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Ranean and Semitic-Hamitic people, the “Phoeni-



cians.” “Therefore we can say that in... a multitude

... of ways, the Celts and Hebrews bear a remarkable

relationship. Since the Celts were spread over most

of Europe, the cultural, historical, and [religious]

implications... are immensely significant” (Brooks

2001, p. 90).

 

3. While stereotypes are often exaggerations or

untruths, they do have value as social constructs,

playing as legitimate a part in the study and writing

of history as in the practice of marketing, anthropol-

ogy, and government.

 

4. Melungeons are sometimes also referred to as

Black Dutch. On the beginnings of the use of this

term in U.S. history to refer to Hollanders of dark

appearance (with mention neither of Melungeons

nor Jews), see Mary Bondurant Warren, editor,

Family Puzzlers (July 22, 1976, No. 457; reproduced

on USGenNet, < http: //www.tngenweb.org/cherokee

_by_blood/dutch.htm> ). Warren is a reputable

source, as she served as historian of the state of Geor-

gia. The same people were often called Portuguese

in colonial Virginia and Carolina records (Gallegos

1997). A connection between the two lies in the

Sephardic Jewish merchants who settled in the Dutch

Republic following its independence from Spain,

who called themselves, ambiguously, gente del linaje,

or homens da nafao, or “Hebrews of the Portuguese

Nation” (on which, Bodian 1997, without reference

to Melungeons). They streamed into Britain, and

thence to America, beginning with the mission of

 

Notes— Chapter 1

 

Amsterdam chief rabbi Menasseh Ben Israel to read-

mit Jews to England under Cromwell (Wall 1987).

The first known use of the word Melungeon in U.S.

records (“Melungin”) occurs in the minutes of the

Primitive Baptist Church of Stony Creek, Tennessee,

in 1813 (Goins 2000, p. 9), where it is applied to cer-

tain “irregular” members with the surnames Minor,

Gibson, and Collins who fraternized with the Size-

mores (Cismar), a mixed Portuguese Jewish and

American Indian family, on Blackwater Creek (see

Horton n.d.; appendix A for Sizemore DNA). Mere

knowledge of such a rare term, thought to be Ara-

bic (“cursed souls”), must have come from the

Collinses, Goinses, Sizemores, and others, who

moved in a Caribbean and Spanish-Portuguese orbit.

Many years later, these and other families who clus-

tered on Newmans Ridge were labeled as Melungeon

by a Nashville journalist named Drumgoole (1890),

and the term has stuck. She was a descendant of

Alexander Drumgoole (d. 1837), a Scots trader

among the Cherokee, whose mixed-blood daughter

Nannie married Cherokee chief Doublehead (d. Aug.

9, 1807). This journalist is credited with populariz-

ing many elements of the Melungeon legend at a time

when her cohorts among New York travel writers

were inventing “hillbillies” (Benjamin Albert Botkin,

A Treasury of Southern Folklore [New York: Crown

Publishers, 1949], pp. 85-86). The term Melungeon

is also used in Brazilian history to refer to settle-

ments by Portuguese Jews and Moorish adventurers

among Amerindians of the Wild Coast (the great

bulk of Brazil’s African slaves came from Angola and

were Malungin-speaking). Obviously, it is not re-

stricted to people of Newmans Ridge and surround-

ing area, any more than the term Black Dutch is

confined to Virginians or North Carolinians.

 

5. A Scots presence among Melungeons must be

seen in the larger context of Scottish mercantilism,

exploration, colonization, and emigration. Scots

clearly preceded English, Spanish, and French to

North America (Thompson 1994, pp. 303-31). Parts

of the New World were known throughout the Mid-

dle Ages as Albany, the traditional designation for

the realm of Scotland and the British Isles (in Norse,

Vitramannaland, or “Glass-man Country, ” perhaps

a rendering of Glasvegiana “New Glasgow”). Viking

colonists used Scotsmen as guides and interpreters,

as did also the Spanish conquistadors. Thorfinn

Karlsefni, who established the first settlement in

Vinland after explorations by Eric the Red and Leif

Ericsson around the year 1000 C.E., put two Scots

ashore in the new land, probably the southern coast

of Labrador, with instructions to explore the coun-

tryside, and they returned with cranberries and an

ear of wild barley (Mallery and Harrison 1979, pp.

75, 80, 124). At this time, the Orkneys were ruled by

the Thorfinn dynasty, which owed allegiance to the

Norwegian Crown (see MS p. 10 above). The name,

however, came from France, and with the widow of

the last Orkney ruler the line merged with Scotland’s.

In 1398, Templars under Henry Sinclair, Earl of the

Orkneys, mounted an expedition to Greenland

and beyond, one of his men dying on the voyage

and being entombed in the future state of Massachu-

setts (Thompson 1994, p. 302). Tam Blake (Tamas

Blaque) was a subject of King James V, the son of

William Blake and Agnes Mowat, who joined the

Coronado Expedition in 1540 to explore what is now

Arizona and New Mexico (Hewitson 1993, pp. 11-13).

 

6. The sandstone trophy that was “returned” to

Scotland by the English amid much fanfare in 1996

(Ascherson 2002, pp. 1-24) is held by many not to

be the real Stone of Destiny (Saxum Fatale) but a

decoy that was allowed to go to England with the

armies of Edward I in 1296 (see, for instance, Gar-

diner 2001, pp. 246-48). The original ancient sym-

bol of Scottish nationality is thought to have been

smaller and of basalt.

 

7. Perhaps Chaldees, Babylonians?

 

8. The name has been traced to Bethune, the

town in Flanders, but perhaps the town was named

for “Beatons, ” not vice versa.

 

9. The Scottish bagpipe is attested as early as the

5th century. Of the Old Irish bagpipe, “very little is

known of this instrument, ” although “there is rea-

son to believe that the origin of the bag-pipe must

be sought in remote antiquity. No instrument in any

degree similar to it is represented on any of the mon-

uments of Egypt or Assyria known at the present

day; we are, nevertheless, able to trace it in ancient

Persia and by inference in Egypt, in Chaldaea and in

ancient Greece” ( Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911).

 

10. It is interesting to note that when Charle-

magne gathered about him a select academy of bards

and scholars at his capital Aachen, he chose the secret

name King David (Einhard, Vita Karoli). His fea-

tures were used in Carolingian illuminated psalters

for the portrait of King David, believed at that time

to be the author of the Psalms.

 

11. The founder of the order was Bernard of

Clairvaux (1090-1153), the son of Tescelin Sorrel and

Aleth, the daughter of the Lord of Montbard. Born

on the family estates of Fontaines de Dijon, Bur-

gundy, he became the instigator of the Second Cru-

sade, a revered figure in the Templar Order, and

target of one of the major masterpieces of medieval

literature, Isengrimus. This long satire written about

1150 is attributed to a figure known as Simon of

Ghent, who wove Hebrew and Arabic fables into his

analysis of contemporary events and may have been

a Jewish convert (Yates 1979).

 

12. Nearly all Western European manuscript illu-

mination (painting on parchment leaves of books)

during the period 500-800 c.e. came from Ireland,

Scotland or scriptoria (writing schools in monaster-

ies) founded by Irish and Scottish monks, such as

Dublin, Iona, Jarrow, Wearmouth, Bobbio, Fulda,

Wurzburg or Luxeuil. The only other regions where

sumptuous books were still produced after the fall

of Rome were Byzantium, Egypt, the Middle East,

and to a small degree, isolated monasteries in Visig-

othic Spain and Southern Italy.

 

13. At the end of the fifteenth century there may

have been up to 300, 000 conversos in Spain and Por-

tugal. They constituted the educated urban bour-

geoisie of Spain, and the richer families frequently

intermarried with the Spanish aristocracy and even

transmitted their bloodlines to the royal family itself.

 

14. The authors are aware of the controversy and

even dismissal that first greeted Stewart’s claims.

 

However, his assertions about Scottish history and

Stewart genealogy, they maintain, should be judged

on their own merits.

 

15. For the line of succession of the High Stew-

ards of Scotland, see appendix B.

 

16. Note that this is analogous to the Jewish

hereditary priesthood, the Kohanim or Cohens; see

appendix B.

 

17. We propose sheriff to be derived from Arabic

sharif, meaning “leader, ” “master, ” or “chief, rather

than from the Anglo-Saxon words shire and

“reeve” (as, for instance, Bruce 1999, p. 14). Sharif in

turn comes from shari’ a “body of law.” On its use in

the Arabic world to distinguish leaders who based

their claim to authority on descent from the Prophet,

see Hourani 1991, p. 115. Before the arrival of the

Normans in the British Isles, the equivalent term for

“sheriff” was “thane.” “Shire Reeve ’ is not found

before the reign of Athelred, whose consort and

regent was the Norman princess Emma (Bruce, p.

14). We believe the system of “sharif- doms” intro-

duced subsequently by the Normans came directly

from Moorish-Judaic traditions in Spain. If we are

right, this key institution in the civil justice of

English-speaking countries should be attributed to

Islamic influence, like the Exchequer (chessboard-

like accounting method), starr (record of debt in

Hebrew) and other “innovations” of the Norman

system of administration. The Exchequer entered

England with the Dukes of Normandy, who copied

it from the Counts of Flanders. It came to Scotland

with the Stewarts, whose badge of office became the

“Fess Chequey” (for an illustration, see Gardiner

2001, p. 229; cf. the photo of the Queen’s Remem-

brancer in Bruce, p. 214). Ceremonial offices in

Britain and Scotland that apparently owe a debt to

Judeo-Arabic protocol are: Marshall, Lord High

Chancellor of the Exchequer, Master of the Mint,

Keeper of the Great Seal (Lord Ashley under Charles

II), Groom of the Bedchamber (held by Robert

Cooper under Henry V), Lyon King of Arms, Lord

High Constable of Scotland, and King’s Remem-

brancer (instituted by Henry II). “Bailiff is popu-

larly explained as coming from Lat. baiulare to

fetch” but its true origin may lie in Arabic bay’a

“investiture” (see Hourani 1991, p. 136). The follow-

ing Norman surnames seem to be formed from Ara-

bic practices: Cate/Katy/Cade from quadi “judge, ”

Day/Dey from dey “leader, ” Due from du’a “prayer, ”

Mustain(g) from “Allah’s assistance is sought, cared

for by God” an Ottoman dynastic name related to

musteno “mustang, ” Haley from ali “man, ” Shaw

from shah “emperor, ” Wallace/ Walys from wali

“friend, saint, ” Mofatt/Mowat/Mouawad/Muffat/

Muphat from mufti “jurisconsult, barrister, attor-

ney, ” Payne/Paine from payiti “infidel, ” Elliot/Eliot

from eyelet “administrative province, tax farmer” (cf.

Hebrew aliyah, pi. aliyot “rising, going up, honor”).

 

18. See appendix B, “Naming and Jewish Priest-

Kings.”

 

19. We can add a second Scottish Jew, Fogo, the

name of one of the Scots bishops in the 1600s. The

family name derives from a mountain in the Cape

Verde Islands off the coast of Africa, settled by the

Portuguese in the 1500s.

 

 

Chapter 2

 

1. The clash between Jewish groups about their

identity in America has been described in a recent

bestseller titled Jew vs. Jew: The Struggle for the Soul

of American Jewry (Freedman 2000).

 

2. Of the three “castes” or divisions, around 90

percent of Jews belong to the lineage known as

Israelites; the other two lineages, Cohanim and

Levites, are specifically recognized as Semitic

(Thomas et al. 2000, p. 676). In Passover liturgies,

the same division is mentioned, with the Israelites

identified with the non-Hebrew “multitudes’ that

came out of Egypt in the Exodus.

 

3. In Spanish and Netherlands history, a Mar-

rano was a Jew who converted to the Christian faith

to escape persecution, but who continued to prac-

tice Judaism secretly. It was a term of abuse and was

also applied to any descendants of Marranos. The

origin is uncertain (but see chapter 6).

 

4. Subsequent work has confirmed the original

study (Semino et al. 2004; Nebel et al. 2003; Ham-

mer et al. 2000; Thomas et al. 2000). The Lemba

“Black Jews” of southern Africa, for instance, were

shown to have a high frequency of the CMH, while

the haplotype was absent in the neighboring Bantu

populations, thus supporting Lemba claims of pater-

nal Judaic ancestry (Thomas et al. 2000).

 

5. The rationale, method and technical details

for our genealogical use of the YHRD are described

in Yates and Hirschman (2006). Another introduc-

tory essay is Shriver, M.D. and R.A. Kittles, “Genetic

ancestry and the search for personalized genetic his-

tories, ” Nature Rev. Genet. 5: 611-618 (2004). It

should be noted that FTDNA includes “blind”

(anonymous) samples representing persons of self-

identifying Jewish religious affiliation, usually de-

scribed as “Ashkenazi” (a study of Spanish exiles or

Sephardi Jews is hoped to be added).

 

6. We had two Alexander donors, following our

protocol, but the other sample matched with three

persons having another surname, seeming to point

to a “non-paternity event, ” and was accordingly not

used in the present study.

 

7. One might argue that the YHRD sample is

skewed since several of the contributing studies come

from Iberia (though more come from Germany), or

that the Iberian pattern represents the deep history

of the expansion of human settlements and repopu-

lation of Europe after the Ice Age. But the fact


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