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AMERICAN VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE




D. Botchkarev E. Lazitskaya


This article gives a description of the basic architectural styles of American suburbia, the impact of European traditions on them, local climate and materials. The styles are described in the order of their appearance and their rising of popularity. This article may be useful for all who are interested in American culture and architecture.

 

Sources 7 refs.

Key words: architecture, vernacular construction, suburbia, architectural styles.

Dimitri Botchkarev, a student of Dsb-13-1

 

Elena Lazitskaya, Senior Lecturer of Foreign Languages Department for Technical Specialties №1

 



АМЕРИКАНСКАЯ МАЛОЭТАЖНАЯ АРХИТЕКТУРА

 
Д.А. Бочкарев, Е.Д. Лазицкая

Бочкарев Дмитрий Андреевич, студент группы ДсБ-13-1

 

Лазицкая Елена Дмитриевна, старший преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков для технических специальностей №1

 

В данной статье рассматриваются основные архитектурные стили американского пригорода, влияние на них европейских традиций, местного климата и материалов. Стили рассматриваются в порядке их возникновения и связи с историческими периодами в развитии США. Статья может быть полезна для всех увлекающихся культурой и архитектурой США.

 

Библиогр. 7 назв.


Ключевые слова: архитектура, малоэтажное строительство, пригород, архитектурные стили.

  The architecture of the United States demonstrates a broad variety of architectural styles and built forms over the country's history of over four centuries of independence and former British rule.

  Architecture in the United States is as diverse as its multicultural society and has been shaped by many internal and external factors and regional distinctions. As a whole it represents a rich eclectic and innovative tradition.

 If describing a usual American city, it could be divided in to 2 areas, a downtown, which could be referred to a city's core (or center) or CBD (Central Business District), often in a geographical, commercial, or communal sense, and a suburbia, which is a residential area or a separate residential community within commuting distance of a downtown.

 In the 20th century, many suburban areas began to see independence from the central city as an asset. In some cases, white suburbanites saw self-government as a means to keep out people who could not afford the added suburban property maintenance costs not needed in city living. Federal subsidies for suburban development accelerated this process as did the practice of redlining by banks and other lending institutions. In some cities such as Miami and San Francisco, the main city is much smaller than the surrounding suburban areas, leaving the city proper with a small portion of the metro area's population and land area.

 Suburbs in America have a prevalence of usually detached single-family houses.                            The style of some houses is realitively easy to identify, and you can confidently name a New England Saltbox or a Queen Anne Victorian style. But most of American suburb houses don’t fall neatly into style categories. Instead they are variations of the common styles of the American past, with motifs and characteristics blended in different patterns.

Among the many facets of a house, its architectural styling is one of the first to capture the eye and make an impression. A particular style will show similar characteristics from house to house – for example, a distinctive roof system; window groupings; or decorative features like columns, cornices, or a special type of trim.

     I would like to tell about the most popular vernacular architecture styles of the United States more closely, in the order of their appearance and their rising of popularity.



Saltbox

The saltbox originated in New England, and is an example of American colonial architecture, in the early 1600. One theory holds that beacouse of Queen Anne's high taxes of houses greater than one story, the form of the one-storied Saltbox was popularised.  

With its distinctive gabled roof that slopes sharply at the rear nearly to the ground, the Saltbox is a perfect example of a vernacular style – an architectural solution to the demands of harsh climate and to the need for more living space. Early colonists often attached a lean-to or shed to the north wall of their homes; in time they incorporated that extra area into the house under a continuous roofline to serve as additional sleep or storage space and to provide a build-in buffer against wind and cold. Deriving its name from the resemblance of its long, slanted roof to a wooden lidded box in which salt was once kept; the Saltbox is sometimes picturesquely called the Catslide.

  The typical Saltbox is quickly recognized by a gabled roof that slopes to the rear in a long slant. In two-story designes, the roof extends to the first floor; in smaller dwellings, it goes nearly to the ground.

Windows at the front, which is usually oriented to the south, are of the sash type, with 6\6 (six over six) 8\8 multipanels; windows at the rear are small and few in number. Small dormers may protect from the lower slope of the rear roof.

   A massive central brick chimney block is common.

In New England, most Saltboxes are sheathed in shingles left to weather naturally. In some areas, the exterior often combines fieldstone end walls with clapboards or shingles.
Greek Revival

   Sometimes thought of as America’s first truly national style, the Greek Revival emerged around 1820. The grandest houses of the Greek Revival copied the temple form, starting from scratch or adding a grand temple colonnade along the front of an existing building. Most homes merely alluded to the Greek form: Builders added trim to the existing gable roof to suggest columns. The Greek Revival became the most popular Midwestrn style of the 1830s and 1840s.

Thomas Jefferson owned a copy of the first volume of The Antiquities of Athens, and though he never practiced in the style Jefferson was to prove instrumental in introducing Greek Revival architecture to the United States. In 1803, he appointed Benjamin Henry Latrobe as surveyor of public building in the United States. Latrobe went on to design a number of important public buildings in Washington, D.C. and Philadelphia, including work on the United States Capitol and the Bank of Pennsylvania, which then influenced a vernacular architecture copying later.

 This style was very popular in the south of the US and many mansions and houses were built for the merchants and rich plantation owners, serve as an example Millford Plantation, regarded as one of the finest Greek Revival residential architecture in the country.

  The low- gabled Greek Revival roof carries a pedimental shape, as do the dormers. When the roof of the house is flat, a false front with a triangular peak provides the temple appearance.

  A distinguishing feature is a rectangular transform over the front door, usually accompanied by rectangular sidelights.

Trim, whether at the roofline or framing the door, is wide, bold, and simple.

A portico or porch with columns is common, although the posts or squared pillars may be used in a colonnade arrangement instead.

Multipanel 6\6 windows tend to be taller on the first floor than on the second. Greek Revival houses, large or small, are usually painted white to suggest marble, and frequently display shutters of dark green or black.

Italianate
  Loosely patterned after the villas and farmhouses of northern Italy, the Italianate Style enjoyed immense popularity in the 1850s, in part beacause its boxy 2- or 3 story form was as well adapted to city row houses as to individual structures and could be dressed up or down according to taste. The adaptability of its shape also led to octagonal versions of the style, with the same basic size and proportions. As with the Greek Revival styles, Italianate designs abounded in plan books of the period.

The roof is hipped, with a very low pitch and wide eaves, usually supported by heavy brackets or deep moldings. An ornamental belvedere, or cupola, may top the flat-looking roof, giving it height and grandeur.

The facade is normally ballanced, with windows and doors simmetrically placed. A central portico or small porch embellished with detailing borrowed from Italian architecture adds importance to the entrance.

Grouped in twos or threes, window openings may have rounded panes of glass.
Stone and brick are the major materials, especially of the row house, althogh stucco is also used. Occasional designs are nearly always wood frames and carry horizontal wood clapboards.
The Italianate style was popularized in the United States by Alexander Jackson Davis in the 1840s as an alternative to Gothic or Greek Revival styles. Davis' design for Blandwood, the former residence of North Carolina Governor John Motley Morehead, is the oldest surviving example of Italianate architecture in the United States, constructed 1844.

Italianate was reinterpreted again and became an indigenous style. It is distinctive by its pronounced exaggeration of many Italian Renaissance characteristics: emphatic eaves supported by corbels, low-pitched roofs barely discernible from the ground, or even flat roofs with a wide projection. A tower is often incorporated hinting at the Italian belvedere or even campanile tower. Motifs drawn from the Italianate style were incorporated into the commercial builders' vocabulary, and appear in Victorian architecture dating from the mid-to-late 19th century.


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