorrel and Aleth, the daughter of the Lord of Montbard. Born on the family estates of Fontaines de Dijon, Bur- gundy, he became the instigator of the Second Cru- sade, a revered figure in the Templar Order, and target of one of the major masterpieces of medieval literature, Isengrimus. This long satire written about 1150 is attributed to a figure known as Simon of Ghent, who wove Hebrew and Arabic fables into his analysis of contemporary events and may have been a Jewish convert (Yates 1979).
12. Nearly all Western European manuscript illu- mination (painting on parchment leaves of books) during the period 500-800 c.e. came from Ireland, Scotland or scriptoria (writing schools in monaster- ies) founded by Irish and Scottish monks, such as Dublin, Iona, Jarrow, Wearmouth, Bobbio, Fulda, Wurzburg or Luxeuil. The only other regions where sumptuous books were still produced after the fall of Rome were Byzantium, Egypt, the Middle East, and to a small degree, isolated monasteries in Visig- othic Spain and Southern Italy.
13. At the end of the fifteenth century there may have been up to 300, 000 conversos in Spain and Por- tugal. They constituted the educated urban bour- geoisie of Spain, and the richer families frequently intermarried with the Spanish aristocracy and even transmitted their bloodlines to the royal family itself.
14. The authors are aware of the controversy and even dismissal that first greeted Stewart’s claims.
However, his assertions about Scottish history and Stewart genealogy, they maintain, should be judged on their own merits.
15. For the line of succession of the High Stew- ards of Scotland, see appendix B.
16. Note that this is analogous to the Jewish hereditary priesthood, the Kohanim or Cohens; see appendix B.
17. We propose sheriff to be derived from Arabic sharif, meaning “leader, ” “master, ” or “chief, rather than from the Anglo-Saxon words shire and “reeve” (as, for instance, Bruce 1999, p. 14). Sharif in turn comes from shari’ a “body of law.” On its use in the Arabic world to distinguish leaders who based their claim to authority on descent from the Prophet, see Hourani 1991, p. 115. Before the arrival of the Normans in the British Isles, the equivalent term for “sheriff” was “thane.” “Shire Reeve ’ is not found before the reign of Athelred, whose consort and regent was the Norman princess Emma (Bruce, p. 14). We believe the system of “sharif- doms” intro- duced subsequently by the Normans came directly from Moorish-Judaic traditions in Spain. If we are right, this key institution in the civil justice of English-speaking countries should be attributed to Islamic influence, like the Exchequer (chessboard- like accounting method), starr (record of debt in Hebrew) and other “innovations” of the Norman system of administration. The Exchequer entered England with the Dukes of Normandy, who copied it from the Counts of Flanders. It came to Scotland with the Stewarts, whose badge of office became the “Fess Chequey” (for an illustration, see Gardiner 2001, p. 229; cf. the photo of the Queen’s Remem- brancer in Bruce, p. 214). Ceremonial offices in Britain and Scotland that apparently owe a debt to Judeo-Arabic protocol are: Marshall, Lord High Chancellor of the Exchequer, Master of the Mint, Keeper of the Great Seal (Lord Ashley under Charles II), Groom of the Bedchamber (held by Robert Cooper under Henry V), Lyon King of Arms, Lord High Constable of Scotland, and King’s Remem- brancer (instituted by Henry II). “Bailiff is popu- larly explained as coming from Lat. baiulare to fetch” but its true origin may lie in Arabic bay’a “investiture” (see Hourani 1991, p. 136). The follow- ing Norman surnames seem to be formed from Ara- bic practices: Cate/Katy/Cade from quadi “judge, ” Day/Dey from dey “leader, ” Due from du’a “prayer, ” Mustain(g) from “Allah’s assistance is sought, cared for by God” an Ottoman dynastic name related to musteno “mustang, ” Haley from ali “man, ” Shaw from shah “emperor, ” Wallace/ Walys from wali “friend, saint, ” Mofatt/Mowat/Mouawad/Muffat/ Muphat from mufti “jurisconsult, barrister, attor- ney, ” Payne/Paine from payiti “infidel, ” Elliot/Eliot from eyelet “administrative province, tax farmer” (cf. Hebrew aliyah, pi. aliyot “rising, going up, honor”).
18. See appendix B, “Naming and Jewish Priest- Kings.”
19. We can add a second Scottish Jew, Fogo, the name of one of the Scots bishops in the 1600s. The family name derives from a mountain in the Cape Verde Islands off the coast of Africa, settled by the Portuguese in the 1500s.
Chapter 2
1. The clash between Jewish groups about their identity in America has been described in a recent bestseller titled Jew vs. Jew: The Struggle for the Soul of American Jewry (Freedman 2000).
2. Of the three “castes” or divisions, around 90 percent of Jews belong to the lineage known as Israelites; the other two lineages, Cohanim and Levites, are specifically recognized as Semitic (Thomas et al. 2000, p. 676). In Passover liturgies, the same division is mentioned, with the Israelites identified with the non-Hebrew “multitudes’ that came out of Egypt in the Exodus.
3. In Spanish and Netherlands history, a Mar- rano was a Jew who converted to the Christian faith to escape persecution, but who continued to prac- tice Judaism secretly. It was a term of abuse and was also applied to any descendants of Marranos. The origin is uncertain (but see chapter 6).
4. Subsequent work has confirmed the original study (Semino et al. 2004; Nebel et al. 2003; Ham- mer et al. 2000; Thomas et al. 2000). The Lemba “Black Jews” of southern Africa, for instance, were shown to have a high frequency of the CMH, while the haplotype was absent in the neighboring Bantu populations, thus supporting Lemba claims of pater- nal Judaic ancestry (Thomas et al. 2000).
5. The rationale, method and technical details for our genealogical use of the YHRD are described in Yates and Hirschman (2006). Another introduc- tory essay is Shriver, M.D. and R.A. Kittles, “Genetic ancestry and the search for personalized genetic his- tories, ” Nature Rev. Genet. 5: 611-618 (2004). It should be noted that FTDNA includes “blind” (anonymous) samples representing persons of self- identifying Jewish religious affiliation, usually de- scribed as “Ashkenazi” (a study of Spanish exiles or Sephardi Jews is hoped to be added).
6. We had two Alexander donors, following our protocol, but the other sample matched with three persons having another surname, seeming to point to a “non-paternity event, ” and was accordingly not used in the present study.
7. One might argue that the YHRD sample is skewed since several of the contributing studies come from Iberia (though more come from Germany), or that the Iberian pattern represents the deep history of the expansion of human settlements and repopu- lation of Europe after the Ice Age. But the fact |
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