and river routes branching from southern France

⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 21 из 21

into the Rhineland and to L’Havre at the mouth of

the Seine and the coast of Boulogne in Flanders (pp.

303, 398).

4. This will be discussed at length in chapter 9.

5. When we arrive in Scotland we will find

Nimmo (“from Nimes”) to be a common surname.

6. Ibn Daud means Son of David or Davidson.

7. Interestingly, this is the strict maternal (mito-

chondrial DNA) line of Marie Antoinette, queen of

France, who traced her female ancestry back to the

12th century figure Bertha von Putelendorf ( Jehaes

et al. 1998). Although most royal genealogies stop with

Bertha, we have found one authority who gives her

great-great grandmother as Judith of Schweinfurt

(Dr. Hans Peter Stamp, “Die Ahnenliste des bayer-

ischen Konigs Ludwig II entspricht..., ” < http: //www

.drstamp.de/start/al613.html> ). Furthermore, Ju-

dith’s mother was a descendant of Frederuna of France,

consort of Charles the Simple, and Frederuna her-

self was a daughter of Count Theodoricus, an ille-

gitimate younger son of Charlemagne by his concu-

bine Ethelind/Adelheid. Thus Marie Antoinette’s

female heritage (and that of most of the queens of

France) goes back to the wife or concubine of Theo-

doricus (French “Thierry”), who according to Ein-

hard’s Life of Charlemagne was imprisoned in a

monastery by his half-brother the emperor Louis the

Pious (Gertjan Broekhoven, “Achternamenlist, ”

< http: // home.zonnet.nl/broek hoven2/Broekhoven/

surnlist.htm> ).

8. Since formulating the Machir- Stewart theory

presented above, we were pleasantly surprised to

encounter a Web page titled “The House of David,

Evidence of the Davidic Dynasty.” Darren Michael

not only traces his maternal line back to Machir and

the line of Davidic princes in Narbonne, but links

them explicitly with his father’s royal Scottish line

(< http: //www.scotlandroyalty.org/house-of-david.

html> ). We reproduce his Babylonian-French gene-

alogy of the so-called Nasi below:

The Resh Galuta- Princes of the Dispersion

Began

Ended

BABYLON

Nahum

c. 140

c. 170

Huna I ben Nahum

c. 170

c. 210

Mar Ukba I ben Nahum

Nehemiah

Huna III ben Nehemiah

Nathan II ben Abba

Huna IV ben Kahana

Huna VI ben Kahana

c. 560

c. 580

Haninai

c. 580

c. 590

BAGHDAD ERA

Bustanai ben Haninai

fl. c. 760

Zakkai Judah ben Ahunai

Makhir Natronai ben

d. before 771

Habibit

771

Zakkai

c. 772

775

Moses

Isaac Iskoy II ben Moses

fl. c. 800

David I ben Judah

820

857

Judah I ben David

fl. c. 857

Natronai

fl. c. 860

Hisdai III ben Natronai

Ukba

c.900

915

David II ben Zakkai

918

930

Hasan ben Zakkai

930

933

Judah II ben David

940

Solomon ben Hasan

951

953

Azariah ben Solomon

Hezekiah I (ben Judah? )

David III ben Hezekiah

*Mar Zutra established a rebel state in the Lower Euphrates in

opposition to the anti-Semitic Shah Kobad. Relations were again

normalized upon the ascension of Shah Khusrau the Just in 531.

tMakhir Natronai was sent to Pepin of the Franks, and soon

thereafter established the reign of the Resh Galuta in Narbonne,

after it had become its own principality under Jewish rule.

240

Notes— Chapter 6

Began

Ended

Hezekiah II ben David

1021

1058

David IV ben Hezekiah

1058

Hezekiah III

1090

David V ben Hezekiah

Hisdai IV ben David

d. 1134

Daniel I ben Hisdai

1150

1174

Samuel I ha-Mosuli

1174

1195

David ben Samuel

d. after 1201

Daniel II

Samuel II ben Azariah

1240

1270

Chapter 6

1. Race Archives.

2. The Jewish contribution to the Conqueror’s

line may have been closer to home than the remote

Carolingians. The name and identity of William’s

mother are disputed. She is given, variously, as Her-

leve de Falaise, also spelled Harlette and Arlette, or

Arlotta, perhaps a rendering of the word “harlot”

and therefore not a proper name at all but a sobri-

quet. Contemporary sources state that she was Duke

Robert’s mistress, a Rouen tanner’s daughter. She

married a Norman nobleman after Robert’s death

and helped save her son’s dukedom by this marriage.

According to Barnavi (1992, p. 71) the occupation of

tanner was dominated by Jewish artisans, particu-

larly in Constantinople and other trading centers.

Tanner, Ledermann and similar names in all Euro-

pean languages are common Jewish surnames even

today.

3. Recall the Bethune/Beaton family, which was a

hereditary dynasty of physicians serving the kings

of Scotland.

4. For example, from examining the family gene-

alogy we believe that the ancestors of Sir Walter

Raleigh were likely originally Jewish and then con-

verted to Christianity (remaining secretly Jewish).

Raleigh established the first English colony in Amer-

ica in 1587 near Roanoke, Virginia. DNA analysis of

these colonists’ descendants, as well as genealogical

and historical documents, suggest that they were

Sephardic Jews (Hirschman 2005).

5. Though Ludovici was a reactionary, and rather

obviously anti-Semitic, he was fastidious in his

scholarship. He left his fortune to the University of

Edinburgh to study “miscegenation.” Edinburgh

refused the gift.

6. We assume the private ones were destroyed.

7. The DNA of William’s descendants is different

from all but one of the participants in the online

Cooper Surname DNA Project. Our specimen comes

from a male cousin of both our mothers (each

descended from William Cooper, the guide for

Daniel Boone). William’s father is thought to be

James Cooper, a James River plantation owner who

died in Southwark, Surry County, Virginia, in 1734.

James’s father, in turn, is held to be Reuben Cooper,

identified as Robert Cooper, a London goldsmith,

later a ship’s surgeon, who married Elizabeth Gis-

lingham in London in 1674 and died at sea in 1691,

leaving two orphans. Rueben/Robert’s father was

another Robert Cooper, a merchant of Yarmouth in

Norfolk, possibly born in Stratford on Avon, War-

wickshire. Connections with the family of Shaftes-

bury and Jewish mercantile houses are borne out by

the names Ayliffe (Alef, of Amsterdam), Astley,

Rousse/Ross, Gist, Looney/Luna, Howard, Harrison,

Currer, Gilbert, Phillips, Massey, Cotton, Clark,

Hart, Anthony, Boleyn/Bollin, Andrews, Arnold,

Jones, Gold and Lawrence.

8. The tens of thousands of documented living

descendants of Pocahontas, daughter of Chief

Wahunsonacock of the Powhatan Indian Confeder-

acy, who according to legend helped save the English

settlers at Jamestown (d. March 21, 1616/17), all trace

their genealogy through Pocahontas’ only grand-

daughter, Jane Rolfe, who married Col. Robert

Bollin(g) of the English Boleyn family, maternal line

of Queen Elizabeth I (perhaps originally the Hebrew

surname Balin “ritual bath keeper”). See Pocahon-

tas Foundation; cf. Rountree 1996. Names covered

include Armistead, Archer, Bentley, Bernard, Black

Fox, Blair, Bland, Blevins, Bolling, Branch, Byrd,

Cabell, Catlett, Cary, Clark, Cooper, Dandridge,

Dixon, Douglas, Duval, Eldridge, Ferguson, Field,

Fleming, Gay, Gordon, Griffin, Grayson, Harrison,

Hubbard, Jefferson, Johnson, Kennon, Lewis, Logan,

Markham, Maxey, Meade, McRae, Murray, Page,

Payne, Poythress, Rabun, Randolph, Redwine,

Robertson, Sizemore, Skipwith, Stanard, Tazewell,

Walker, Ward, Watson, West, and Whittle.

9. Gilbert Burnet, History of His Own Times, vol.

I, bk. I, sec. 96, footnote by Onslow.

10. Converso is another term for a Jew who had

publicly accepted Christianity, but who privately

remained Jewish.

1 1. And we encounter yet another likely Crypto-

Jew: letters of Lady Jane Grey, “the Nine Days Queen”

(1536-54), contain three (beautifully executed)

Hebrew words: Lady Jane Grey to Bullinger, 12 July

1551: Zurich, Zentralbibliothek, MS RP 17; same to

same, 7 July 1552: MS RP 18; same to same, before

June 1553: MS RP 19. These letters are printed as nos.

IV-VI in Original Letters Relative to the English

Reformation, ed. H. Robinson (Cambridge: Parker

Soc., 1846/7), i. 4-7, 7-8, 9-11. On 29 May 1551 John

Ab Ulmis even suggested to Conrad Pellican that he

should “honourably consecrate to her name your

Latin translation of the Jewish Talmud” (ibid., ii.

432). See also the three letters from Ulmis to

Bullinger between Nov. 1551 and July 1552 (ibid., 437,

451-2, 452-3).

12. As frequently noted by students of Judaica,

none of the explanations suggested for the origin of

Marrano seems very compelling, least of all the sug-

gestion that the word is derived from Spanish mar-

rano “wild pig.” Rather too ingenious, to our mind,

is one author’s claim that the word comes from “a

haplologic contraction of the Hebrew mumar-anus

(which caused the omission of the first syllable),

effecting the transformation: mumaranus, maranus,

marano, marrano” (Netanyahu 1999, p. 59). In both

the civil jurisprudence and canonical law of the

period, as well as in popular currency, the sense of

maranus (Lat.) is “privileged Jewish administrator

Notes — Chapter 7

241

who feigns to be Christian.” We propose here a rad-

ically different origin, the Mariannu mentioned in

Egyptian annals. They were Ramses Ills only trust-

worthy allies” against invading Persians, according to

the Elephantine Papyri. The word was introduced

into the Egyptian language from the Aramaic

Mareinu, meaning “noblemen, and applied to the

Semitic “princes” who garrisoned a Jewish military

town in Elephantine, an island in the Nile opposite

Aswan. This important colony maintained several

synagogues, along with a “temple in exile” that sub-

stituted for the Temple of David in Jerusalem

destroyed by the Assyrians. “The very first words...

are el-maran, which means ‘to the sir, ’ and the word

maran is repeated again and again in this and in oth-

ers of the Elephantine papyri [dated to the 5 th to 4th

centuries]. The word maran or marenu (‘our sir’)

was put before the name of the satrap [provincial

governor] in Jerusalem when the chiefs of the col-

ony wrote to him; they themselves were addressed

as mareinu (‘our sirs’) by the ordinary members of

the colony in their letters. The singular and plural

possessive forms, marenu and mareinu, are used pro-

fusely in the papyri of Elephantine” (Velikovsky 1977,

pp. 62-65). We believe the Egyptian word maran,

carried by the conquering Arabs to Spain and

retained in their civil administration, gave birth to

Spanish marrano and survived in the surname

Moran, Morene, Moreno and their many variants.

13. William was descended from the house of

Nassau in Germany and was the great-grandson of

William the Silent, Prince of Orange (in southern

central France). His mother was Maria Henrietta,

the daughter of Charles I of England and Scotland.

He married his first cousin, James’s daughter Mary,

which would have provided their children with a

fully Davidic lineage, according to their presumption

of ancestry from King David.

14. [John Toland], Reasons for Naturalizing the

Jews in Great Britain and Ireland, On the Same Foot

with All Other Nations (London, 1714). It must have

been published between 18 Oct 1714 and 1 Dec. 1714,

because a reply appeared at that time; Anon., Confu-

tation of the Reasons for Naturalizing the Jews (Lon-

don, 1715). Cf. Monthly Catalogue, 1/8 (1714), 53. The

two copies are at the Jewish Theological Seminary,

New York City; and Trinity College, Dublin. A

reprint can be found in Pamphlets Relating to the

Jews in England in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth

Centuries, ed. P. Radin (San Francisco: California

State Library, Sutro Branch, 1939).

Chapter 7

1. Most of Scotland’s public civil records prior

to 1340 were destroyed by the English during the mil-

itary campaigns of the Lancastrian kings, if indeed

any escaped the ravages of Edward I.

2. And who was likely a Jew, given his Hebrew

first name.

3. Significantly, a Sinclair was among the origi-

nal committee members of the Glasgow Hebrew

Burial Society (Collins 1987, p. 87).

4. As will be shown in chapter 8, the pyramid

shape is indicative of Scottish Rite Masonic affilia-

tion, not Christianity.

5. Ayrshire was the historical dwelling place of

the Kennedys and Caldwells when they arrived in

Scotland.

6. Perhaps a shortening of Modern Greek

BatriXevq “King, ” (b-sounds being pronounced as v).

In 1519, the Marrano Adam Vas was arrested in

Catholic Antwerp (Belgium) on grounds of Judaiz-

ing and corresponding with heretics (Goris 1925,

p. 651). Portuguese Jews spread to Antwerp from

Bruges and Brabant, bringing with them the metal

commodities exchange, chemical and pharmaceuti-

cal dealing, coin minting, and the diamond cartel

(pp. 37, 259). Basileus, in turn, was, in some in-

stances, a translation of Turkic Beg, the Khazar clan

that converted to Judaism (Golb and Pritsak 1982).

7. Solomon Luria (1510-1573) was the first great

Talmudic scholar in Lithuania. Rabbi Isaac Luria

Ashkenazi was the leader of the kabbalists of Safed

in the land of Israel about 1570.

8. The usual form in German -speaking lands was

Goetz, Gotz, or Getz, which has the same pronun-

ciation in English as Yates/Gates. Other forms, all

duly listed by the Mormon genealogists in their

guides to surnames, are Oetz, Utz, Aytes, Jetts, Jeter,

Gater and Jett. The line of Yateses of one of the

authors is clearly tied to Poland/Ukraine and has

been recorded as an old Ashkenazi family. Accord-

ing to Stern (2003), Eliakim Goetz, of Strelitz, near

Danzig, was the father of Rabbi Benjamin Yates, head

of the Liverpool (England) Jewish community, and

Samuel Yates (1757-1825), who married an Abraham

woman and became the founder of a long line (Stern

1991, p. 220, based on the records of Shearith Israel

in New York). How do we get from Goetz, appar-

ently a German name, to Yates? Jacobs (1906-1911)

compares Yates to Katz, the most common Jewish

surname of all. While Katz is an anagram meaning

“righteous priest, ” Yates is a contraction formed

from the first letters of the Hebrew words Ger (“con-

vert”) and Tzadik (“righteous”). It is evident, then,

that the founder of this large family was a non-

Semitic male, probably of the local majority popu-

lation, who converted to Judaism, perhaps as early

as the 9th or 10th century, when such anagrams

began to be popular among Jewish fraternal orders

at Speyer, Mainz and Augsburg. Of course, Rhine-

land Jewry goes back to Roman times and makes up

the core of what we know today as the Ashkenazi

Jews (Biale 2001, pp. 449-518). The Hebrew anagram

is x l (which appears on a very old cattle brand

brought by author Donald Yates s family from Vir-

ginia to colonial Georgia, now in the possession of

Ruth Yates Spence of the Osceola County Historical

Society). The earliest mention in the British Isles is

on a rent roll of the 11th century, Adam de Jett. Note

the Hebrew given name Adam, which was almost

exclusively borne by Jews at the time.

9. Andree Aelion Brooks, The Woman Who Defied

Kings: The Life and Times of Dona Gracia Nasi (Para-

gon 2002). Her husband, Francisco Mendes, and

brother-in-law, Diogo Mendes, were very successful

bankers allied with the Spanish-Portuguese de Luna

family, which the De Medicis later brought to

242

Notes— Chapter 8

Florence. Another branch settled in Ballagilley on the

Isle of Man and emigrated to Virginia, where they

became prominent in frontier affairs, producing, for

instance, Capt. John Looney (1744-1819) and Chero-

kee Chief John Looney (1776-1846). A thorough

book on the Looneys of America is Madge Looney

Crane and Philip L. Crane’s Most Distinguished

Characters on the American Frontier. Robert Looney

(b. 1692-1702, d. 1770) of Augusta (now Botetourt)

County, Virginia, and Some of his Descendants, with

Histories of the Great Road, Looney’s Ferry, Crow’s

Ferry, Anderson’s Ferry, Boyd’s Ferry & Beale’s

Bridge, vol. I (Apollo, Pa.: Closson Press, 1998).

10. “Gervase Ridale was a witness to a charter of

David I in 1116.... Sir John Riddell was created a

Baronet of Nova Scotia... [and] his third son,

William, was knighted by Charles I and later served

in the wars in the Netherlands.... John Riddel, a

prominent seventeenth-century Edinburgh mer-

chant, claimed descent from Galfridus de Ridel. He

amassed great wealth from the trade across the Baltic,

particularly with Poland.... he is said to have

intrigued with the forces of Oliver Cromwell,

becoming a close friend of General Monck” (Way

and Squire 1999, pp. 451-2).

11. The Scrymgeours were hereditary standard

bearers of the Scottish kingdom, officially holding

the Honourable Office of Bearer for the Sovereign of

the Royal Banner of Scotland; their arms show a

scimitar, lion and royal purple.

12. Notably, one James Mossman/Mosman

(“Moses”) and his father John were officials of the

Royal Scottish Mint, and also treasurers to the Stew-

art monarchs. The goldsmiths in Edinburgh wor-

shiped at St. Giles Church where they had set up a

special altar to “St. Eloi, ” one of the Hebrew names

for God. Mosman also created the Royal Stewart

crown.

13. “Moors’ Church.”

14. We argue in chapter 10 that the Presbyterian

Church in Scotland originated with Crypto-Jews.

15. “Prior, ” an office of the Templars; see chap-

ter 8.

16. “Son of Kay, ” used, we suggest, as a patro-

nymic for the family of any Scotsman adopting the

letter K for his original name, including Kohanes; cf.

Mackay, Mackey.

17. From Arabic waqf “benefice, tax district.”

18. From Barthenia, a popular medieval French

given name patterned on Parthenia, a name for the

“maiden” goddess Minerva.

19. Hyssop was a bitter herb used in the purifi-

catory rites, especially at Passover, by the ancient

Jews.

20. Hebrew; cf. Tarbell.

21. From “Cossack.”

22. Geddes is an early spelling for Cadiz, the pri-

mary seaport in southern Spain (Latin Gades).

23. A Flemish Jewish surname; cf. Epstein.

24. Zorababel.

25. Sometimes spelled Sample(s), evidently from

Sampson + -el.

26. Cf. Maxey, Maximii. The Emperor Maximius

was a patron of the Gothic tribes.

27. Pl. of starr, a record of a debt.

28. German Rind “beef, bull.”

29. From French Reine, as in the part of Queen

Esther played by prominent male members of the

community in Purim plays (Jacobs).

30. Possibly from Hebrew kos “cup, ” hence “cup

bearer or maker.”

31. “Little Moses.”

32. “Clockstone.”

33. “Man from Hainaut.”

34. = Haag, “one from the Hague.”

35. =de Yet, “Yates.”

36. = “Baker” in Yiddish.

37. Greek “treasure ship.”

38. Diana Connell (n.d.), The Glass Workers of

Scotland.

39. This and Tullas refer to the kingdom of

Toulose in southern France.

Chapter 8

1. Which we take as implying they were Jews or

Muslims from the Holy Land.

2. And who, according to the genealogy dis-

cussed in chapter 3, was of Davidic Jewish descent.

3. Patrick Payne started an ambitious, and

exemplary, Payne Family DNA Project in 2002, even-

tually enrolling 23 members; available at < http: //

home, earthlink.net/~ppaynel203/>. Painstaking in-

vestigation of allele mutations in the multiple, mostly

mercantile lines that entered the American colonies

around 1650 revealed that the Paynes of the British

Isles, Channel Islands and France seem to form a sin-

gle, though ancient lineage, somewhat in the same

mold as a Scottish clan. On the face of it, the sur-

name itself, a form of payin (“pagan”) suggests a dis-

tinctly foreign and eastern origin. In a separate

project, Marshall Payn of Sarasota, Fla., a descen-

dent of the Payne family of Long Island that pro-

duced John Howard Payne, was found to match an

individual in Tibet. Payne (1791-1852) was the son

of Sarah Isaacs, of a prominent New York and New-

port Sephardic family (Stern 1991, p. 92). He is

remembered as an indefatigable tract writer and

author of “Home Sweet Home” (Marcus 1973, vol.

1, p. 93). He was also an adopted Cherokee tribe

member and perhaps the foremost early defender of

Native American rights. Payne served as the Amer-

ican consul to Tunis in the latter years of his life.

4. Note that Noor/Norrie is a surname we fre-

quently found in Scotland.

5. “There were also several smaller administra-

tions established... for the management of the farms

and lands, and the collection of rent and tithes.

Among these were Liddele and Quiely in the diocese

of Chichester; Eken in the diocese of Lincoln; Ading-

don, Wesdall, Aupledina, Cotona, etc. The different

preceptors of the Temple in England had under their

management lands and property in every county of

the realm.

“In Leicestershire the Templars possessed the

town and the soke of Rotheley; the manors of Rolle,

Babbegrave, Gaddesby, Stonesby, and Melton; Rothely

wood, near Leicester; the villages of Beaumont,

Baresby, Dalby, North and South Mardefeld, Saxby,

243

Notes — Chapter 9

Stonesby, and Waldon, with land in above eighty oth-

ers! They had also the churches of Rotheley, Babbe-

grave, and Rolle; and the chapels of Gaddesby,

Grimston, Wartnaby, Cawdwell, and Wykeham.

“In Hertfordshire they possessed the town and for-

est of Broxbourne, the manor of Chelsin Templars,

( Chelsin Templariorum, ) and the manors of Lauge-

nok, Broxbourne, Letchworth, and Temple Dynnes-

ley; demesne lands at Stanho, Preston, Charlton,

Walden, Hiche, Chelles, Levecamp, and Benigho; the

church of Broxbourne, two watermills, and a lock

on the river Lea; also property at Hichen, Pyrton,

Ickilford, Offeley Magna, Offeley Parva, Walden

Regis, Furnivale, Ipolitz, Wandsmyll, Watton, Ther-

leton, Weston, Gravele, Wilien, Leccheworth, Bal-

dock, Datheworth, Russenden, Codpeth, Sumer-

shale, Buntynford, etc., and the church of Weston.

“In the county of Essex they had the manors of

Temple Cressynge, Temple Roydon, Temple Sutton,

Odewell, Chingelford, Lideleye, Quarsing, Berwick,

and Witham; the church of Roydon, and houses,

lands, and farms, both at Roydon, at Rivenhall, and

in the parishes of Prittlewall and Great and Little

Sutton; an old mansion-house and chapel at Sutton,

and an estate called Finchinfelde in the hundred of

Hinckford.

“In Lincolnshire the Templars possessed the

manors of La Bruere, Roston, Kirkeby, Brauncewell,

Carleton, Akele, with the soke of Lynderby Aslakeby,

and the churches of Bruere, Asheby, Akele, Aslakeby,

Donington, Ele, Swinderby, Skarle, etc. There were

upwards of thirty churches in the county which

made annual payments to the order of the Temple,

and about forty windmills. The order likewise re-

ceived rents in respect of lands at Bracebrig, Brance-

tone, Scapwic, Timberland, Weleburne, Diringhton,

and a hundred other places; and some of the land

in the county was charged with the annual pay-

ment of sums of money towards the keeping of the

lights eternally burning on the altars of the Temple

church....

“In Yorkshire the Templars possessed the manors

of Temple Warreby, Flaxflete, Etton, South Cave,

etc.; the churches of Whitecherche, Kelintune, etc.,

numerous windmills and lands and rents at Nehus,

Skelture, Pennel, and more than sixty other places

besides.

“In Warwickshire they possessed the manors ot

Barston, Shirburne, Balshale, Wolfhey, Cherlecote,

Herbebure, Stodleye, Fechehampstead, Cobington,

Tysho and Warwick; lands at Chelverscoton, Herd-

wicke, Morton, Warwick, Hetherburn, Chesterton,

Aven, Derset, Stodley, Napton, and more than thirty

other places, the several donors whereof are specified

in Dugdale’s history of Warwickshire; also the

churches of Sireburne, Cardinton, etc., and more

than thirteen windmills.

“In Kent they had the manors of Lilleston, Heche-

wayton, Saunford, Sutton, Dart ford, Hal gel, Jew-

ell, Cockles comb, Strode, Winfield Manes, West

Greenwich, and the manor of Lynden, which now

belongs to the archbishop of Canterbury; the advow-

sons of the churches of West Greenwich and Kmges-

wode juxta Waltham; extensive tracts of land in

Romney marsh, and farms and assize rents in all

parts of the county. In Surrey they had the manor

farm of Temple Elfand or Elfante, and an estate at

Merrow in the hundred of Woking.

“In Gloucestershire, the manors of Lower Dowdes-

well, Pegsworth, Amford, Nishange, and five others

which belonged to them wholly or in part, the church

of Down Ammey, and lands in Framton, Temple

Guting, and Little Rissington. In Worcestershire, the

manor of Templars Lawern, and lands in Flavel,

Temple Broughton, and Hanbury.

“In Northamptonshire, the manors of Asheby,

Thorp, Watervill, etc. etc.; they had the advowson of

the church of the manor of Hardwicke in Orlington

hundred, and we find that ‘Robert Saunford, Mas-

ter of the soldiery of the Temple in England, pre-

sented to it in the year 1238.

“In Nottinghamshire, the Templars possessed the

church of Marnham, lands and rents at Gretton and

North Carleton; in Westmoreland, the manor of

Temple Sowerby; in the Isle of Wight, the manor of

Uggeton, and lands in Kerne.

6. Formerly Marischall (French).

7. The Rosses were multiply intermarried and

allied in business with the Cooper/Cowper family.

8. Warwickshire was awarded to the earls of the

Newburgh/Newberry family in the apportionment

of Britain by William the Conqueror.

9. Recall the photographs and commentary on

Cowane’s Hospital for Guild Brothers in Stirling.

10. As discussed in chapter 1, the Beaton family

of Scotland, physicians to the Dalriadic and Stewart

kings, had copies of Avicenna’s writings.

11. “Tree” in Hebrew is SiS (etz), which may be

alluded to in the surnames Oetz, Uetz and Etz.

Chapter 9

1. Thus Aberdeen continued an ancient tolera-

tion of the “three faiths of the Book, ” Islam, Judaism,

and Christianity.

2. A famous bearer of the name was Nikola

Mencetich (de Menze), a Ragusan Jew who came to

England in 1592 to work for Nicholas Gozzi/Costa/

Gist (Eterovich 2003, p. 70).

3. Elgin is not a Gaelic word. We believe it comes

from Aramaic El (“God”) + gin/ jin ( spirit ).

4. There was a famous Karaite rabbi named

Anan ben David from the 1200s.

5. The Ladino Haim family was connected with

the Lunas, Benvenistes, Feboses (Forbeses) and Gra-

cias ( Shaltiel-Gracian, February 2002; Benvemste

Web site). They fled the Peninsula around 1492, and

the main branch went to Turkey, where they served

as tax farmers for the Sublime Porte. After Joseph

II’s emancipation of Jews in the Austro-Hungarian

Empire, one line came to Vienna via Ottoman

Romania with the stockbroker and Hofrat (court

advisor) Johannes Haim, remarrying into the Ladino

Melamud and Febos (Forbes) families (author s fam-

ily information).

6. Perhaps formed on Arabic qodi (' judge ) + El.

7. Brody is a widely recognized Ashkenazic sur-

name, e.g., actor Adrian Brody, recent Academy

Award winner ( The Pianist).

244

Notes— Chapter 9

8. For Murray, see note in chapter 7.

9. Lat. procurator, “administrator.”

10. French Bonhomme, Bonham, English Good-

man, German Gutmann.

11. Also Lurie. Sephardic: Luria, a rabbinical

family. The same as Lowrey.

12. “One from Lobbes, ” an important mercantile

city.

13. Perhaps from Khar Nagi, Hungarian and

Ottoman Turkish for “Great Ruler.”

14. “One from Castile, ” Spain.

15. =Heb. Barak, “lightning, ” cognate with

baruch “blessing, ” also “baroque, ” a type of pearl

whose trade was dominated by Jews and thus so-

named, becoming synonymous with an extravagant

style of architecture.

16. Legend declares the high priest in Jerusalem

promised Alexander the Great that all the children

of priestly families following his visit would be

named Alexander, after him; the name has been

favored by Jews throughout the ages. As a surname

it was often rendered Sand, Sander, Zander, Sanders,

Saunders, Sandison, Sandford and the like.

17. “One from Brabant, ” a medieval Flemish

duchy that spanned most of eastern Belgium and

bordered on Normandy, with important ties to the

cloth, weaving and woolen, and banking industries

of Lombardy. Before the mid-sixteenth century,

when it was replaced by Antwerp, it was also the cen-

ter of the diamond trade. A 1292 census of Paris by

Lord Colm Dubh lists numerous wealthy Jews from

Brabant (de Brabant, Brebois) (< http: //www.sca.org/

heraldry/laurel/names/paris.html> ). Bradby, a fam-

ily that supplied multiple chiefs to the Pamunkey

Indians of Virginia, is probably a corruption. A pho-

tograph of Chief William Bradby, 1899, appears in

Kennedy 2000, p. 159.

18. Priscilla is a Roman name favored by the Jews

of antiquity (Jacobs 1911). “Reva” is Heb. for “Re-

becca.”

19. The earliest form of this surname was prob-

ably Old French Coupard, a common Ashkenazic

name meaning “copper-worker” or “cup person.”

The occupation was a loftier one than barrel

maker (tonnelier) and was at times a title (Lat.

cupifer) signifying, variously, “minter, ” “locksmith, ”

or “ark keeper/bearer.” The earliest Jewish Cooper

can probably be placed in Carolingian times, if not

earlier. The trail leads to Speyer, as some Cooper

families, both in England and Russia, have the

surname Shapiro (“from Speyer” [Daitch-Mokotoff

Soundex System]). The surname evidently came

over to England from Rouen in the train of Wil-

liam the Conqueror and branches of it continued to

practice Judaism in an underground fashion with

the expulsion of the Jews by Edward I in 1290.

Both authors are descended from Isaac Cooper of

Granger Co. (Tenn. /Wayne Co., Ky.; abt. 1770-aft.

1838), a grandson of William Cooper the scout,

who married a daughter of Cherokee Chief Black

Fox (d. 1811) and acted as a hazzan (functionary for

life-change events like weddings and funerals) in

the Watauga Country. See Panther-Yates (June

2002 ).

20. Beginning in the late 12th century (although

the roots of this belief are earlier), Jews were popu-

larly blamed for the death of Jesus and forced, by

law, to wear various emblems of “shame, ” the best-

known being probably a yellow star sewn on their

clothing.

21. It is well known that Jews were identified

with the glass, crystal and mirror trade: the night

when Nazis smashed Jewish storekeepers’ windows

in Germany and began to deport Jews to con-

centration camps is commemorated as Kristall-

nacht.

22. “Merchant vessel of the largest size, especially

one from Ragusa-Dubrovnik, whence the name”

(Eterovich 2003, p. 75). Many of the seamen and

most of the Ottoman admirals came from Croatia

(p. 29). “In the years 1544 to 1612, nine grand viziers

came from Bosnia, and Bosnia gave to the Empire

most of the twenty-four grand viziers of Croatian

ancestry in addition to many pashas, sandiak-begs,

beger-begs, and other dignitaries” (p. 23). Moreover,

“[A] majority of the mariners and pilots on the

[English] king’s ships at this period were foreign-

ers— Ragusans (listed first), Venetians, Genovese,

Normans and Bretons... [as] noted by French

Ambassador Marillac, writing in 1540” (p. 62). Many

of the ship’s captains were also Jewish, e.g. Nikola

Gucetich (Gozzi, Gast, Gass, Goss, Gist, Guest, and

Guess in English [Daitch-Mokotoff s.v.] ), who came

from the Sephardic Da Costa family and lived in

Tower Ward, later the home of Samuel Gist, the busi-

ness partner of George Washington.

23. Gaelic kynochs “dark.”

24. Jews were often selected as heralds because of

their literacy and foreign language abilities.

25. “For the king [sc. Solomon] had a Tarshish

fleet on the sea, along with Hiram’s fleet. Once

every three years, the Tarshish fleet came in, bear-

ing gold and silver, ivory, apes, and peacocks” (I

Kings 10: 22).

26. The Spanish called the Greek-speaking Byzan-

tine Jews (Romaniots) Gregos, which apparently gives

us the surnames Greig and Gregg. But the name

could also be interpreted to mean “Gray, ” and per-

haps was understood this way. Beginning in the

eleventh century, residence of Jews in Christian

Byzantium was restricted to Constantinople and

Salonika. Spanish Jews settled in Constantinople in

the late fourteenth century, heavily so after 1492, and

Ottoman-ruled Salonika developed one of the great-

est centers of Jewish learning in the East (Barnavi

1992, p. 70).

27. Jewish families teased this name into a hun-

dred fanciful forms. A sampling of girls’ names from

the authors’ own family histories includes Lovina,

Louisa, Luetta, Luida, Louhanna, Lovida, Lovisa,

Louah, Ludella, Luverna, Lavona, LaVera, Lutilla,

Lula, Louina, Levicy, Vicy, and Viny. Lovie was fur-

ther turned into Dovie and Dicy, especially in the

American South. It was said that any name begin-

ning with Lu- or Lou- was acknowledgment of the

family’s origin as “Lusitanians, ” i.e. Portuguese.

Male equivalents were Lewis, Lodovic, Lawson,

Lovis, Lovice, etc. Lovice Looney, for instance, was

born about 1743 in Virginia and came from the De

Luna family of Spain and Portugal, via the Isle of

Notes — Chapter 10

245

Man and port of Philadelphia. On the Looney/Lunas,

see Panther-Yates 2000.

28. Anglo-Jewish: Adler 1939, p. 22 et saepe.

29. KaAAas, “beautiful” or else Hebrew “bride.”

30. Jacobs 1911. One of the top 10 Anglo-Jewish

surnames. „

31. We count in this 50 percent the “dark color

surnames such as Black, Brown and Gray, as these

were commonly used in the North to refer to the

skin/hair/complexion of the peoples of the Mediter-

ranean and South. Brown has a further meaning of

a reference to Rabbi Nachman among the descen-

dants of the Jewish community at Speyer. One must

bear in mind that, like Y-chromosome testing,

salient surnames recorded in archives and cemeter-

ies represent only the male line of any geopolitical

group. In the nature of things, there is a bias toward

the upper echelons of society. Accordingly, care must

be taken in projecting these figures to the general

population.

32. “Lista de Apellidos Judios segun noto de Pere

Bonnin, ” < http: //www.personaes.com/ colombiaX

This Colombian surname list was based on Pere Bon-

nin, a Barcelona writer, who wrote Sangre Judia, or

Jewish Blood, in which he compiled a list of 3, 500

surnames of Jewish origin, using documents found

in old Jewish neighborhoods and Inquisition ar-

chives. The following prominent Italian Jewish sur-

names may also be compared, taken from Shlomo

Simonsohn, The Jews in the Duchy of Milan (Jeru-

salem, The Israel Academy of Sciences and Human-

ities, 1986): Abramo, Anna, Aron, Bella, Bona,

Cervio, Cervo, David, Davit, Falcone, Gabriele,

Gaio, Gavo, Manno, Michele, Moise, Moses, Moyse,

Salomon, Salomone, Samuel, Sansone, Sarra, Simon,

Simone, Solomon, Tarsia, Vita, Vitale, Vitta, Bola-

nis, Bollano, Boscho, Grassis, Rippa (It. for “coast, ”

Sp. Da Costa, Ger. Kist). There is a complete index

on pp. 3017-3082.

33. There are three explanations for this common

surname, which also appears as Atkin, Aitken and

Akin (and possibly Adkins). One theory derives it

from the French city of Agincourt, another from the

Berber clan Agoun, and a third from Charlemagne’s

capital at Aix/ Aachen (or the similarly named city

Aix-en-Provence in the South of France).

34. Rochus Bastardus was a prominent Marrano

merchant who lived, variously, in Rouen, Amster-

dam and other places of refuge for Sephardic Jews.

35. Jacobs (1911) maintains that Morrell comes

from Samuel.

36. Jewish surnames such as Prince/Printz, Noble/

Nobel, Duke/Duque, King/Konig and Pape/Pope are

believed to derive from their bearers’ being in the

service of these functionaries (Stern 1950). This also

may be the root of the name Raney, French Reine, as

well as Ray/Reyes.

37. Jacobs 1911.

38. Jacobs 1911; cf. French Mercer, German Kauf-

mann.

39. Aramaic “palm tree” (with its sweet fruit); the

French form is Demarice.

40. As we saw in chapter 2, Perthshire contains

the densest concentration of haplotype J in the

British Isles.

Chapter 10

1. A convenient and reliable summary of the

mission of Columba to Scotland may be found in

McNeill (1974).

2. A further peculiarity that deserves investiga-

tion is the apparent observance of kashrut by the

early Scots. A document dating to the time of

Columba, the Canones Adomnani, is notable for its

unusual lists of clean and unclean meats, drawn not

only from the Torah but apparently also from Tal-

mudic law (McNeill 1974, p. 100). Western and

northern clerics refused to eat at the table of their

eastern counterparts, perhaps because the Roman-

styled churches in England did not keep kosher

(Deansely 1963, p. 85).

3. It is hard not to believe that this word comes

from Chaldea, the ancient name for Babylonia, to

which the Jews were exiled in Biblical times, though

Howie derives it from Cultores Dei “worshipers of

God” (1981, p. 4).

4. Alexander Spottswood was born in 1676 at

Tangier, then an English colony, his father being the

resident surgeon. He was a thoroughly trained sol-

dier, serving on the continent under the Duke of

Marlborough. He was dangerously wounded at the

battle of Blenheim in 1704, while serving as quarter-

master-general with the rank of colonel. He arrived

in Virginia in 1710 as lieutenant-governor under

George Hamilton, the Earl of Orkney, and his ad-

ministration became remembered as the most able

of all the Colonial rulers. He was connected with

Robert Carry of England and established the first

iron furnace in North America. In 1730, he was

deputy Postmaster-General for the American Colo-

nies, and it was he who promoted Benjamin Franklin

to the position of postmaster for the province of

Pennsylvania. He rose to the rank of major-general

and on the eve of embarking with troops destined

for Carthagena, died at Annapolis, Maryland, on

June 7, 1740. He owned the house in which Lord

Cornwallis afterward signed the articles of capitu-

lation at Yorktown (“Appalachian Mountain Fami-

lies, ” < http: //freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.eom/~

appalachian/History/Alexander_Spottswood/alexan

der_spottswood.html> ).

5. See chapter 1.

6. These letters spell the Jewish name for God,

as already noted in chapter 7: they were the central

meditative device in a Cabalistic tradition that was

present contemporaneously in southern France.

7. Cop, also rendered Cope, should probably be

viewed as another one of those British surnames we

catalogued in Chapters 8 and 9 that are based on

Hebrew letters, in this case Kaf 3.

8. An Italo- Arabic surname.

9. A Sephardic French surname.

10. Sects highly monotheistic and consequently

quite compatible, theologically, with Judaism.

11. Goris (1925) gives lists of Marranos arrested

1519-1570, some accused of Judaizing, others of

Calvinism; one, Marcus Perez, was banished, and

Alfonso Rubero fled to England in 1540 (pp. 651-

654).

1 2. Howie states that Knox was sent to St. Andrews

246

Notes— Chapter 11

to study under John Mair or Major, and M’Gavin in

his note attempts to reconcile this fact with a record

at Glasgow of 1520.

1 3. We have seen above how consistent this vision

is to the Jewish ideal of Zedakah.

14. Compare the description of Marrano attitudes

toward Mary in Gitlitz (2002), pp. 142-144. Often

couched in mock theological arguments or told in

the style of ribald miracle stories, this Marrano trait

might be termed “Marioclasm, ” the angry ridicule of

Mariology and all Catholic superstition connected

with it.

1 5. In the absence of Marrano ancestry, Knox’s

antipathy toward Spain is virtually inexplicable. No

histories of his life mention his traveling to Spain or

even actually known any Spaniards. Thus there do

not seem to be any negative personal experiences to

account for his hatred of Spain.

16. With Margaret, Knox had three daughters,

Martha, Margaret and Elizabeth; again, all Biblical

names. Martha married Alexander Fairlie/Fairleigh;

Margaret married Alexander Fairlie/Fairleigh; Mar-

garet married Zachary (du) Pont; and Elizabeth mar-

ried John Welsh.

Chapter 11

1. The first synagogue was established in Scot-

land in 1816, but it was of the Ashkenazic rite and

records were kept in Yiddish (Phillips 1979, p. 10).

It is interesting, however, to note the French and

Flemish Sephardic names associated with the Braid

Place cemetery and early Richmond Court syna-

gogue, including Lyon, Davis, Symons, David,

Mosely, Chalmers, Laurier, Prince, Hart, and Vallery

(pp. 4-9). Also, the first Scotsman to be circumcised

in Glasgow, in 1824, was Edward Davis, son of David

Davis, a name, as we have seen, often borne by

French Crypto-Jews in Scotland (Lionel Levy n.d.,

pp. 12—13). Among the dead in the Glaswegian

Necropolis we find (Semion Philippa) Burns, Frazer,

Davi(e)s, Michael, and Rubens (pp. 28-30). Its gates

were inscribed with twelve lines of poetry by Byron,

followed by the initials M.K.B.I. (’330), standing for

the Hebrew prayer “Who among the Mighty is like

unto thee, Jehovah” (Mi cha-mo-cha ba-ei-lim,

A-do-ttai), which Blair, the cemetery’s historian,

explains as the origin of the name Maccabeus,

the equivalent of MacBeth, a founder of Scotland

(pp. 25-26).

2. Scott earned close to ten thousand pounds a

year in royalties and advances in his heyday (Her-

man 2001, p. 309).

3. This rabbinical family traces its ancestry to

Rabbi Zev Wolf. The reigning matriarch in living

memory was Mrs. Godfrey S. (Helen Gratz) Rocke-

feller (Birmingham 1971, pp. 162-63).

4. Not many of his readers noticed, but in his

first Waverley novel Scott made its hero an English-

man, not a Scot at all, but an officer in the British

army who is garrisoned in Scotland on the eve of the

doomed Stuart comeback under Bonnie Prince

Charles in 1745.

5. Although the figure of Robin Hood in English

literature and history is a problematical and much

debated subject, the weight of historical evidence

now inclines to identify the first personification of

the outlaw from the north with Robin Deakyne, a

Norman from York, son of William, ca. 1175 (His-

tory Channel TV special 1999; see Deakyne Family

Genealogy Forum, < http: //genforum. genealogy.

com>.) A contender for the title remains David, Earl

of Huntingdon (1152-1219), the nephew of William

the Lyon, King of Scotland (“The Search for the Real

Robin Hood, ” < http: //www.geocities.com/ puck-

robin/rh/realrob2.html>; K.J. Stringer, Earl David of

Huntingdon, Edinburgh University Press, 1985). We

have studied the earl’s genealogy and note that his

daughter Isabella married Robert Bruce, ancestor of

Robert I the Bruce. The name Deakyne (also ren-

dered Deakin) comes from “of Aix/ Aachen” (Charle-

magne’s capital). The family originated in Flanders,

as did the Bruces and Stewarts. Deakynes immi-

grated to Maryland and at least one branch today

continues to be Jewish. Robin derives from the

Hebrew Rueben.

6. Interestingly, the “Saxe” part of this once

obscure Luxemburgish line, which occupied virtu-

ally every throne in Europe during the nineteenth

century, came from the Spanish-Portuguese Jewish

Seixas family (Birmingham 1971, pp. 29-32). It is the

same name found in the New York department store

Saks Fifth Avenue.

7. Something conveniently happens to Athelstane

to remove him: “he was a cock that would not fight”

(p. 428).

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Index

Aaron, descendants of 43

abbeys, staffing of 194-195

Aberdeen: Aberdour, Alford,

Alvah, Alves (towns) 170-171;

apprentice records 183-184;

Belhalvie and New Machar

census 184; bishop’s emblems

158; Cowie, Daviot, Dyce,

Echt, Fyvie (towns) 170-175;

Crypto-Jews in 152; Elgin family

165-168; Fraser coat of arms

158-159; freedom lands census

182-183; Fyvie Castle 157-158;

images of Jewish presence in

155; as international center of

trade 187-191; Jewish ancestry

among aristocrats in 165; Judaic

community in 187; Kings Col-

lege/Aberdeen University 161,

163-165; Kings College Chapel

155, 157; Leslie, New Machar,

Rathen, Rhynie (towns) 173—

175; population of 178; royal

images and coins 158-159; 1696

census 178-187; Skene, Tarves,

Turriff, Tyrie (towns) 175-178

Aberdour 168-170

Abravanel surname 230-231

Addington’s Templar List 133-136

Agobard, Bishop 84-85

Alexander I 13

Alexander Bain Jr. & Co. 189

Alexander surname 27-28, 73-76,

106

Alexander the Great 37, 75-76,

137, 151

Alford Churchyard 168, 169

Allah 132

Alleles 26, 35-37

Alvah Churchyard 168, 169-170

Alves Cemetery 168, 170

American Revolution 103

Americans of Jewish Descent (Stern)

ancestry see genealogies

Anglicanism 91

Anne, Queen 21

anti-Semitic authors 212

anti-Semitic countries 165

Anusim 25

apprenticeship records 101, 126—

127, 183-184

archbishops of St. Andrews Cathe-

dral 195-196

Argylle, Marquis de 4

arms see coats of arms

Ashkenazi ancestry 26, 42; Fraser

family 158; physical appearance

26; surnames 31, 62, 203

Ashley-Cooper, Sir Anthony 91-92

Asian trading 85

Atlantic Modal Haplotype (AMH)

34, 185

Ayr Old Kirk 99, 117-118

Babylon, House of David in 82-83

bagpipes 12-13

Bahir (Book of Brilliance) 149, 150

Bane, Donald 11

banishments see exiles/banish-

ments

banks/banking 102-103, 130, 139

Bannerman surname 187-188

baptisms 84, 90

Beaton surname 12

Belarus 31

Belhalvie and New Machar census

184

Benbassa, Esther 79-80

Benveniste, Arthur 229

Bethelnie census 185

Birmingham, Stephen 205-206

bishop’s emblems 158

bishops of St. Andrews Cathedral

195-196

Black Douglases 59-61

black Scotsmen 8

Book of Kells 10

Border clans 15-17

Border Reiver Families DNA Study

232

Boulogne, House of 67-70

Bourtie census 185

Brazil 29

British Isles, Judaism before Chris-

tianity in 193'

Bruce (de Brus or de Brusse) sur-

name 29-30; biological descent

from David 87; genealogy of

44-47; King Robert II 23; Rob-

ert the Bruce (Robert I) 21, 23,

41, 44

Buchanan, George 193

burgess system/records 19-20,

99-100, 168, 178, 179-182

Byzantium 207

Cabala 142, 146-148, 148-151

Cabalistic images 155, 157, 158

Cabalistic traditions 203

Caldwell clan, genealogy 71-73

Caldwell-Stewart surname 33-34,

Calvin, John (Jean Cauvin) 200-

201, 204

Calvinist Protestantism 202

Campbell Surname Project 30-31,

50-51

Canmore surname 4, 11, 13-15, 63,

194

Carolingian Empire 80, 82

Catholic Church 10, 50, 91, 94,

138, 165, 202

celebration days. Mosaic structure

of 22

Celtic Church: establishment of

10; founding of communities by

5; Jewish practices retained by

21; sects 10

Celtic culture 12-13

Celts, domain of 9-10

cemetery/churchyard records:

253

254

Index

Alford Churchyard 168, 169;

Alvah Churchyard 168, 169-

170; Alves Cemetery 168, 170;

categories of interest 97-99;

Cluny Cemetery 97, 114; Cowie

Cemetery 170, 171; Daviot

Churchyard 170, 171, 185; Dyce

Cemetery 170-171, 172; Echt

Churchyard 171, 172-173; Fyvie

Churchyard 173; Geddes (Cadiz)

Cemetery 98, 116; Girvan Ceme-

tery 98, 115; Leslie Churchyard

173, 174; Lochaber and Skye

Cemetery 117; Lochaber Ceme-

tery 98-99; Monkton Cemetery

98, 116; New Machar Church-

yard 173, 174; Orkney Cemetery

186; Ramshorn Kirk 104-106;

Rathen Churchyard 173, 175;

Rhynie Churchyard 173, 175;

Symington Cemetery 98, 114—

115; Tarriff Cemetery 175, 177;

Tarves Cemetery 175, 176; Tyrie

Churchyard 175, 177-178

census records 178-187, 222-227

centered circle symbol 78

charity system 202-203

Charlemagne 5, 80, 82, 84, 85

charters 16, 147-148

Christian-origin surnames 39

Christian symbolism 158

Christianity 22, 131, 132

Christianized Jews 94

Christie surname 39

churchyard records see cemetery/

churchyard records

Cistercian order 15

Clans: bonds holding 23; Border

15-17; with Jewish ancestry 100-

101; patrilinear descendants of 7;

Web sites, 50, 52-53; see also by

family name

class structure, British 26

clockmakers 101, 124

Cluny Cemetery 97, 114

coats of arms: Campbell 51;

Cowan 78; de Brus 23; Fraser

158-159; Lion of Judah (Lion

rampant) 86-87; Royal Bruce

47; see also seals; symbols/icons/

images

Cohen Modal Haplotype (CMH)

26, 32

coinage 15, 158-159; seealso sym-

bols/icons/images

collective memory 206-207

colonial merchant records 128-129

Columba, St. 10, 192

commerce 93; Aberdeen as center

of world trade 187-191; Asian

trading 85; craftsmen’s skills

100; Crypto-Jews in merchant

professions 93; of English Jews

89; English Sephardim 95;

financial partnerships 103;

imports/exports 139; Mediter-

ranean 80-81; Mediterranean

trading 16; merchant families of

Glasgow 102-104; overseas sup-

pliers to Aberdeen businesses

189; privateers 112; seamen

101-102; smuggling 188; tobacco

trade 104, 129-130, 188; trade

and craft guilds 147-148; trade

charters 16, 20; trade incorpora-

tion records 101, 125-126; trade

partnerships 19, 29, 85, 88; trade

skills 81; trading centers 17; trad-

ing network of converso Jews

93; West Indies trade 103-104

Common Era 43, 88, 149

congregations/community 106-107

Constantine the Great, Emperor

22, 80

converso Jews/conversion 19, 25,

39, 155; to Catholicism 197;

DNA sequencing indicating

24-25; English banishments and

90; French Jews 83-84, 89; in

Ivanhoe 211, 212; Portuguese 73;

Spanish 165; trading network of

93; world-wide 91

Cooper, Lord Thomas 3

Cooper, Simon 92

Cooper surname 31

corruption, of Roman Catholic

Church 18

Court Jews 19

cousin marriages 26

Cowan surname 41; coats of arms

78; Cowan Surname Project

41-42; genealogy 76-78; haplo-

type 41, 43

Cowane, John 78, 112

Cowane surname 106-114

Cowane’s Hospital 112-113

Cowie Cemetery 170, 171

craft guilds (or gilds) 18-19

Cromwell, Oliver 90, 93, 96

Cromwell, Thomas 94

crucifixion imagery/icons 21

Crusades to the Holy Land 131,

137, 138

Cruz surname 39

Crypto-Jews: in Aberdeen 152;

application of term 25; causes

for becoming 146; choices made

by 213; definition of 7; English

90-91, 93; French 200-201; land

ownership by 103; merchants and

guildsmen 113; original presence

in Scotland of 19; Protestantism

among 51; psychological/social

aspects of 91; social/economic

ties with ancestral families of

188-189; styles of churches 83;

symbols on grave markers 31;

worldwide 94

Culdee sect 10, 194

cultural forgetting 206-207

Cuthbert, Bishop 16

Dalriadic settlers, origin myth of 9

Darwin, George 26

databases, DNA 26-27

David, King (of Jerusalem) 13, 113,

132-133, 137

David, St. 193

David I, King 13-15, 16, 22, 41, 102

David II, King 187-191

Davidic ancestry 21, 47, 51, 63,

81-82, 83, 85

Daviot Churchyard 170, 171, 185

de Brusse (or de Brus) see Bruce

(de Brus or de Brusse) surname

“A Defence of the Jews against All

vulgar Prejudices in all Coun-

tries” (Toland) 95-96

demography from DNA sequence

data 25

derivations of names see name

origins

Diaspora communities 80, 94, 148—

149

Disraeli, Benjamin 92

distributions of names: Bruce sur-

name 29-30; Caldwell-Stewart

surname 33-34; Campbell 30-31;

Cowan 41-42; Forbes DNA 28-

29; Fraser 39-41; Gordon 31-33;

Kennedy 38; Leslie/Christie

haplotypes 38-39; patterns of 43

DNA haplotypes 2; Alexander

27- 28; Border Reiver Families

DNA Study 232; Bruce 29-30;

Caldwell-Stewart 33-34; Camp-

bell 30-31; Cowan 41-42, 76-78;

Fookes (Fuchs, Fox) 29; Forbes

28- 29; Fraser 39-41; French/

Flemish 22-23; Gordon 31-33;

Kennedy 38; Leslie/Christie

38-39; mutation of male 35; Rib

27-28; Sykes 26; Y-STR Haplo-

type Reference Database

(YHRD) 26-27

DNA studies 24-25, 25-27

documentation, evidence for re-

search proposals 4

Dome of the Rock 132-133

Donald clan 9

Douglas surname 59-61

Dunblane Cathedral, bishops of

196-197

Dyce Cemetery 170-171, 172

DYS 385 31

Easter 193

Echt Churchyard 171, 172-173

education system 202-203, 206

Edward I, King 90, 146

Einsiedler, David 229

Elgin surname 165-168

Elliot clan 232

Elphinstone, Bishop William 161,

163-165, 187

England: commerce of English

Jews 89, 95; Crypto-Jews in

90-91, 93; English nationhood

208-209; English Reformed

Church 202; exiles/banishments

from 88-89, 90, 96, 146; Jewish

Index

255

name origins 220-228; Jews in

the History of England 1485-1850

(Katz) 91; London Jewry 109-

110; Mary I of England 201, 202;

physical appearance of English

Jews 96; separation from Scot-

land of 5

entrepreneurs, religious affiliations

of Scottish 20-21; see also com-

merce

ethnic appearance in lvanhoe 210;