Настоящее и будущее время

Как правило, настоящая и будущая форма времени глаголов в прямой речи, при передаче их в косвенную речь изменяются на прошедшую форму времени.

Изучите следующую таблицу:

am/is → was	do/does → did	will → would
are → were	have/has → had	can → could
go/know/want/like/may и т.д. → went / knew / wanted / liked / might и т.д.

 

“I play football every day.” → He said he played football every day.

“I do my homework every day.” → He said he did his homework every day.

“Julia has a new job.” → He said Julia had a new job.

“I am playing football.” → He said he was playing football.

“I have played football.” → He said he had played football.

“I will play football.” → He said he would play football.

“I am going to play football.” → He said he was going to play football.

“I can play football.” → He said he could play football.

“I may play football.” → He said he might play football

Прошедшее время

В большинство случаев прошедшую форму времени глаголов в косвенной речи можно оставить без изменений или изменить на прошедшее совершённое время - past perfect.

 “I played football.” → He said he played football или He said he had played football.

 “She watched football.” → He said she watched football или He said she had watched football.

 “I saw her in the street.” → He said he saw her in the street или He said he saw her…

 “I did not go to work.” → He said he did not go to work или He said he had not gone to work

Данное правило неуместно, если прямая речь уже была в past perfect:

 “I had played football.” → He said she had played football

 “They had broken down a car.” → She said they had broken down a car

“I want to go to Canada again.” → David tells (told) me he wants to go to Canada again.

(Дэвид до сих пор хочет снова поехать в Канаду)

“I will go home tomorrow.” → She said (says) she will go home tomorrow.

(Она по-прежнему собирается поехать завтра домой)

И, конечно же, не будет ошибкой, если Вы скажите, например Sonia said she spoke English fluently. Но если ситуация в момент передачи косвенной речи изменилась, то необходимо ставить глагол как обычно в прошедшей временной форме. К примеру, Вы встретили Татьяну. Она сказала “Anna is in hospital.” Позднее в тот же день Вы встречаете Анну на улице и говорите: Hi, Anna. I didn’t expect to see you here. Tatyana said you were in hospital (неправильно было бы сказать: 'Tatyana said you are in hospital', так как это не соответствует действительности, на данный момент Анна не в больнице)

Изменение вопросительного предложения

В косвенных вопросах (Indirect Questions) действуют те же самые правила изменения времени, что и в утвердительных и отрицательных. Но они делятся на два типа: общие вопросы - Yes/No Questions, на которые можно ответить да или нет и специальные – Information(или Wh-) Questions, на которые ответить просто да или нет не получится. Например:

Do you like music? (на этот вопрос можно ответить да или нет).

How are you? (здесь уже не получится ответить просто да или нет, уместно - I am fine).

ОБЩИЕ ВОПРОСЫ

Как правило, сложности с пониманием возникают именно с общими вопросами. Их часто ещё называют “ Вопросы Да/Нет ”, потому что на переводимые прямые вопросы в косвенные можно ответить одним словом – да или нет. Косвенные вопросы образуются при помощи слов “ if ” или “ whether ”, которые ставятся в самом начале переводимого в косвенную речь вопроса. Правила согласования времён в предложениях те же самые, что и в простых косвенных предложениях, однако они не начинаются с вспомогательных глаголов (will, have, do…), вместо них используются слова “ if ” и “ whether ”, которые переводятся на русский как “ ли ”: в данном случае разницы между ними нет. Использовать союз “ that ” в косвенных вопросах грамматически неверно. Изучите примеры.

 

Direct Question	Indirect Question
“Do you like music? ”	He asked me if I liked music. (Неверно: he asked me did I like music) или He asked me whether I liked music.
“Will he participate in the quiz competition? ”	She asked me if he would participate in quiz competition. или She asked me whether he would participate in quiz competition.
“Are you feeling well? ”	I asked him if he was feeling well. или I asked him whether he was feeling well.
“Did you go to school? ”	They asked me if I had gone to school. или They asked me whether I had gone to school.
“Have you taken the breakfast? ”	He asked me if I had taken the breakfast. или He asked me whether I had taken the breakfast.
“Were they going to the car? ”	She asked her husband if they had been going to the car. или She asked her husband whether they had been going to the car.
“Have they been going to the car”	She asked her husband if they had been going to the car. или She asked her husband whether they had been going to the car.

СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ

Данные вопросы образуются без “ if ” и “ whether ”. На их место ставятся вопросительные наречия: where, why, which, who... Остальные правила образования те же, что и в обычных косвенных предложениях.

Direct Question	Indirect Question
“How are you? ”	He asked me how I was. (неверно: how was I)
“What is your name? ”	Alice asked him what his name was.
“Why did you come late? ”	She asked him why he had come late.
“Where have you been? ”	She asked her husband where he had been.
“When will they come? ”	He asked when they would come.
“What were you doing? ”	He asked Anna what she had been doing.
“Why are you crying? ”	They asked his wife why she was crying.

При изменении прямой речи в косвенную необходимо также обращать внимание, есть ли в предложении модальные глаголы. Как и главные глаголы, они должны изменяться в косвенной речи, однако не все модальные глаголы можно изменять. Изучите таблицы ниже.

Модальные глаголы, которые изменяются в косвенной речи
Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
CAN → COULD
“I can drive a car.” She said, “He can play a violin.” “We can climb on a hill.”	He said he could drive a car. She said that he could play a violin. They said they could climb on a hill.
MAY → MIGHT
“I may buy a computer.” She said, “He may visit a doctor.” “They may go to zoo.”	He said that he might buy a computer. She said he might visit a doctor. They said they might go to zoo.
MUST → HAD TO
“I must work hard.” She said, “They must carry on their work.” I said to her, “You must learn English.”	He said he had to work hard. She said that they had to carry on their work. I said to her that she had to learn English.
Модальные глаголы, которые не изменяются в косвенной речи
Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
WOULD → WOULD
“I would start a business.” “We would apply for a visa.” “I would appear in the exam.”	He said that he would start a business. They said they would apply for visa. She said she would appear in the exam.
COULD → COULD
“I could run faster.” “We could not learn the lesson.” “She could play a piano.”	He said that he could run faster. They said they could not learn the lesson. She said she could play a piano.
MIGHT → MIGHT
“Guests might come.” “I might meet him.” “It might rain.”	He said that guest might come. Anna said she might meet him. She said it might rain.
SHOULD → SHOULD
“I should avail the opportunity.” “We should take the exam.” “I should help him.”	He said that he should avail the opportunity. They said they should take the exam. She said that she should help him.
OUGHT TO → OUGHT TO
He said to me, “You ought to wait for him.” “We ought to attend our classes.” “I ought to learn method of study.”	He said to me that I ought to wait for him. They said that they ought to attend their classes. She said that she ought to learn method of study.

Время и наречия

Время и наречия в косвенной речи также изменяются. Примеры:

“I will buy a book tomorrow ” → She said that she would buy a book the next day.

“I am happy now ” → He said that he was happy then.

“I like this book” → He said that he liked that book.

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
today tomorrow yesterday next week/month/year last week/month/year now/just ago here this/these	that day/the same day the next day/the following day the day before/the previous day the following week/month/year the previous week/month/year then before there that/those

 

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