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Foreign Bodies in the Esophagus



Foreign bodies, e. g. bones, needles and fishhooks, usual­ly lodge between the thoracic inlet and the base of the heart or between the base of the heart and the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm.

Clinical findings. Salivation, retching and extension of the neck are constant signs of cervical foreign bodies. When a complete obstruction exists, immediate vomiting follows the intake of food or water. The signs produced by a foreign body depend upon its location, its composition, the degree to which it obstructs the esophagus, and the duration of the condition. If the obstruction has existed for some time, anorexia and loss of weight may be the predominant signs.

Many foreign bodies can be demonstrated by radiography. The presence of a nonradiopaque object may necessitate the use of a barium suspension. Esophagoscopy is an important diagnostic procedure, since it permits direct examination of both the foreign body and the esophageal wall. Occasionally, large masses in the cervical portion of the esophagus can be localized by external palpation.

Treatment. If the object is in the upper portion of the esophagus, it sometimes is possible to grasp and remove it with forceps. All manipulations should be carried out with extreme care to avoid puncture or extensive laceration of the esophageal wall. Foreign bodies, particularly those with sharp edges, should never be pushed down the esophagus.

Surgery may be preferred approach. The choice of an esophagotomy or a gastrotomy will depend on the location and size of the foreign body.

Bloat in Ruminants

An excessive accumulation of gas in the first 2 compart­ments (rumen and reticulum) of the ruminant stomach. Mild distension is of little consequence, but severe bloat causes great discomfort and is frequently fatal.

Bloat occurs in all domestic ruminants, but is most com­mon in cattle and in this species may cause heavy losses. Although pasture bloat may occur at any time, the incidence is higher in wet summers on clover-dominant pastures that are growing rapidly. Bloat occurs less often in animals fed in feed lots and barns.

Some animal factors, including individual susceptibility, the volume and composition of saliva, and possibly habitua­tion, may influence the hazard of bloat on a given pasture, but if serious losses due to bloat are to be prevented, it is neces­sary to control these changes in plant composition. Alterna­tively, or as an interim measure, it is necessary to prevent the development of frothing by chemical or physical means.

Clinical findings. The first sign is a distension of the left side which may become so severe that the area of the left paralumbar fossa protrudes above the normal top line. Dis­tension on the right side is lateral in direction. Breathing may become labored and, in some cases, there is profuse salivation. Grazing usually ceases when intraruminal pres­sure becomes moderately high or when the left side feels firm during the relaxed phase of the rumen motility cycle. The animal may vomit, respiration is labored and eventually collapse occurs. Death usually ensues within a few minutes after the animal falls to the ground.

Treatment. When individual animals are to be treated, intraruminal pressure should be reduced as quickly as possi­ble. This may be done by passing a large stomach tube which is then manipulated in order to encounter gas pockets. Some­times, trocarisation of the rumen through the left paralumbar fossa is justified. The cannula should be left in place until the danger is past. If the animal is in critical condition or has collapsed, rumenotomy should be performed at once. Defoaming agents should be given immediately. The more useful compounds are vegetable oils, such as peanut oil, corn oil and soybean oil. Cream is quite effective in an emergency. Certain household detergents have been recommended by some as being effective in reducing foam. Because bloat can be rapidly fatal, farmers should be advised to dose their animals with oil at once rather than resort to folk medicine procedures.

Furious form of rabies.

Furious rabies represents the classical "mad-dog syndrome" in which the animal becomes irrational and viciously aggressive. The facial expression is one of alertness and anxiety, with pupils dilated. Noise invites attack, and it is instinctive in all species to attack. Such animals lose all caution and fear of natural enemies. There is no evidence of paralysis during the excitatory stage; dogs rarely live beyond 10 days after the onset of signs. Dogs with this form of rabies frequently roam streets and highways, biting other animals, people and any moving object. They commonly swallow foreign objects, feces, straw, sticks and stones. Rabid dogs will chew the wire and frame of their cage, breaking their teeth, and will follow a hand moved in front of the cage, attempting to bite. Young pups apparently seek human com­panionship and are overly playful, but bite even when petted, usually becoming vicious in a few hours. As the disease progresses, muscular incoordination and convulsive seizures become common.

Death from rabies is the result of progressive paralysis.

Rabid domestic cats and bobcats attack suddenly, biting and scratching viciously. Foxes frequently invade yards or even houses, attacking dogs and people. Rabid foxes and skunks are responsible for most pasture cattle losses, and skunks have attacked dairy cattle in barns.

Rabies in cattle follows the same general pattern, and those with the furious form are dangerous, attacking and pursuing other animals and man. Lactation ceases abruptly in dairy cattle. Instead of the usual placid expression, there is one of alertness. The eyes and ears follow sounds and move­ment. A most typical clinical sign in cattle is bellowing of a character which can hardly be mistaken once encountered. This may continue intermittently until approaching death.

Horses and mules show extreme agitation evidenced by rolling as with indigestion. As with other species, they may bite or strike viciously and, because of size and strength, become unmanageable in a few hours. Such animals frequently suffer self-inflicted wounds.

Differential diagnosis. Clinical diagnosis is usually possi­ble but may be difficult; in the prodromal stage, rabies may easily be confused with other diseases. Inability to swallow saliva in all species of animals is suggestive of an obstruction in the throat, a foreign body lodged between the teeth, or ingestion of irritating substances. Furthermore, many animals will fight when injured, when provoked, or for posses­sion of food or a mate. All of these behavior patterns may be present in rabies, but can also be unrelated.

If there is human exposure, the animal should be confined for observation for 10 days. If possible, the suspect animal should not be killed, but be allowed to die. Rabies progresses rapidly and usually typical signs will be evident in a day or two.

A complete history and observation period are important in diagnosis. If the suspected animal dies, the brain should be examined in a laboratory. In the past this examination was for the presence of Negri bodies. Most virus diseases, particu­larly distemper and infectious hepatitis in dogs and panleu-kopenia in cats, produce inclusion bodies which may be con­fused with Negri bodies. However, if the brain examination is negative or unsatisfactory, inoculation of mice will pro­vide a definite diagnosis.

Management of dogs and cats bitten by rabid animals. Unvaccinated dogs, cats and other pets bitten by a known rabid animal should be destroyed immediately. If the owner is unwilling to do so, the animal should be vaccinated and placed in strict isolation in a kennel for 4 months or longer.

 


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