Read the text and choose from sentences (A-E) the one which fits each gap in the article. There is one sentence that does not fit anywhere. Стр 1 из 35Следующая ⇒ CONTENTS Unit I Animals and Humans……………………………………………..2 Animals and Humans…………………………………………….............2 Zoos and nationals parks…………………………………6 Unit II Animals around us……………………….18 Different kinds of animals……………………………….18 Unit III Animals care and feeding ……………...37 Animals care and feeding Food and diet…………………………………………….37 Unit IV Animal’s structure……………………..51 Senses and feelings……………………………………...51 Animal’s structure……………………………………...58 Unit V Animal’s diseases……………………….73  Veterinary………………………………………………73 Diagnosis and therapy of animal diseases……………..75 Unit VI Breeding and Cloning…………………100 The plan for rendering the text ………………..106 Supplementary reading ……………………….107 English-Russian Dictionary……………………111 Unit I Animals and Humans. Pets are good for us Read the text and choose from sentences (A-E) the one which fits each gap in the article. There is one sentence that does not fit anywhere. a) A pet can be something different to each member of the family. b) Rightly we teach children to be good to their pets. c) But pets offer us more than mere companionship — they invite us to love and be loved. d) A pet in the family keeps people in touch with the more natural, animal world. e) Cats were tamed and trained to keep down the rats and the mice in houses.   Perhaps, the British are too good to their pets, but more interesting is a recent theory amongst psychologists that pets are very good for us. Dr. R. writes: "The basic meaning of «pet» is an animal we keep for emotional rather than economic reasons. A pet animal is kept as a companion, and we all need companions to keep us feeling happy. [1] Many owners feel, their pets understand them, for animals are quick to sense anger and sorrow. Often a cat or dog can comfort us at times when human words don't help. We feel loved; too, by the way pets depend on us for a home, for food and drink. Dogs especially look up to their owners, which make them feel important and needed. [2] Another baby to the mother, a sister or brother to an only child, a grandchild to I the elderly, but for all of us pets provide pleasure and compan- I ionship. It has even been suggested that tiny pets should be sent as companions to astronauts on spaceships, to help reduce j the stress and loneliness of space flights. In this Plastic Age, when most of us live in large cities, pets are particularly important for children. [3] Seeing an I animal give birth brings understanding of the naturalness of childbirth. Learning to care for a pet helps a child to grow up into a loving adult who feels responsible towards those dependent on him.   2. Make a word rose “pets are good for us”:                           feeling happy                                                                                             good campaigning                                                                                                                                           Pets are good   friend    understanding For us Animals have always been in our lives. Agriculture and fishers in Britain Animal rights 1. Read following new words to know and make expanded word combinations: leading country – ведущая страна animal protection organization – организация по защите животных to be founded – быть основанным to treat- лечить animal welfare movement – движение благополучия животных prevention of cruelty – защита от жестокости right - право Royal Society for the Preven­tion of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) – королевское общество по борьбе с жестокостью к животным to suffer from – страдать от to exploit - эксплуатировать to mistreat – плохо обращаться violence - жестокость crate - контейнер hunting of hares – охота за зайцами Britain has been one of the leading countries in the field of animal welfare. For example, the world's first animal protection organization, the Royal Society for the Preven­tion of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA), was founded in Eng­land in 1823. That traditional concern for animals is being rediscovered with a new moral and political strength. The idea that animals should be treated humanely is not quite unique to the Western World. In Hinduism and Bud­dhism there is a very strong tradition of avoiding any sort of violence against any living being, which includes plant life as well as animal life. The animal welfare movement was born as part of the humanitarian movements in England in the 19th century, which was equally concerned for the rights of children. It was members of the RSPCA who founded the first society for the prevention of cruelty to children in England. People are upset by pictures of animals' suffering, and in Britain, animal issues are always people's main concern when it comes to environmental matters. And there is an increas­ing feeling in Britain today that meat production should be made as humane as possible. Britain has a law enforcing a maximum of 15 hours' journey time for livestock after which the animals have to be rested, fed and watered. Since 1990 the crate system has also been banned. The CIWF (Compassion in World Farm­ing) organization is just one of the many organizations within the growing British movements concerned with ani­mal rights. It includes both traditional and more radical groups like Respect for Animals, formed by campaigners against the fur trade. They are united by a belief that it is morally wrong for humans to exploit and mistreat animals. Since the 1970's the movement has spread to include traditional sports such as bull fighting in Spain and the hunting of hares and foxes by hounds. 2. Give the English equivalents for the following: права животных; благополучие животных; жестокое обращение с животными; забота о животных; с живот­ными следует обращаться гуманно; насилие против любого живого существа; страдания животных; проблемы окружающей среды; надо запретить содержание в клетках (контейнерах); сострадание (уважение) к животным; торговля мехом; бой быков; охота с собаками на зайцев (лис); эксплуатировать и плохо обращаться с животными; безнравственно.   Zoos and National Parks.   The London Zoo Royal parks Choose right answer. 1. London’s Royal parks are attended now a) only by members of the Royal Family; b) by foreign visitors; c) by all people; 2. The Royal Parks are owed by a) common people; b) the government; c) the Crown; 3.The majority of London's parks appeared due to a) the royal whims; b) great scientific inventions; c) some historical events. 4.Today you can see deer in a) Greenwich Park; b) Hyde Park; c) St James's Park. 5.There is a cat and dog cemetery in a) St James's Park; b) Greenwich Park; c) Hyde Park. 6. You cannot bury your pets in Hyde Park today because a) the police do not allow it; b) only members of the Royal Family are allowed to; c) the cemetery is full. 7. You can ride on horseback in a) Hyde Park; b) St. James's Park; c) Greenwich Park. 8.Pelicans a) do not live in St. James's Park any longer; b) still inhabit St. James's Park; c) have never lived in St. James's Park. Read the advertisement and discuss it with your group-mates. Ask them why (not) they would like to go on a holiday there. Choose another place with a lot of wildlife, and speak on things you could see there.   Zimbabwe is a magical country with its ever-chang­ing mixture of landscapes, cultures and wildlife: • see the white rhino; • travel by steam train across Africa; • visit Victoria Falls, twice as high and three times as wide as the Niagara Falls; • enjoy a sunset cruise on the Zambezi river. 4. RSPCA stands for the Royal Society for the Preven­tion of Cruelty to Animals, an organization in Britain it can be? Then say if there is a similar organization in your country. 5.Read the advertisement, and then answer the questions:   1. London Zoo is very popular with tourists, isn't it? 2. What are the duties of the Operation Manager? 3. What kind of candidates are preferable? KEEP OUR LAND CLEAN Things people throw away can cause pollu­ tion. Pollution makes the environment unclear. Garbage and trash pollute the land. People can help keep the land clean. They can throw trash in the right place. They can clean up their environment. 5. Speak on your personal attitude to vivisection. Say whether you would like to join a pressure group to defend animal's rights. What particular area of work would you choose? Use the expressions: first and foremost... ; in addition ... ; I admit you're right, but ... ; on the contrary ... ; I don't think it is so, etc. Read the interview Do you believe that animals should be kept in zoos? There are many people today who think they should not. In order to find out people's opinions, we asked a group of 100 people, and we were surprised by the result. About fifty per cent thought it was good; thirty per cent thought they should be in wildlife parks and twenty per cent thought that wild animals should live only in the wild. Read the opinions of these people about keeping animals in zoos. Woman: Yes, I think zoos are a good idea, because every­one should know something about animals, and if animals aren't kept in zoos, people can't real­ly learn anything about them. Well, only from the television, and that's not the same, is it? Children can go to zoos in order to see what they've been learning about at school. Man: Well, I'm not sure. I think we need zoos be­cause people can only study wild animals when they're in zoos, and we can learn so much from animals, don't you think? Teenage girl: What do I think about zoos? Gosh, I don't know. Well, I think that, in order for us to learn about wild animals they must be kept in captivity of some kind, but it's cruel to keep animals in small cages. Have you ever seen the lions and tigers in a zoo? They walk up and down, absolutely bored. No, I think that wildlife parks must be the best answer. Old man: Em, no, I don't agree with zoos. Wildlife parks? Well, I suppose they help to preserve natural conditions for the animals, but still, I'm not sure.. Young man: Oh no, I disagree with keeping animals in cap­tivity, whether in zoos or wildlife parks. Ani­mals should live in the wild if they were born in the wild. When they live in cages they become bored and they become even more dan­gerous in a way. Older woman: No, I don't really agree with zoos or wildlife parks. I think the only animals which should be kept in captivity are small animals which can still run and climb. Oh, and, of course, if an animal is born in a zoo or a wildlife park, it should stay there because it could never live in the wild. 2. Give the Russian for the following phrases from the text (use your dictionary): to find out people's opinions; wildlife parks; to live in the wild; be kept in captivity; walk up and down; to preserve natural conditions; to become bored; to keep animals in cages. 3. Say whose point of view you support? Why? Say whose point of view you disagree with? Why? Use the expressions: first and foremost... ; in addition ... ; I admit you're right, but ... ; on the contrary ... ; I don't think it is so, etc. GRAMMAR 1. Give the plural of the following nouns: foot mouse mink deer calf tooth child fish wife hoof goose ox sheep swine 2. Use "am", "are", "is". 1. I ... a first-year student. 2. My friend ... an engineer. 3. Jack ... a farmer. He ... from a small Scottish town. 4. They ... our new friends. They ... from Wales. 5. My father ... a school teacher. He ... 55 years old. 6. Ann and Nick ... at home now. 7. My native town ... in the center of England. 8. Monkeys ... very funny animals. 9. It... a dog. It's name ... Spot. Spot ... very friendly. 10. Mr. Davidson ... a University professor. He ... a very intelligent man. His hobby ... rugby. His students ... very happy to have such a good teacher. 3. Use "have" or "has". 1. We ... a lot of pets at home. 2. She ... a lovely kitten. 3. They ... a large family. 4. My friend ... a new car. 5. This animal ... four legs and a long tail. 6. I ... two cousins, an aunt and an uncle. 4. Use "have" or "be" in the right form. A.1. They ... a baby. It ... very nice. 2. She ... 30 years old and ... a family of her own. 3. What country ... you from? 4. The Browns ... a very big house. It... in the suburbs of Bath. The house ... three floors. 5. Cats ... domestic ani­mals. 6. They ... different kinds of birds on their farm. 7. We ... glad to meet you. 8. We ... from Russia and we ...a lot of friends in other countries. 9. Rob ... a very strong boy. His hobby ... sports. 10. They ... a lot of pets at home and they ... fond of them all. B. My name ... Simon. I... fourteen and I live in Wotton, a little village near Woodstock. I ... two sisters: one is six months old and the other ... seventeen. We also ... two dogs, two cats, two rabbits, and a horse. My Dad works on a building site and my Mum ... a housewife. С Britain ... a nation of animal lovers. There ... about five million dogs, almost as many cats, over three million cage-birds, aquarium fish, and one million "exotic" pets, such as reptiles and amphibians. But it ... America which ... the larg­est pet population in the world — 90 million dogs and cats. D. THE CAMEL In some parts of the world there ... large deserts. There ... no trees and no water there. The only animal that can walk through the desert ... the camel. The camel ... very big. It... got one or two lumps on its back, short ears and a long tail. The camel's food ... grass and branches of trees. 5. Use "is" or "are". A. 1. There ... a small garden in front of our home. 2. There ... a lot of wild animals in the taiga. 3. There ... five sheep and a cow on their farm. 4. There ... a book and a notebook on the desk. 5. There ... a computer, a TV set and a hi-fi in my room. 6. There ... twenty four students in our group. 7. There ... a lot of snow in winter. 8. There ... some money in my bag. B. A national park ... a large piece of land. In the park animals ... free to come and go. There ... trees and plants everywhere. There ... campgrounds in national parks where people can enjoy nature. There ... tents for people to sleep in and campfires to cook their food. There ... also many paths in the parks on which people can walk.   Summary work I. Supplementary reading How dog became a dog 1. Read the text and say whether these statements are true or false. Then suggest a title to the story and dis­cuss it with your group. Use your dictionary to help you. 1. The first doglike creature could climb trees. 2. Miacis was also the progenitor of goat. 3. The ancestor of today's wild dogs first appeared about 30 million years ago. 4. Jackals are close relatives to domestic dogs. 5. Dogs could live only in warm places. 6. Dogs helped man only to hunt wild animals. 7. There are a lot of different kinds of dogs nowadays. 8. Some dogs have very thick fur to protect them from cold.         The dog's story begins in the lush forests of some 50 million years ago with a small, tree-climbing creature, Miacis. This undoglike patriarch was also the progenitor of both bear and raccoon. From him evolved a carnivore we call Hesperocyon. Though Hesperocyon's long body and short legs little resembled the dog's, he had developed many dog­like characteristics. Some 25 to 30 million years ago two larger, shorter-tailed, distinctly doglike forms named Temnocyon and Cyno-desmus made their appearance on the open plains. Both evolved from Hesperocyon. Temnocyon is considered the ancestor of today's wild dogs of India, Africa, and Brazil. Cynodesmus became the ancestor of our modern wolves, coyotes, jackals, foxes, and domestic dogs. Though wolves and dogs sprang from a common ancestor, the former maintained their wildness and ferocity; the latter became tractable and domestic. Man unconsciously shaped the dog he wanted. At first he kept only those most useful in the hunt. When he do­mesticated sheep and cattle, to guard them he chose the dog which could fight off predators. Everywhere man went, dog went too, thus becoming the most widely distributed of four-footed animals. The dog adapted to every climate and every use. The great variety we see in our dogs today once served a practical purpose. The Dachshund's body was bred sausage-shaped so he could wriggle into the badger's den; the tuft of hair on the brow of the vermin-killing Scottie served to keep dirt out of his eyes when he, too, went to earth. The sled dog's fur coat and plumed tail functioned as sleeping bag and muffler. Hunting dogs be- came specialist: long-legged Deerhounds, keen-nosed Blood­hound, burly Mastiff. Through centuries the dog's life was not an easy one. For a long time man considered it as an efficient tool of the hunt, as burglar insurance, a shepherd, pulling power for a cart. The sports, which made dogs fight against bulls, bears, horses, even lions, and the spectacle of dog fighting dog to death wrote dark chapters in man's attitude to his "best friend". The 19th centu­ry brought changes in canine status. As emphasis on the hunt declined, the dog's role as companion became more important.   III. PROJECT WORK 1.Collect as much information as possible about the re­cent ecological problems in your area and prepare a press-conference on how these problems are being decided by your local and central authorities. You can use following table:   Air pollution   Water pollution   Woods pollution   District of your are а       How decided/not decided                 2. In groups of 3-4, make up a list of endangered species in your country, using the latest information from newspa­pers, magazines and TV programmes. Discuss the results in class and work out possible measures to prevent these ani­mals from total extinction. -Use following vocabulary: to pollute, enviromental protection, technological progress, to be exhausted, , a movement, to campaign, to keep clean, strict pollution control, wildlife, purifying systems, acid rains, to solve problems     UNIT II ANIMALS ARROUND US   Different kinds of animals 1. Read following new words to know and make expanded word combinations. vertebrate - позвоночное invertebrate - беспозвоночное backbone - позвоночник skeleton - скелет shell - раковина insect - членистоногое amphibian – земноводное, амфибия reptile – рептилия, пресмыкающееся trout - форель shark - акула whale - кит dinosaur - динозавр cold-blooded - холоднокровный warm-blooded - теплокровный bat – летучая мышь eagle - орел  to lay eggs – класть яйца to grow babies – растить детёнышей to feed on milk –кормить молоком A.                                                 B. 1) marsupial                           6) rodents 2) monotreme                         7) vertebrates 3) omnivore                            8) pinnipeds 4) micro-organisms                9) carnivore 5) primates   a) Animals with backbones. The group includes fish, am­phibians, reptiles, birds, mammals. b) Mammal with no placenta, whose young are born at embryonic stage after short gestation period, then at­tach to a nipple, usually within a marsupium, or under folds of skin. c) Group of carnivores adapted to marine life, including seals and sea-lions. d) Animal which eats plants and animals. e) Group of mammals which includes tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans. f) Group of gnawing animals, including mice and rats. g) Mammal which lays eggs and possesses a cloaca. It feeds its young on milk but lacks nipples. h) Minute living creatures such as bacteria and protozoa, i) Animal which eats other animals. 3. Match each animal from the box with the animal group it belongs to. Some animals can be used more than once. Groups: herbivores, insects, mammals, cats, reptiles, fish, birds, carnivores, omnivores, amphibians.   crocodile, lien, tiger, bear, hawk, frog, wolf, goldfish, panther, monkey, snake, sparrow, wasp, whale, lizard, fly, jaguar, tortoise, pigeon, cow, fox, beetle, eagle, puma, squirrel, goat, sheep, salmon At the pet shop Mammals Elephants Penguins There are seventeen different kinds of penguins in the world. Some live near the Antarctic, others live on some islands near South America, Southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand. They all belong to the bird family. They can swim very well, but they can't fly. The Galapagos penguin is very small. It is about 45 cm tall, and weight about 2.5 kg. Its body is black and white with black wings or flippers. On its black head there is a thin white line. Its beak is black, pink and yellow. The penguin's legs are very short. There are now only about 1,000 pairs of Galapagos pen­guins in the world. Koala Koala is often mistakenly called a bear, is the fauna! emblem of Qeensland, one of the six Australia's states. It is a nocturnal tree dwelling marsupial mammal, which feeds almost exclusively on the leaves of a few species of eucalypt. Emu Emu is found only in Australia, is the second largest bird in the world, and probably because of its size, is flightless. Instead of flight, the Emu relies upon speed (up to 64 km per hour) and stamina for survival in its natural habitat, which is the dry plains country of the in­land. The Emu is also unusual in that although the female lays the eggs, it is the male which incubates them. Spiny Ant-eater or Echidna Spiny Ant-eater or Echidna is the nearest living rela­tive to the platypus, being the only other living monotreme in the world. The Echidna's natural diet is mainly ants. These little animals which inhabit open forest and rocky scrub lands, occur widely throughout the Australian Main­land, Tasmania and New Guinea.     elephant penguin koala    echidna emu 3. Complete the sentences using the words. A. teeth, wings, neck, mane, legs, hair, fur, feathers, heads, leaves, hoof, horns 1. Two ... are better than one. 2. Ann has the most beautiful .... 3. Sharks have big sharp .... 4. A giraffe has a very long .... 5. Peacocks have long blue-green tail .... 6. The long hair on the neck of a horse or lion is called a ... . 7. The ... of palm-trees are very big and ever-green. 8. A ... is the hard part of a house's foot. 9. The ... of a deer are very elegant. 10.Eagle's ... are very big and strong. 10. Polar bear's ... is as white as snow. 11. An ostrich has very long .... B . feet (3), eyes (3), nose (2), tail, ears (2), fur, toes (2), nails, thumb The mole In some ways the mole is like a rat, though its body is smaller, its ... is much shorter, and its ... is as soft as velvet. In one way, it is like a very little pig, for it has a sharp ... , which is very useful for digging. Its ... are very small, and they are deeply hidden in its fur. Its ... are of little use to it. But its ears are very keen indeed. It finds its way more with its ... and ... than with its ... . The mole has strong front ... to dig the earth with. These feet are very broad. There are five ... on each, with strong ... at the end. The hind ... are very small, with five ... and a small thumb on the inside. 3. Say what kind of animals: have long legs, a long neck, a long tail, soft hair/fur, etc. Example 1: Deer have long legs. are beautiful, friendly, kind, savage, wild, dangerous, poisonous, etc. Example 2: Cats are very beautiful but they are not very friendly. A                       B swims              a bee sings                a bird eats                  a horse is shaking        a fish sleeps              a leaf has eyes          a log flies around  a hawk goes around a bull in a china shop     Horses Missouri Fox Trotter   Grammar Zoolympics In your view which animal is ….. the most beautiful………………………………… the ugliest………………………………………... the most dangerous……………………………… the most likeable…………………………………. the funniest………………………………………   Can you think of record holders from animal world? the fastest in water or land…………………………… the slowest…………………………………………….. the heaviest…………………………………………… the tallest……………………………………………..   How far can they jump? Compare animal’s ability to jump using comparatives and superlatives and “as….as”, “not so… as” constructions. Write about their records. Polar bear 4m………………………. Leopard 4.5 m……………………… Tiger 6m……………………………. Lion 6.5m…………………………... Hare 7m……………………………. Horse 8m………………………….. Kangaroo 13.5m…………………... Springbok 15m…………………….. (газель антидорка)   The lion and the mouse. A Lion was sleeping in the forest. A little Mouse (run) over him and (awake) him. The Lion was very angry, and he (lay) his paw upon the little Mouse. He (want) to kill it, but the Mouse (ask) for its life. It (ask) so hard that Lion (let) the Mouse go1. The little Mouse (be) very thankful and (say): "Noble Lion, some day I will help you." The Lion (laugh) and (go) back to sleep. Some days (pass). One day the Lion (fall) into a net. He (struggle), but the net (be) very strong, and he could not get free2. The Lion (roar) with pain. The little Mouse (hear) his voice, and (run) to him. It (see) the Lion in the net and (want) to help him. It (work) with its sharp teeth for a long time. At last the brave little Mouse (bite) the rope through and (set) the Lion free. The buffalo. The buffalo is the largest North American animal. It weighs as much as 2,000 pounds. It lives with other buffa­lo in groups or herds. Two hundred years ago, there (be) 60 million buffalo. They (live) all over the center of North America. There (be) thousands of herds. One herd (be) twenty miles long and twenty miles wide. The buffalo (follow) the grass and the Indians (follow) the buffalo. The Indians (use) the buffalo for many things. They (use) it for meat. Sometimes they (eat) fresh meat; sometimes they (dry) the meat in the sun. Then they (eat) it later. The Indians also (use) the skin, or hide, of the buffalo. From the hide they (make) tents, clothes, shoes, hats, and rope. They (waste) nothing. But times (change). People from other lands (come) to America. These immi­grants (cross) the country in wagon trains. They (kill) the buffalo for food and hides. More and more people (come). And everyone (want) leather. Hunters with guns (kill) the buffalo only for their hides. These hunters (be) very good at their job. By 1900 there (be) fewer than thirty buffalo alive. Today there are about 30,000 buffalo in America, but herds are very small.     Summary work I. Supplementary reading. Tennessee Walking Horse The Tennessee Walking Horse was developed from Thoroughbreds, Morgan’s, Standard reds and Saddle reds owned by settlers in the 18th century. The Tennessee Walking Horse was intended to be a general purpose horse, and its gaits were developed to ensure a comfortable ride. The Tennessee Walking Horse performs the Flatfoot Walk where the hind legs over stride the front legs, the Running Walk which can achieve a speed of 15 mph and the Canter which has a high rolling motion. Characteristics Large head with straight profile, a long powerful neck, sloping shoulders, broad chest, short back and strong hindquarters. The hocks are set well away from the body Height 15.0 to 16.0 hands Colors Black, chestnut, bay, roan - white markings are common Personality   Docile and willing     Welsh Pony All Welsh ponies are descended directly and entirely from animals registered with the Welsh Pony and Cob Society in Wales. Welsh Native Ponies are divided into 4 sections: Section A - The Welsh Mountain Pony is the original and smallest, probably descended from the Celtic pony, Arabian, Andalusia and Thoroughbred. Over the last 200-300 years, two Arabian stallions have roamed the Welsh Mountains to improve native stock. Section B - Bred as a quality children's riding pony. Created by crossing Welsh Mountain mares with a small Thoroughbred stallion Section C - Slightly smaller version of mountain-type pony. Used for trekking, a good hunting pony for children. Used mainly in harness in the past Section D - Welsh Cob is slightly larger version of mountain-type pony. A cross between Welsh Mountain ponies and Spanish horses. Good trotter, used to create and improve trotting breeds worldwide. Characteristics Small head with concave face and crested neck. Sloping shoulders on a short back with a high tail. Short legs with neat feet. Powerful loins and hindlegs. Strong hock joints engaged well under the body Height Section A - Not over 12.2 hands Section B - Not over 14.2 hands Section C - Not over 13.2 hands Section D - Over 13.2 hands Colors Any color, except piebald and skewbald, gray, brown, chestnut and palominos Personality   Tough, sure footed and quick. Energetic, brave and versatile V. PROJECT WORK. Prepare an abstract about one of the animal. Volume: 1000 signs. Use the table:   animal     kind of animal   description   where does it live   rising up babies   feeding   breeding   Zoos/national parks   UNIT III ANIMALS CARE and FEEDING FOOD AND DIET Pet nutrition Obesity problems While nutritional ... are uncommon today, problems com­monly occur in ... that are overfed or over supplemented. The most common nutritional ... today is obesity. Veterinarians have estimated that between 25 to 40 per cent of animals are ....There are various causes of ... in pets. ... table scraps and high calory diets may lead to .... As in people, ... of exercise also plays a role.   Salad for our pets 1. Read the text and use "in" "for" or "of". Grassy food is essential ... good health and provides nor­mal vital functions ... cats and dogs. It's well known that every cooked food lacks one ... B-vitamins that are contained ... the grass. On the whole, vitamins play an important role ... metabolism and take part ... enzyme systems and other processes essential ... good health and guarantee normal vital functions ... cats and dogs. Shortage or absence of vitamins leads to avitami-noses. The deficiency ... B-group vitamin causes patholo­gies ... the central nervous system ... cats and dogs. Since the animal has an increased demand ... vitamin B, its owners should constantly provide its sufficiency. It's easy ... you to cope with this problem by adding some fresh grass ... the food.   Feeding dogs Feeding cats A. Kinds of salad 1. Read the words and phrases from the text: dry food – сухой корм semi-moist food – смешанный корм canned food – корм в гранулах to eat different kinds of food – питаться различными видами еды flavor - вкус to provide enough – снабжать достаточно to contain - содержать  steatites – стеатит prescription - предписание to damage red blood’s cells – наносить вред красным тельцам Commercial cat foods come in three basic forms: dry, semi-moist, and canned. Many owners feed their cats more than one type of food each day. It is a good idea to accustom a cat to eating several types and flavors of food early in life to avoid firmly established food preferences. The most important thing about choosing cat food is that the label says "complete and balanced". Then any form of food is fine for a cat. Many owners feed a combination of dry and canned foods. Vegetarian diets will not provide a cat with enough pro­tein, essential fatty acids, and minerals to maintain health. Cats often like vegetables, and some vegetable matter is contained in almost all commercial cat foods. Semi-moist foods, once popular, are falling out of favor. While some cats loved them, the chemical odor was not ap­preciated by others. Many semi-moist foods are preserved with a high sugar content and many contained propylene glycol, which can damage cats' red blood cells. We do not recommend semi-moist diets, although an occasional semi-moist treat is all right. Special-formula (prescription) diets are designed to meet the specific needs of cats with medical conditions, such as food-related allergies, heart condition, kidney failure, and so on. B. Finicky eater 1. Read the words and phrases from the text: to be particular – быть особенным finicky eater – разборчивый в еде a preference for – предпочтение в ч-л to reject food – отказываться от еды to lose his appetite – терять аппетит Some cats are more particular about their food than others. In general there are several kinds of finicky eating. The most common type is when a cat develops a preference for one particular type of flavour of food, usually some sort of fish or chicken. If fish is preferred, it won't hurt a cat as long as the food is properly formulated and balanced. Problems can arise if a cat develops a preference for plain, unsupplemented fish intended for humans. Another problem with all-fish di­ets is steatites, a serious disease causing inflammation of body fat. A cat may also reject food if he is upset for some reason. A move, a new pet or person in the household, a favorite animal or person going away — all of these events may cause a cat to lose his appetite. An owner will have to become a detective in this case to learn what may be upsetting a cat. Sometimes there is no apparent cause for a sudden loss of appetite. If a cat is acting normal, in other ways it is safe to wait a day or two, often the cat's favorite food and see what happens. Generally, a cat will begin to eat well again in a few days. C. How much/how often Cats do not do well on one meal a day. Many owners leave dry food out all day for snacking and give one or two "meals" of canned food to their adult cats. Others do not like leaving food out and simply provide two larger meals a day. If food is left out all day some cats will overeat and become overweight. Feeding horses 1. Look through the following recommendations on how to feed the horse and discuss them with your group-mates. Use the Vocabulary: a mixture of grasses – травяная смесь maturational value – зрелость, созревание Rye grain – рожь Cocksfoot – ёжа сборная Timothy – тимофеевка луговая white clover – белый клевер pasture - пастбище digestive problems – проблемы с пищеварением laminitis –ламинит hay -сено   All 'grassland is composed of a mixture of grasses and other plants. Some have little maturational value, though the horse may like them, but the three most important are Peren­nial Rye Grain, Cocksfoot and Timothy. Some White Clover is useful, but a heavily-clovered pasture may prove too rich and lead to digestive problems. Even if clover is not present, grass itself can cause prob­lems, especially in the spring, because a horse can put on too much weight or sometimes develop the painful disease called laminitis. Also, a horse or pony can only exist on grass alone for the summer months. By October, supplementary feeding becomes essential. Start off with hay and then provide oats and beans. The more refined the breed, the more extra feed­ing will be necessary.   2. Choose two or three healthy foods and discuss their ad­vantages with your group-mates. Summary work Correct the sentences. 1. As soon as the calf is removed from its mother, bedding is not of big importance.   2. If the calf is left with its mother, it will start to suckle almost one month. 3. After a few days of birth the colostrums is changed to hay. 4. Whole milk feeding is continued until the end of the first week that is to 7 days of age. 5. High feeding over a short period is the best. 6. The gestation period of the cow is 180 days. 7. In early spring grass is poor in feeding value and amino acids and proteins. 3. Translate into Russian: 1. Молочных коров держат для получения мяса и молока. 2. Очень важно сразу после рождения теленка позаботиться о его месте пребывания. 3. Если теленка оставляют с коровой, то он будет сосать молоко до тех пор, пока не встанет на ноги. 4. Если теленка отняли от коровы, то его кормят смесью воды и молока 1:1. 5. Кормление весенней травой имеет большое значение, т.к. содержит большое количество минералов и питательных веществ. 6. Корм коров во время зимы состоит в основном из сена. 7. Производство молочных продуктов питания зависит от правильного и полноценного питания крупнорогатого скота.   Animal’s care   Dental Care Declawing Explain in English: declawing, outside cat, indoor cat, nail caps, trimmed nails, scratching post.   Declawing
Indoor cats	Outside cats

Grammar

I. Translate into English sentences with modal verb “can”:

1. Можете ли Вы сделать обезболивающий укол? 2. Врач смог уговорить хозяина собаки сделать животному инъекцию пенициллина. 3. Мы не можем избежать операции этой коровы, иначе откроется кровотечение. 4. Вы можете кормить вашу кошку сухим кормом, но чередуйте с смешанным. 5. Я смогу рассказать Вам о том, как сухой корм влияет на ожирение.

 

II. Translate into English sentences with modal verbs “must” “should”:

1.Хозяину собаки следует больше гулять с питомцем. 2. Вам следует читать состав сухого корма. 3.Собака должна быть прооперирована. 4. Студентам следует чаще ассистировать на операциях.

5. Этой кошке следует сделать стерилизацию. 6. Вы должны давать собаке больше воды для процесса пищеварения. 7. Студенты должны будут наблюдать за состоянием почек у животного после операции. 8. Врач должен обязательно прописать витамины собаке после родов. 9. Сено должно входить в зимний рацион коровы. 10. Нашей собаке следует сделать прививку от бешенства как можно быстрее.

 

Summary work

I. ROUND TABLE. 1. Prepare information about new useful inventions for pets (10-15 sentences) . Use magazines or internet. Speak about other useful inventions for pets or their owners with your classmates. Fill following table in:

A kind of useful invention	Advantages of it invention

 

 

Dog doorbell

II. Translate into English.

1) Посещение ветеринара – это уверенность в здоровье вашего питомца.

2) Чистка зубов вашей собаки должна войти в каждодневный уход.

3) Спросите вашего ветеринара рекомендации по чистке зубов.

4) Хозяин должен кормить своего питомца питанием специального рациона.

5) Специальный рацион способствуют снижению образования налета на зубах.

6) Постоянные проверки зубов – очень эффективная профилактика.

7) Никогда не давайте питомцам медикаменты для человека.

8) Желтый или коричневый налет, плохой запах полости рта – это знаки для беспокойства.

9) Некоторые питомцы сглатывают пилюли очень легко, а некоторые выплевывают.

10) Если собака выплевывает таблетки, растолките их и смешайте их с едой.

11) Медикаменты для человека могут только ухудшить состояние животного.

12) У вас должен быть ветеринар, который будет контролировать здоровье вашего питомца.

UNIT V

ANIMALS STRUCTURE

 

Senses and feelings

The six senses

С . The senses of lion

Lions use their senses for receiving messages from prey as well as from other lions.

Their eyes are at the front of their faces, just like those of humans. This makes lions good at judging distances. Lions can see small objects easily. A vulture circling far in the distance may look like a tiny black speck in the sky to us. To a lion, that speck may mean an easy meal. If the vulture spirals rapidly downwards, the lion knows it is waiting for a sick animal to die, or has spotted one already dead. Lions, like hyenas, are willing to scavenge as well as hunt.

A lion's sense of smell is better than that of humans. Lions get a lot of information from what they smell. They can tell if a strange lion is in the area. They can track one of their own pride. They can tell if prey is nearby and approxi­mately how long ago the animal has passed.

Lions also have very good hearing. They can hear the sounds made by other animals from very far away. Their ears move, so that they can focus easily on sounds coming from any direction.

 

3. Give English equivalents of the following phrases:

естественные способности, различать вкусы, чувствовать запахи, способность видеть, чувствовать магнитные волны земли, мозг птицы, чувствовать атмосферное давление, слабо развито, получать сигналы (сообщения), получать информацию благодаря запаху;

 

4. Play “snow ball”. Use words of the given vocabulary, word rose and your own vocabulary. You say a word, and your neighbor repeats your word and says his own, next student repeats your word, your neighbors and says his own and so on.

5. Crossword.

1. Adjective from word sense.

2. What do we get sounds through?

3. What do lions get information through at best?

4. Ability to hear.

5. Ability to see.

6. Ability to feel taste.

7. Sense that tells you what something feels like, through your skin, or when you put your fingers on it.

8. Phenomena.

S

E

N

S

I

T

I

V

I

T

Y

 

 

The psychology of the dog

 

Summary work

I. Supplementary reading.

Talk to the animals

It is interesting to know

Wolves

 

Blood functions

Bone

1. Read following new words to know:

framework – костяк, скелет

skeleton - скелет

dense bone – плотная кость

shaft - кость

limb - конечность

spongy bone – решетчатая кость губчатого строения

tube-like form – трубчатой формы

central cavity – центральная каверна (впадина)

ribs - ребра

breast-bone - грудина

cartilage - хрящ

yellow marrow – желтый мозг

wall - стенка

periosteum. - прирост

cancellous bone – зубчатая кость

space - полость

red marrow – красный мозг

growth - рост

to cover - покрывать

lamel­lae - пластинка

plate of cartilage – пластинка хряща

 

2 .Play “snow ball”. Use words of the given vocabulary, word rose and your own vocabulary. You say a word, and your neighbor repeats your word and says his own, next student repeats your word, your neighbors and says his own and so on.

Bone forms the framework upon which the rest of the body is built. The collection of the body is generally referred to as the "skeleton", but this term also includes the cartilages, which join the ribs to the breast-bone or sternum, form the larynx, etc.  Structure of Bone. - Bone is composed partly of fibrous tissue, partly of bone-earth, mixed together. Two kinds of bone are considered: dense bone, such as forms the shafts of the long bones of the limbs, and cancellous or spongy bone, such as is found in the short bones and at the end of the long bones. Dense bone is found in a tube-like form, with a central cavity in which normally yellow marrow is found, composed mainly of fatty substances; the walls of the tube are stout and strong, and the outer surface is covered by "bone membrane" or periosteum. Cancellous bone has a more open framework, is irregular in shape, and, instead of possessing a cavity, its centre is divided into innumerable tiny spaces by a fine network of bony threads, which support the important red marrow. This red marrow is the tissue of the body that is engaged in the formation of red blood-cells. Periosteum also covers the outer surfaces of the short ones. All bone is penetrated by a series of very fine canals, in which run blood-vessels, nerves, lymph vessels, etc., for the growth, maintenance, and repair of the bone. Around these Haversian canals the bone is arranged in circular plates or scales which arc called lamel­lae, the lamellae are separated; from each other by spaces or "lacunae", each of which contains a single bone cell. Even the lamellae consist of fine tubes known as "canaliculi" carrying processes of the bone-cells. Each lamella consists of very fine interlacing fibres.

Growth of Bone. - Bones grow in thickness from the periosteum sur­rounding them, the inner surface of which is constantly transformed into hard bone; while the long bones grow in length from a plate of cartilage which runs across the bone at a short distance from each of its ends, and which on one sur­face is also constantly forming bone until the growth of the animal ceases.

 

Fill in the gaps.

1. Bone forms the ………….. .

2. Framework builds the rest of the body.

3. Bone is composed partly …………. , partly of ……… , mixed together.

4. Red marrow is engaged in the formation ………….. .

5. All bone is penetrated by a series of …………… .

6. Each lamella consists of ……………… .

7. Bones grow in …………………. sur­rounding them.

8. The long bones grow …………….. which runs across the bone at a short distance from each of its ends.

 

5. Expand sentences as in example. Example: Bone forms the framework. - Bone forms the framework , which builds  the rest of the body.

1. The collection of the body is generally referred to as the "skeleton".

2. Bones grow in thickness.

3. Dense bone is found in a tube-like form.

4. The long bones grow in length.

5. Cancellous bone has a more open framework.

6. All bone is penetrated by a series of very fine canals.

 

Skull

1. Read the new words to know:

skull - череп

irregularly shaped bones – кости беспорядочной формы

brain - мозг

mastication - жевание

nasal - назальный

pharyngeal passage – фарингальная полость

to pro­tect - защищать

socket – впадина, углубление

solid - твердый

to divide - разделять

face - лицо

flat - плоский

fibrous membrane – фиброзная оболочка

enclose - скрывать

cranium - череп

coarse - грубый

shape - форма

artificial - искусственный

carnivore – плотоядное животное

 

The skeleton

Lungs

The liver

1. Read the new words to know:

liver - печень

elaborate bile – выделять желчь

to occupy - занимать

evagination – выпячивание (органа)

intestine -

secretary portions – выделительная часть

anatomizing tubules – анатомические трубочки

polygonal prisms – многоугольные призмы

lobule - долька

lobulation - дольчатость

indistinct - различный

layer – слой

connective tissue – соединительная ткань

to surround - окружать

cirrhosis - цирроз

blood vessels – кровеносные сосуды

hepatic vein –печеночная вена

excretory function – выделительная функция

area - область

height - высота

interlobular bile ducts – междолевой желчный проток

to increase  - повышать, увеличивать

completely – полностью

salivary glands - слюнные железы

The skin

1. Read the vocabulary and play “snow ball”. Use the vocabulary, and your own vocabulary. You say a word, and your neighbor repeats your word and says his own, next student repeats your word, your neighbors and says his own and so on.

skin - кожа

main layer – главный слой

epithelium  - эпителий

epidermis - эпидермис

subjacent – расположенный ниже

corium - кориум

derma - дерма

superficial fascia – поверхностная фасция

subcutaneous - подкожный

underlying deep fasciae – подкожная толстая фасция

aponeuroses – сухожильное растяжение

 periosteum - прирост

mucocutaneous junctions – кожное соединение

vermilion – ярко-красный

lip - губа

vulva - вульва

anus - анус

fibre - волокно

scrotum - мошонка

ridge - складка

papillae – сосочек

Retell the text.

GRAMMAR

Summary work

I. Supplementary reading.

Blood cells

Blood vessels the liver.

II. Business play.

Roles: Teacher of anatomy.

      Students

Scenery: Choose one of the students as a teacher of anatomy, which will explain animal structure. Students ask questions and Teacher answers. Then Teacher checks up students. Use the anatomic picture and exercise below.

UNIT VI

ANIMALS DISEASES

Veterinary

 

Animal health

THE PREVENTION OF DISEASE

Find mistakes.

1. Respiratory diseases include diseases which affect liver, scull and stomach.

2. Primary bacterial pneumonias also occur in dogs and are diagnosed by feeling temperature.

3. Respiratory diseases cause severe stomach problems.

4. Pyothorax is more common in neutered male cats.

 

Blood Diseases

Gastritis

Play “snow ball”. Use words of the given vocabulary, word rose and your own vocabulary. You say a word, and your neighbor repeats your word and says his own, next student repeats your word, your neighbors and says his own and so on.

Name all diseases of liver.

Rabies

Business play

Grammar

 

Breathing diseases

1.Read and the text using vocabulary

breath - дыхание

gum - десна

vital organs – жизненно важные органы

to be caused by – быть вызванным ч-л

crunch - хруст

tartar - налет

canine bronchitis – собачий бронхит

cough - кашель

suppressant - подавляющий

windpipe – дыхательное горло

to dislodge – удалять, вымещать

impediment – препятствие, помеха

throat - горло

yellow bile – желчный пузырь

froth - пена

persistent cough – постоянный кашель

gagging cough – удушающий кашель

collapsing trachea - коллапс

Bad Breath can be caused by tooth decay and gum disease. The bacteria breeding in the dog's mouth can spread to infect his vital organs. Ask your vet to do a dental check up every time you go. Dogs over the age of three years start to get tooth trouble. Bad breath can also be caused by whatever food has been eaten. Sometimes a change of diet helps. Crunching dry biscuits can help to scrape the tartar of the teeth.

Bronchitis Canine bronchitis, characterised by a cough, can be highly infectious. The dog must be isolated from other dogs and allowed to rest. The vet may prescribe a cough suppressant and antibiotics. Viruses attack the windpipe and lungs causing an irritating cough. Inoculations can prevent this illness. 

Cough Coughing is not always a sign of illness. A dog may cough to dislodge something from its throat or stomach. Try offering something interesting to drink to wash the impediment out. If the dog won't drink, a piece of dry bread may dislodge the foreign body from the throat. Never force-feed, though!A dog may eat grass and cough it up again to clean out the stomach. It may cough up yellow bile or froth. These things are natural. Some dogs start coughing when excited. This is not an illness. But a persistent cough may be a sign of illness. It can be a sign of heart trouble. Tonsillitis can also cause a gagging cough. So can a collapsing trachea - usually in small breeds.

2. Fill in the word-rose:

 

 

 

 

       

Business play.

Roles:- a man with ill dog, who tells doctor about dogs unwell-being.

- a vet, who asks questions about dogs health, determines diagnose and writes out some treatments.

Retell the text.

Diabetes in Dogs

Fill in the table

What is diabetes?	What are symptoms of diabetes?	What must be done?

 

Stomach diseases

Coprophagia.

If your dog is eating dog poo he will probably come to no harm except in the event of the poos being from a sick animal. Dogs sometimes detect some nutritional stuff that has not been digested and have a second meal of food that has passed through the body. Dogs usually grow out of this habit. Make sure your dog is getting enough to eat. Read the instructions on the dog food packet and weigh the dog to determine how much food to give each day. Giving the dog something to gnaw on may also satisfy his desire to eat. Pet shops sell many types of chews. Remember to deworm your dog regularly as worms sap a dog's strength, causing him to need more food. Sprinkling curry powder on fresh faeces may give him a nasty shock and put him off trying to eat them in future.

Constipation

 

Ask the vet for a high fibre diet food for the dog. If this does not work, here are some home remedies you can try mixing with the food: bran, pumpkin or other vegetables, apple sauce or stewed apples (not too much or it can make matters worse!) Try wetting the dry dog pellets. Make sure the dog has plenty clean water and gets lots of exercise. Constant straining can cause perineal hernia, which will need to be operated on. Straining can also be caused by a blockage in the intestine. The dog may have swallowed a stone, bone, or toy. Worms can block the intestine so try a dose of worm medicine.

 

1. Give Russian equivalents of following phrases:

high fibre diet food, to make matters worse, plenty clean water, constant straining, to need to be operated, to be caused by blockage, to swallow a stone, a dose of worm medicine.

 

2. Answer questions:

-When do dogs have constipation?

-What remedies do you know against constipation?

-When is operation urgen?

Summary work

Eye diseases

Eye infection

If eyes get an infection, yellow matter might be seen coming from the eye. This can often be cured easily with eye ointment from the pharmacy. The matter might be a sign of something else, though, like worms, ticks, fleas or a cold. Wipe the matter off the eyes with wet cotton wool or soft tissue. Use a separate tissue for each eye to prevent the spread of infection.

It could also be caused by an irritation. Peel back the eyelids to see if there is a hair growing towards the eyeball, or a small growth like a pimple. A small op can save years of irritation and possible loss of sight.

 

1. Fill in the word-rose :

                                                                                                                  irritation

Cherry eye

A red cyst-like growth on the rim of the eyelid that looks like a cherry needs to be removed surgically as it can grow bigger until it obscures the eyesight and causes blindness. If the tear duct is prolapsed, it may need the skill of an eye specialist as removal of the duct will result in dry eye: the eyelid sticks to the eyeball.

 

Blindness

There are many eye illnesses that affect dogs. You can test his eyesight by moving your hand at each side of his head to see if he notices the movement. Some dogs become "night blind" and they cannot see well at night. This may be caused by damage to the retina. It sometimes progresses to total blindness. Always place the food dishes in the same spot so the dog can find them. Blind dogs can live a happy, contented life in a familiar environment.

 

1. Complete sentences with following word combinations:

 eye illnesses, to test eyesight, night blind, to see well at night, to be caused by , to progress blindness, to damage to the retina.

 

2. Read the situation: ...my friend had an old German sherpherd Bimbo. Bimbo was a very clever and kind dog, it recognized all his friends and understood everything. But as each creature it was becoming older. And once my friend noticed, that Bimbo did not see anything, animal was blind. My friend decide to give his pet his onkel, who was a farmer, to keep his farm in safety. I could not believe, that my friend did it because of its blindness. It lost eyesight, but not kindness, understanding and fidelity.

 

-Express your opinion to this situation, using following wordcombinations:

 what about me, so.....

 on the one hand, on the other hand .....

 I would like to say, that......

 It is privat choice.

 

Summarywork

Translate following sentences into English:

Раздражение глаза может возникнуть по различным причинам.

Соринки из глаза можно удалить с помощью чистого кусочка ткани.

Поднимите веко для того, чтобы убедиться, нет ли на глазном яблоке мусора.

Красный кистообразный нарост у края глаза необходимо срочно удалить, иначе это может привести к слепоте собаки.

Если слезный проток поврежден, то это может привести к прилипанию века к глазному яблоку.

Слепота может быть вызвана различными факторами.

Некоторые собаки не могут видеть ночью, причиной тому может быть повреждение сетчатки.

Тем не менее, слепые собаки могут оставаться верными друзьями своих хозяев и вести нормальное полноценное существование.

Зрение собаки вы можете проверить с помощью движения вашей руки.

Раздражение глаз собаки может снять фармацевтическая мазь.

Worms, fleas, mites

Worms .

Dogs are host to several types of worms. A tasteless worm powder or pill can be bought at the supermarket. It is mixed with the dog’s food. There are different strengths for dogs of different weights. To weigh your dog, first weigh yourself, then pick up the dog and weigh yourself and the dog together. The difference is the weight of the dog. If in doubt, let the vet deworm the dog. Worms may become immune if the same brand is always used. Your vet can supply you with different brands. Worms can block a dog’s intestine and some can be transferred to humans, especially children. Worms can cause an Allergy in the dog. This could take the form of a rash on the skin, which looks like Dermatitis. Skin rashes are not always caused by worms. They can be caused by allergy to many things— nylon carpets, heat, fleabite, etc.

Some worms secrete a toxin, which can cause a neurological disturbance in the dog’s brain. This causes a fit like an epileptic fit. The dog collapses and can’t move. It shivers with fear. Two minutes later it is OK.

 

1. Complete sentences with following wordcombinations:

to be host, a worm powder, to mix with smth., to weigh one’s dog, to deworm, to become immune, worms can be transferred, to be caused by, fleabite, to collapse.

 

2. Correct mistakes in following sentences:

a) Dogs have never worms.

b) A worm powder you should make by yourself.

c) You must weigh your dog only approximatly.

d) Worms can’ot be transferred to people.

e) Skin rashes are usually caused only by worms.

 

3. Fill in the table:

What are the symptoms  of worm’s having?	What are worms caused by?	What is to be done?

 

Fleas

Tapeworm is spread by fleas and can be transmitted to humans. Some dogs are allergic to flea bites and come out in a rash. Fortunately there are many products on the market to keep fleas at bay. The kennel and bedding need to be treated as well as the dog.

 

Mange

Mange is caused by mites. Bald patches may appear. The dog may scratch and break the skin which can then become infected. Sores may develop. The vet can take a skin scraping to determine which kind of mange it is. Demodetic mange is a mite that is transferred usually only around the time of nursing and weaning. The mite lives naturally on dogs (a similar mite lives on humans.) This mite rarely becomes a problem in adult dogs unless immune compromised.

Sarcoptic mange it is transmissible and may pose a problem to other dogs. It may also temporarily live on people where it will cause a skin rash but the mites don't thrive. (Sarcoptic manage that affects people is referred to as scabies can be transferred to other people)

The vet can supply a special dip to treat mange. The dip should not be rinsed off. The dipping may need to be continued for 5 weeks. Antibiotics may be required if infection has set in. A weekly antibacterial shampoo will help. Shampoo the dog on a different day to dipping. Use left-over dip to soak the dog bedding & to wash kennels. Kennels & bed can be sprayed with insecticide.

 

Translate into Russian.

Is spread by fleas, to transmite to humans, to be allergic to fleas bites, to keep fleas at bay, bald paches, the time of nursing and weaning, to be transmissible, to cause a skin rash, to wash kennels.

 

2. Correct mistakes in following sentences:

a) Tapeworms can be spread by humans.

b) Mange is caused by flea’s bites.

c) The vet must operate your dog to keep mange away.

d) The mite becomes in every case a problem.

e) The dipping must be continued for one month.

 

 

3. Fill in the word-rose

 

 

4. Complete dialogue with your neighbour. One of you is a vet; the other is owner of dog. Use following vocabulary:

What is the matter with your dog?

What is the problem?

to make an injection

to examine one’s dog

to give some recommendations.

Summarywork

Translate into English:

1.Ленточный червь может передаваться человеку.

2.У многих собак аллергия на укусы на блох.

3.Клещи вызывают чесотку.

4.Из-за чесотки собаки чешут себя и могут занести инфекцию.

5.По шрамам ветеринар может определить вид клеща.

6.Клещи могут перемещаться с одной собаки на другую.

7.Существуют специальные шампуни против клещей.

8.Купайте вашего питомца антибактериальным шампунем пять недель.

9.Обязательно обработайте место ночлега вашей собаки специальным антибактериальным шампунем.

10.Обращайтесь к ветеринару за советом.

Other dog’s diseases

Answer the questions

a) Where can your dog get heat stroke?

b) What whether should you exercise your dog in?

c) Did you have such situation with your dog?

d) What are common remedies against heat stroke?

e) What can heat stroke cause?

 

Retell the text.

Obesity

    Obesity is a killer. Being overweight puts too much stress on the heart, the spine, and the legs. It can cripple. Take your dog for short walks each day and cut out table scraps. God intended for dogs to be constantly on the go, hunting for food. They often had to travel great distances to find food and expended lots of energy on the kill. Nowadays dogs loll around and get overfed. Most dog pellets are completely balanced and the dog does not need table food as well.

 

1. Complete word combinations with following words:

the owerweight, to cut out, to hunt, obesity, to expend, overfed, a distance, to kill, to loll.

 

Retell the text.

 

Ear complaints

If the dog is scratching its ear constantly, it could have an ear infection. Look for wet matter inside the ear, or a foul smell. It can usually be rectified with ear drops. If the dogs are shaking their heads constantly, they could have ear mites. Mites can breed inside dogs' ears  and cause itchiness. Mites leave a dark, gritty discharge in the ear. They can only be seen with a microscope. Mites can travel from pet to pet, so treat all your pets if one has mites. A little wax inside the ear is nothing to worry about. Don't poke things inside the ear as it may damage the ear drum.Walking with the head tilted to one side, or walking in circles, may indicate ear trouble, like vestibular disease, which causes dizziness,disorientation, and nausea. Restless eyeballs is another indication of this.

 

Translate in Russian.

To scratch ear constantly, to be rectified with ear drops, to have ear mites, a little wax, to travel from pet to pet, to damage ear drum, to indicate ear trouble, to cause dizziness and nausea, restless eyeball .

 

2. Fill in the table:

kinds of ear complaining	what are ear complaints caused by

 

Summary work

I. Translate into English.

1) Вы не должны гулять и тренировать вашу собаку в жару.

2) Внутренние органы могут пострадать из-за жары.

3) Если у собаки злой, дикий взгляд, то, возможно, это перегрев.

4) Во время жары как можно чаще обливайте собаку водой.

5) Ожирение может привести к смерти вашего питомца.

6) Гуляйте с собакой не менее одного раза в день для того, чтобы избежать ожирения.

7) Плохой знак в ухе – это признак болезни.

8) Клещей можно увидеть только под микроскопом.

9) Не лезьте внутрь уха, иначе повредите барабанные перепонки.

10) Если собака постоянно вертит головой, то скорей всего – это проблема с ушами.

 

II. Complete the dialogue:

Vet: What is the matter with your pet?

Owner: ...............................................

V.: So... I’ll look for wet matter inside the ear. I must say, that ear smell is o’k.

O.: ......................................................

V.: Does your dog shake its head every time?

O.: ......................................................

V.: Is it walking in the circels?

O.:.......................................................

V.: Did poke inside the ear?

O.:......................................................

V.:So, you mustn’t do it.

O.:......................................................

V.: I think it is mites. I must check it with microscope.

O.:(few minutes later).......................

V.: Now i’ll give you remedies. There are eardrops. Put it everyday in dog’s ear during two weeks.

O.:......................................................

V.: Get well! See you!

O.:......................................................

 

 

Cat’s diseases

Summary work

Translate in English:

a) Вашему котенку необходимо сделать серию прививок.

б) В возрасте четырех месяцев необходимо сделать вашему котенку прививку от бешенства.

в) Ветеринар может вам также посоветовать сделать прививку против болезней сердца.

г) Кастрация/стерилизация уменьшают риск заболеваний половой системы.

д) Ваш кот должен быть кастрирован, иначе в вашей квартире будет постоянный запах мочи.

е) Время кастрации/стерилизации выбирайте вместе с вашим ветеринаром.

ж) Все кошки точат свои когти.

з) Домашним кошкам подрезать когти лучше только на передних лапках.

и) Уличным кошкам лучше не подрезать когти, а надевать наконечники на когти.

к) Когти являются защитой кошек.

л) Симптомы диабета могут проявляться у кошек в течение 7-8 месяцев.

м) Во время диабета кошки пьют большое количество воды.

н) Во время диабета шерстка кошки не такая опрятная.

о) Во время диабета кошки стараются найти теплое место.

п) Диабет очень тесно связан с функцией почек.

р) Из-за болезни цвет мочи меняется.

с) Чтобы точно определить диабет, ваша кошка должна сдать анализы мочи и крови.

 

UNIT VI

Breeding and Cloning

What is genetic engineering?

1. Read the text using vocabulary:

 

gene – ген                                            alga – водоросль

genetic – генетический, генный       stacked together – соединены

to modify – видоизменять                 tissue – ткань

modification – видоизменение         organic tissue – органическая ткань

to shuffle – мешать                            to perform functions – выполнять функции

soybeans – соевые бобы                   capacity – способность

maize – кукуруза                               the storage place – хранилище

sugar beet – сахарная свекла            thread – нить

cell – клетка                                      abbreviation – сокращение

single-celled – одноклеточный        acid – кислота

living matter – живая материя         acidic – кислый

amoeba – амеба                                 nucleus – ядро

to multiply – размножаться              to be structured – быть построенным

to pass smth. on smth. – передать    to be encoded – быть закодированным

bundled up – перепутанный            distinct – определенный

knot – узел                                        to be break through - пробиться через ч-л.

loop – петля                                      unrelated – несхожий

to possess – обладать                       to splice – соединить

to stretch out – вытянуть                  rape – рапс

to code – кодировать                       cotton – хлопок

 

 

Genetic engineering (GE), genetic modification (GM) or genetic manipulations — all the three forms mean the same thing, the reshuffling of genes usually from one species to another. Existing examples include: from fish to tomato or from human to pig.

Today we find it mixed in our food — genetically engi­neered soybeans and maize, sugar beet, wheat, potato, straw­berries and so on. But if you want to understand genetic engineering, it is best to start with some basic biology.

A cell is the smallest living unit, the basic structural and functional unit of all living matter (a plant, an animal or a fungus). Some organisms such as amoebae, bacteria, some algae and fungi are single-celled. Humans are quite different and are made up of approximately 3 million cells. Cells are stacked together to make up tissues, organs or structures (brain, liver, bones, skin, leaves, fruit, etc.) In an organism, cells depend on each other to perform various functions and tasks.

Proteins are the basic building materials for a cell giving cells the capacity to function properly.

Chromosomes means "colored bodies". They look like bundled up knots and loops of a long thin thread. They are the storage place for all genetic (or hereditary) information. This information is written along the thin thread, called DNA. "DNA" is an abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid, a specific for acidic material found in the nucleus. The genetic information is written in the form of a code. When a cell multiplies it will also copy all the DNA and pass it on to the daughter cell.

The totality of the genetic information of an organism is called genome. Cells of humans, for example, possess two sets of 23 different chromosomes, one set from the mother and the other from the father. The DNA of each human cell corresponds to 2 meters of DNA if it is stretched out. The length of DNA contained in the human body is approxi­mately 60,000,000,000 kilometers. This is equivalent to the distance to the Moon and back 8,000 times!

The information contained on the chromosomes in the DNA is written and coded in such a way that it can be understood by almost all living species on earth. Thus it is called the universal code of life.

The information for how any cell is structured or how it functions is all encoded in single and distinct genes. A gene is a certain segment (length) of DNA with specific protein.

Genetic engineering is used to take genes and segments of DNA from one species and put them into another species. Using a set of techniques, GE makes it possible to break through the species barrier and to shuffle information between completely unrelated species; for example, to splice an insect-killing toxin gene from bacteria into maize, cotton or rape seed, or genes from humans into pigs.

 

2. Answer questions:

1. What are other terms for genetic engineering?

2. What kind of genetically modified food can we find to­day?

3. What is a cell?

4. What single-celled organisms do you know?

5. What are proteins?

6. What is the main function of chromosomes?

7. What does DNA stand for?

8. What is genome?

9. Why is information contained in the DNA called the universal code of life?

 

10. What is a gene?

11. What for is GE used?

 

Make a plane of the text.

Cloning

1. Read the text and write all words to be important:

The news from Scotland arrived like a thunderstorm. The birth of Dolly, the sheep grown from an egg cell whose nucleus had been replaced with DNA from the mammary tissue of a six-year-old ewe, became known to the whole world. Cloning was at hand. Then ABS Global, Inc., a small company specializing in reproductive services in De Forest, Wisconsin, announced that ten Holstein cows cloned from differentiated cells, would soon be born.

The general public responded immediately after the first publication appeared. "Parade", the American Sunday news­paper supplement, asked several teenagers to speak about human cloning. "You can clone every part of a human body," said one 18-year-old. "So people will be cloned, but you won't know who the clones are walking down the street — and how do you know if they're going to have a soul?" Cloning, as the teenager's reaction shows, interferes with human insecurities about personal identity. Public attitudes about human cloning, of course, are both formed by the movies and reflected in them. After 70 years of watching humans being duplicated on-screen, moviegoers are in a special position to answer the question: What do we really think about cloning?

Nevertheless, the prospects for cloning are largely posi­tive. Cloning will make it easier and safer to find acceptable donor organs for people who need transplants.

The benefits of cloning a prize steer are clearly under­stood by farmers. Cloning could make transgenics — the transfer of human genes into animal cells — an economic reality. But the defects of monoculture that have already been observed in cloned crops would surely also apply to cloned animals.

For science itself, the cloning of Dolly is only the latest success in the research that began a few decades ago with an attempt to answer one of the central puzzles in developmen­tal biology: How does the fertilized egg give rise to so many different kinds of cells?

2. Find in text the English for the following words and phrases:

материнская ткань; клонирование; клонировать; выделенные клетки; отреагировать; клонирование чело­века; душа; внедряться в; опасения; отличительная черта личности; отношение общественности к чему-либо; упрощать что-либо; попытка; загадка; оплодотворенная яйцеклетка.

3. Using text (and your dictionary), complete the list of
definitions:

to clone  — to create an animal or plant in a laboratory from the animal's or plant's DNA.

clone  — an exact copy of an animal or plant created in a laboratory from the animal's or plant's DNA.

to transplant  —

transplantation  —

transfer  —

to transfer  —

transgenic  —

 

4. Answer the questions:

1) How was Dolly grown?

2) What did the ABS Global announce?

3) How soon did the general public respond to the news?

4) What did the teenager tell the "Parade" journalist?

5) What does the teenager's reaction show?

6) How are public attitudes about human cloning formed?

7) Why are the prospects for cloning largely positive?

8) What problems would also apply to cloned animals?

9) How long ago did the research on cloning begin?

10) What is one of the main puzzles in developmental biology?

 

Systems of breeding

1. Read and translate the texts:

Cross-breeding.

Cross-breeding is the system of mating animals of different breeds. To be successful it must be planned and the parents must be carefully chosen. When there is no planning or control, the results are usually unsuccessful. Good cross-breeding can give very good results and is used widely in the breeding of nearly every class of stock.

There are two main reasons for cross-breeding. The first is to combine the desirable characteristics of two or more breeds and the second is to get some degree of heterosis or hybrid vigour.

No breed is perfect in every way. Some are well-known for one character, some for another. If good characters of one breed can be combined with the good characters of another breed, it may be possible to produce an animal which is better suited than its parents to a particular market or particular condi­tions.

The offspring from cross-breeding are usually referred to as half-breeds or crosses.

The sheep industry in Great Britain is one of the best examples of planned and efficient cross-breeding. The moun­tain breeds such as Scotch Blackface, Swalesdale, Cheviot and Welsh Mountain are very hardy and very good mothers but they are rather small, not very prolific and their lambs are not suitable for the fat lamb production. Therefore they are crossed with a long-wool ram such as the Border Leicester, Hexham Leicester, Wensleyday or Teeswater that are noted for size and prolificacy.

Cross-breeding can produce new breeds. This type of breed­ing is usually carried out by research stations. It takes many years to produce a new breed. Recent examples are the Colbred breed of sheep. The devel­opment of this breed has taken ten years.

Breeds are also interchanged between countries. The Lin­coln Long-wool was imported from Britain to Australia and crossed with the Merino breed. This combination has resulted in a new breed, the Corriedale which is better suited to Austra­lian conditions and wool production.

Heterosis is the second important reason for cross-breed­ing. The term is used to explain the fact that hybrids or cross­breeds are usually better or more vigorous than their parents.

For example, a recent analysis of 34,000 recorded litters off pigs showed that mating pure-bred sows to a boar of a different breed resulted in 2 per cent more pigs at birth, 5 per cent more pigs at weaning, 10 per cent greater litter weight at weaning compared with pure-bred sows mated to boars of the same breed. Cross-bred sows gave even better results. In other words, there were more pigs born, more of them survived and they grew and thrived better than the pure-breeds. The characters of prolificacy, hardiness and early growth rate are the nods characters included in the term "hybrid vigour".

Mating of Animals of the Same Breed.

There are many breeds in all classes of stock, some being more popular than others. The more popular breeds usually possess one or more valuable characteristics in some high degree. Developing that character within the breed will greatly improve it.

There are two main possibilities to improve the stock by mating them to animals of the same breed. They are using animals that are known to be related or animals that are eith­er not related or very distantly related.

Outcrossing.

Outcrossing is the term used in practice of mating stock that are unrelated.

The main object of outcrossing is to bring into the herd some desirable character which the herd lacks. For example, if a herd is low in butterfat, the surest method of improvement would be to use a bull which comes from a line noted for high butterfat, unless it is the management or feeding that is at fault. Cross-breeding can be used too but it will almost cer­tainly add some characters that are not good.

Another reason for outcrossing is to restore some of the vigour that often found lacking where prolonged close-breeding has been practiced.

Inbreeding.

Inbreeding is the practice of mating very closely related animals. The use of inbreeding will result in the appearance of some poor animals, and the closer the mating the sooner they will appear. Hence, the inbreeding has to be accomplished by severe culling of the poorer stock to be effective as a breeding system. This is too expensive and few breeders can afford to improve their stock in this way. This method is widely used in poultry at present. Its possibilities are being increasingly explored in other classes of stock.

Line-Breeding.

 Line-breeding is the practice of close-breeding where the animals are not closely related. In practice, line-breeding is the breeding back to a certain excellent sire or dam or to a family with which that sire or dam was associated. Good characters are preserved in this way and at the same time the relationship is not close enough to produce any of the ill effects of inbreeding.

Artificial insemination technique is known to be a valua­ble aid in carrying out various mating systems. As in this case semen can be frozen, transferred and kept for long pe­riods to be used at any time in the future.

Systems of breeding

                          cross - breeding                                                 outcrossing

Inbreeding

4. Read the dialogue:

Breeder (on the sheep exhibition): Hello, Mr. Braun! You are looking for the best sheep breed for your farm again, aren’t you?

Client: Guessed! And what can you offer me again?

Breeder: Well, our sheep cross-breeding is one of the best examples of planned and efficient in Great Britain, you know.

Client: So, I’m interested in Scotch Blackface. What can you tell me about it?

Breeder: Scotch Blackface are very good mothers but they are rather small, and their lambs are not suitable for the fat lamb production.

Client: It’s clear. And I need sheep suitable for fat and meat production.

Breeder: Not for a long time this breed was crossed with a long-wool ram such as the Border Leicester and there is got successful fat and meat breed. I think it will be suitable for your production.

Client: May be.

Breeder: Scotch Blackface was imported from Australia to Britain and crossed with the Border Leicester breed. This combination has resulted in a new breed, which is better suited to Britain conditions for meat and wool production.

Client: Can you send me the information by fax or per internet, I’m interested in it, o.k.?  

Breeder: It will be done after exhibition. Good buy!

Client: Good buy!

 

The title of the article

The article is head-lined ...

The head-line of the article I have read is

 

Supplementary reading

Avian influenza

Avian influenza (Fowl Plague) in chickens is characterized by a high morbidity and mortality rate with respiratory and nervous signs. The characteristic lesions include subcu­taneous hemorrhages, cyanosis of the head region, edema of various parts of the body, and hemorrhages in the pro-ventricles.

Incidence. Avian influenza virus, associated with highly fatal disease, has been isolated in a number of countries. Less pathogenic types are frequently associated with respiratory disease in turkeys. Infection is probably widespread in wild bird populations.

Susceptibility. Influenza virus naturally infects ducks, however, chickens, turkeys, geese, quail, and a wide variety of wild birds are susceptible to the infection.

Cause. The causative agent is a virus which belongs to the influenza group of viruses. There are a number of sero­types isolated from avian species which differ widely in their pathogenicity. The virus is readily destroyed in the poultry environment.

Transmission.

Contact spread readily occurs among pen mates.

Aerosol spread of the virus has been reported to occur between flocks.

The possibility of vertical transmission should always be considered, especially with less pathogenic types.

Mechanical means of transfer of infection include peo­ple, equipment, and artificial insemination.

Clinical signs. In susceptible chickens following an incu­bation period of 2-4 days the signs of the disease may appear suddenly. The course of the disease is usually short and the virus spreads rapidly within a flock.

Following the onset of signs, birds may only live a few hours. In field outbreaks morbidity may be 100 per cent and mortality may vary from 50 per cent to 100 per cent. The flock is generally depressed. Individual birds have ruffled feathers, inappetence and drop in egg production. The eye­lids may be closed and the conjunctiva is red and swollen. Characteristically edema and cyanosis develop around the head region involving the comb, wattles and the area sur­rounding the eyes. The edema may extend down the neck and breast. Edema of the glottis may occur causing diffi­culty in breathing resulting in suffocation. When respiratory signs are present a grey to blood-tinged mucus exudes from the nostrils. There may be hemorrhages in the mouth. In most outbreaks varying degrees of di­arrhea may be observed.

Affected birds usually die within 2 days of the onset of signs. Birds surviving the acute phase of the disease deve­lop nervous signs including excitation, convulsions, or cir­cling movements and ataxia.

 

Increased Appetite

Increased appetite and thirst are seen in pancreatic fibrosis and diabetes mellitus in the dog although emacia­tion gradually develops. An increased appetite is some­times seen in chronic malabsorptive states and may accom­pany certain pituitary tumors and hypothalamic dysfunc­tions. Helminth infections are said to be accompanied by increased food intake, however in appetence is generally present in animals showing frank clinical signs of parasi­tism. An increase in appetite occurs following recovery from any disease in which in appetence has been manifested although this may be transient in remittent conditions such as equine infectious anemia. An increase in food intake above the normal occurs following periods of starvation or severe food restriction. Animals gaining access to palate  feeds, especially animals on restricted food intake, will grossly overfeed, and this may be followed by severe diges­tive disturbances such as rumen overload in the cow and acute gastric impaction in the horse.

Bloat in Ruminants

An excessive accumulation of gas in the first 2 compart­ments (rumen and reticulum) of the ruminant stomach. Mild distension is of little consequence, but severe bloat causes great discomfort and is frequently fatal.

Bloat occurs in all domestic ruminants, but is most com­mon in cattle and in this species may cause heavy losses. Although pasture bloat may occur at any time, the incidence is higher in wet summers on clover-dominant pastures that are growing rapidly. Bloat occurs less often in animals fed in feed lots and barns.

Some animal factors, including individual susceptibility, the volume and composition of saliva, and possibly habitua­tion, may influence the hazard of bloat on a given pasture, but if serious losses due to bloat are to be prevented, it is neces­sary to control these changes in plant composition. Alterna­tively, or as an interim measure, it is necessary to prevent the development of frothing by chemical or physical means.

Clinical findings. The first sign is a distension of the left side which may become so severe that the area of the left paralumbar fossa protrudes above the normal top line. Dis­tension on the right side is lateral in direction. Breathing may become labored and, in some cases, there is profuse salivation. Grazing usually ceases when intraruminal pres­sure becomes moderately high or when the left side feels firm during the relaxed phase of the rumen motility cycle. The animal may vomit, respiration is labored and eventually collapse occurs. Death usually ensues within a few minutes after the animal falls to the ground.

Treatment. When individual animals are to be treated, intraruminal pressure should be reduced as quickly as possi­ble. This may be done by passing a large stomach tube which is then manipulated in order to encounter gas pockets. Some­times, trocarisation of the rumen through the left paralumbar fossa is justified. The cannula should be left in place until the danger is past. If the animal is in critical condition or has collapsed, rumenotomy should be performed at once. Defoaming agents should be given immediately. The more useful compounds are vegetable oils, such as peanut oil, corn oil and soybean oil. Cream is quite effective in an emergency. Certain household detergents have been recommended by some as being effective in reducing foam. Because bloat can be rapidly fatal, farmers should be advised to dose their animals with oil at once rather than resort to folk medicine procedures.

Furious form of rabies.

Furious rabies represents the classical "mad-dog syndrome" in which the animal becomes irrational and viciously aggressive. The facial expression is one of alertness and anxiety, with pupils dilated. Noise invites attack, and it is instinctive in all species to attack. Such animals lose all caution and fear of natural enemies. There is no evidence of paralysis during the excitatory stage; dogs rarely live beyond 10 days after the onset of signs. Dogs with this form of rabies frequently roam streets and highways, biting other animals, people and any moving object. They commonly swallow foreign objects, feces, straw, sticks and stones. Rabid dogs will chew the wire and frame of their cage, breaking their teeth, and will follow a hand moved in front of the cage, attempting to bite. Young pups apparently seek human com­panionship and are overly playful, but bite even when petted, usually becoming vicious in a few hours. As the disease progresses, muscular incoordination and convulsive seizures become common.

Death from rabies is the result of progressive paralysis.

Rabid domestic cats and bobcats attack suddenly, biting and scratching viciously. Foxes frequently invade yards or even houses, attacking dogs and people. Rabid foxes and skunks are responsible for most pasture cattle losses, and skunks have attacked dairy cattle in barns.

Rabies in cattle follows the same general pattern, and those with the furious form are dangerous, attacking and pursuing other animals and man. Lactation ceases abruptly in dairy cattle. Instead of the usual placid expression, there is one of alertness. The eyes and ears follow sounds and move­ment. A most typical clinical sign in cattle is bellowing of a character which can hardly be mistaken once encountered. This may continue intermittently until approaching death.

Horses and mules show extreme agitation evidenced by rolling as with indigestion. As with other species, they may bite or strike viciously and, because of size and strength, become unmanageable in a few hours. Such animals frequently suffer self-inflicted wounds.

Differential diagnosis. Clinical diagnosis is usually possi­ble but may be difficult; in the prodromal stage, rabies may easily be confused with other diseases. Inability to swallow saliva in all species of animals is suggestive of an obstruction in the throat, a foreign body lodged between the teeth, or ingestion of irritating substances. Furthermore, many animals will fight when injured, when provoked, or for posses­sion of food or a mate. All of these behavior patterns may be present in rabies, but can also be unrelated.

If there is human exposure, the animal should be confined for observation for 10 days. If possible, the suspect animal should not be killed, but be allowed to die. Rabies progresses rapidly and usually typical signs will be evident in a day or two.

A complete history and observation period are important in diagnosis. If the suspected animal dies, the brain should be examined in a laboratory. In the past this examination was for the presence of Negri bodies. Most virus diseases, particu­larly distemper and infectious hepatitis in dogs and panleu-kopenia in cats, produce inclusion bodies which may be con­fused with Negri bodies. However, if the brain examination is negative or unsatisfactory, inoculation of mice will pro­vide a definite diagnosis.

Management of dogs and cats bitten by rabid animals. Unvaccinated dogs, cats and other pets bitten by a known rabid animal should be destroyed immediately. If the owner is unwilling to do so, the animal should be vaccinated and placed in strict isolation in a kennel for 4 months or longer.

 

Diseases of the guinea pig

Antibiotic toxicity. Guinea pigs and hamsters are highly susceptible to the toxic effects of many of the commonly used antibiotics. Toxicity results from overgrowth of the normal gram-positive cecal flora by gram-negative rods. This causes fatal enterocolitis, with diarrhea and death in 3 to 7 days. Antibiotics with an activity spectrum directed primarily against gram-positive organisms (e. g., penicillin, lincomycin, eryth­romycin, tylosin) should not be used in guinea pigs and hamsters. Broad-spectrum antibiotics should not be used oral­ly because of their direct effect on the intestinal flora, but may be used parenterally with caution.

Metastatic calcification occurs most often in male guinea pigs over a year or age. Signs include slow weight gains, stiff joints and high mortality. At necropsy, calcium deposits are seebn in the lung, liver, heart, aorta, stomach, colon, kidney, joints and skeletal muscles. There are conflicting reports concerning the etiology; however, most investiga­tors agree that when animals are fed diets low in magnesi­um and potassium, the calcificlesions increase with the phos­phorus content of the ration. It is believed that hyperphos­phatemia results from the inability of the guinea pig to conserve fixed bases by excreting ammonia in the urine; thus, the low-base reserve impairs normal urinary excretion of phosphorus. The condition may be aggravated by increasing the vitamin D content of the ration beyond 6 IU/gm. The condition may be minimized or prevented by feeding diets that contain adequate magnesium (0.35 per cent), a calciumiphosphorus ratio of 1.3 to 1.5:1, and not more than 6 IU of vitamin D per gram.

Scurvy. (Vitamin С deficiency): Guinea pigs require a dietary supply of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) because they lack the enzymes necessary for conversion of L-gulonolactone to L-ascorbic acid. Signs of vitamin С deficiency are unsteady gait, painful locomotion, hemorrhage from gums, swelling of costochondral junctions and emaciation. Lesions include hemorrhages in the subcutis, around joints and on all serosal surfaces. The condition may be prevented by providing 1 to 3 mg ascorbic acid per 100 mg body wt daily. Commercial guinea pig diets contain vitamin С which is stable for 3 months after milling. Marginal diets should be supplemented with greens or vegetables high in vitamin C.

Muscular dystrophy. Guinea pigs are exquisitely sensi­tive to dietary deficiency of vitamin E.

Signs are stiffness, lameness and refusal to move. Micro­scopic lesions include coagulative necrosis, inflammation and proliferation of sarcolemmal nuclei in skeletal muscle. Diets should contain 3 to 5 mg of vitamin E per 100 mg.

Ringworm is a common mycotic infection in guinea pigs, usually caused by Trychophyton mentagrophytes or Microsporum gypseum. It causes characteristic, crusty, flak­ing lesions on the skin. Facial lesions are usually prominent. Diagnosis is based on characteristic lesions and cultural and microscopic identification of the causative organism. The disease is usually self-limiting if good husbandry and sanita­tion are maintained. Long-term feeding of griseofulvin is effective. Isolated skin lesions may be treated effectively with tolnaftate cream. The disease is contagious to man.

 

CONTENTS

Unit I Animals and Humans……………………………………………..2

Animals and Humans…………………………………………….............2

Zoos and nationals parks…………………………………6

Unit II Animals around us……………………….18

Different kinds of animals……………………………….18

Unit III Animals care and feeding ……………...37

Animals care and feeding

Food and diet…………………………………………….37

Unit IV Animal’s structure……………………..51

Senses and feelings……………………………………...51

Animal’s structure……………………………………...58

Unit V Animal’s diseases……………………….73

 Veterinary………………………………………………73

Diagnosis and therapy of animal diseases……………..75

Unit VI Breeding and Cloning…………………100

The plan for rendering the text ………………..106

Supplementary reading ……………………….107

English-Russian Dictionary……………………111

Unit I

Animals and Humans.

Pets are good for us

Read the text and choose from sentences (A-E) the one which fits each gap in the article. There is one sentence that does not fit anywhere.

a) A pet can be something different to each member of the family.

b) Rightly we teach children to be good to their pets.

c) But pets offer us more than mere companionship — they invite us to love and be loved.

d) A pet in the family keeps people in touch with the more natural, animal world.

e) Cats were tamed and trained to keep down the rats and the mice in houses.

 

Perhaps, the British are too good to their pets, but more interesting is a recent theory amongst psychologists that pets are very good for us. Dr. R. writes:

"The basic meaning of «pet» is an animal we keep for emotional rather than economic reasons. A pet animal is kept as a companion, and we all need companions to keep us feeling happy. [1] Many owners feel, their pets understand them, for animals are quick to sense anger and sorrow. Often a cat or dog can comfort us at times when human words don't help. We feel loved; too, by the way pets depend on us for a home, for food and drink. Dogs especially look up to their owners, which make them feel important and needed. [2] Another baby to the mother, a sister or brother to an only child, a grandchild to I the elderly, but for all of us pets provide pleasure and compan- I ionship. It has even been suggested that tiny pets should be sent as companions to astronauts on spaceships, to help reduce j the stress and loneliness of space flights.

In this Plastic Age, when most of us live in large cities, pets are particularly important for children. [3] Seeing an I animal give birth brings understanding of the naturalness of childbirth. Learning to care for a pet helps a child to grow up into a loving adult who feels responsible towards those dependent on him.

 

2. Make a word rose “pets are good for us”:                           feeling happy

                                                                                            good campaigning

                                                                  

                                                                       Pets are good   friend    understanding

For us

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