From Laws of War: General Orders No. 100

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF ARMIES OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE FIELD

Prepared by Francis Lieber, promulgated by President Lincoln, 24 April 1863.

SECTION III

Deserters - Prisoners of war - Hostages - Booty on the battle-field.

Art. 48. Deserters from the American Army, having entered the service of the enemy, suffer death if they fall again into the hands of the United States, whether by

capture, or being delivered up to the American Army; and if a deserter from the enemy, having taken service in the Army of the United States, is captured by the enemy, and punished by them with death.

Example:

From Laws of War: General Orders No. 100

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF ARMIES OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE FIELD

Prepared by Francis Lieber, promulgated by President Lincoln, 24 April 1863.

SECTION III

Deserters - Prisoners of war - Hostages - Booty on the battle-field.

Art. 48. Deserters from the American Army, having entered the service of the enemy, suffer death if they fall again into the hands of the United States, whether by capture, or being delivered up to the American Army; and if a deserter from the enemy, having taken service in the Army of the United States, is captured by the enemy, and punished by them with death.

PUBLICISTIC STYLE

The publisistic style has spoken (oratory and speeches) and written (essays) varites. Oratory and Speeches are often refferred to as the Oratorical Style.

Publicistic Style:

Essays

Oratory and Speeches

Features:

• direct contact with the audience(use of you, your, we, our)

• the use of the 1st person singular to justify a personal approach to the problem treated • combination of logical argumentation and emotional appeal due to logical argumentation: • coherent and logical syntactic structure

• expanded system of connectives(hence, inasmuch, thenceforward, therefore)

• careful paragraphing• brevity of expression due to emotional appeal:

• use of emotionally coloured words

• imagery and stylistic devicesare used but usually are not fresh and genuine for the audience to comprehend the message implied with less effort

Features of substyle:

• use of similes and sustainedmetaphors to emphasize ideas

• direct address to the audience(Your Worship, Mr. Chairman; you, with your permission, Mind! )

• special obligatory forms toopen and end an oration (Ladies and Gentlemen; In the name of God do your duty) • words expressing speaker's personal opinion (I'm no idealist to believe firmly in, I'm confident that • wide use of repetition (lexical, synonymic, syntactical) to focus on the main points

• frequent rhetoric questions• use of similes and sustained metaphors to emphasize ideas • contractions are acceptable

Example:

Content for " I Have a Dream"

" I Have a Dream" has been misconstrued and sentimentalized by some who focus only on the dream. The first half of the speech

does not portray an American dream but rather catalogues an American nightmare. In the manner of Old Testament prophets, Frederick

Douglass's " What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July? " oration and

Vernon Johns, King excoriated a nation that espoused equality while forcing blacks onto " a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast

ocean of material prosperity."

Example (Essay):

Women’s Liberation

1. Since the middle of the century, women around the world have been seeking greater independence and recognition.

No longer content with their traditional roles as housewives and mothers, women have joined together to create the

women’s liberation movement. While the forces behind the international movement vary from culture to culture and from individual to individual, the basic causes in the United States can

be traced to three events: the development of effective birthcontrol methods, the invention of labor-saving devices for the home, and the advent of World War II.

NEWSPAPER STYLE

English newspaper style may be defined as a system of interrelated lexical, phraseological and grammatical means as a separate unity that basically serves the purpose of informing and instructing the reader. It goes without saying that the bulk of the vocabulary used in newspaper style is neutral and commonly literary. But apart from this, newspaper style has its specific vocabulary features, which are presented in the chart below.

Its basic genres, which can be classed as follows:

Newspaper Style

Headlines Articles

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