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Probabilistic forecasting in the process of simultaneous translation



The model proposed by linguists I.A. Winter and G.V. Chernov1 relies on probabilistic forecasting apparatus. According to this model, in the textual material, due to the redundancy of the language, not all units are equally significant for perception. In accordance with the mechanism of anticipatory reflection, the listener constantly builds a forecast regarding the possible continuation with respect to the speech statement, which, as the material arrives, checks with reality, corrects and develops. However, in the text there are more redundant elements, the probability of a correct prediction is high, and less redundant elements that are predicted with a lesser degree of confidence. The elements of the text that are the most redundant are named by the authors as “information redundancy peaks”. The elements least predictable are called " probabilistic forecasting points."

 

Simultaneous translation without visual support

As a rule, the translator is in the booth, but there is also a “whispering” method when the translator sits next to the translation receptor and whispers his translation.

Factors complicating and facilitating the task of learning, besides those that occur in teaching simultaneous translation with visual support, are a lot of dependence on the nature and accuracy of the speaker’s speech, and the need to “listen” sometimes to listen to the speaker without headphones with strong background noise.

 

Required skills:

 

the ability to clearly recognize and, if necessary, fix precision words during the translation;

depending on the adopted system, the ability to translate equally well from a foreign language into a foreign language.

 

Training in simultaneous translation with visual support

 

the translator is provided with headphones through which he hears the speaker’s oral speech, and simultaneously (2-3 seconds behind) speaks the translation into the microphone, relying on the speech text transmitted to him in advance or immediately before the start of the speech.

Factors complicating the task of learning:

the need for a threefold distribution of attention — simultaneous listening, reading, and speaking;

Speaker talk rate is too fast or too slow;

defects in pronunciation or accent that impede the perception of the speaker’s speech;

 

large nervous load, causing rapid fatigue;

 

malfunctions and failures in the transmitting equipment.

 

Facilitating factors:

 

the construction of the speaker's speech, allowing the use of parallel structures;

 

measured pace of performance with sufficient pauses between individual statements;

 

good translator knowledge of the problem being discussed, the views of the speaker and other factors that facilitate probabilistic forecasting;

 

Conculation

We can conclude that the level of mastering a foreign language depends primarily on the abilities, experience and knowledge of the translator, not to mention the strength of his character - perseverance and perseverance with which he strives for perfection. It should be noted that outstanding simultaneous interpreters are not limited to a set of patterns in the language that they translate and with which they, as a rule, constantly work, and sometimes reach such a high level of lexical and stylistic expression of thought that their origin is not detected in anything except for pronunciation and intonation. After all, a first-class specialist in the field of translation, especially synchronous, is an eternal student, in at least two ways. First of all, simultaneous translation is not a duty set of frozen techniques and rules, but a living art in which all elements are adjusted, modified and re-created. Secondly, the languages ​ ​ of large cultures are wide rivers where everything quickly flows and changes. In any language, new words and expressions are constantly arising, and their translation, re-routing to another language sometimes requires considerable linguistic ingenuity.

So, when dealing with simultaneous translation, the future specialist must not only follow all the above tips and requirements, but also be aware of the nature of his work, delve into the specifics of the genre in which he works, understand the essence of translation work, and only in these conditions translation work will be a real pleasure and will be a source of pride for a professional.

 

References

 

Deane-Cox, Sharon. Retranslation: Translation, Literature and Reinterpretation. London: Bloomsbury, 2014.

 

Esslin, Martin. ‘Introduction’ in Kott, Jan. Shakespeare Our Contemporary. Trans. Boleslaw Taborski. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1974 [1964], xi-xxi.

 

Hoenselaars, Ton, ed. Shakespeare and the Language of Translation. London: Arden Shakespeare, 2012.

 

Ryan, Kiernan. Shakespeare’s Universality: Here’s Fine Revolution. London: Arden Shakespeare, 2015.

 

Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies—and Beyond. Rev. ed. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2012.


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