Rendering of Proper Names in Translation

There are two ways of rendering proper names in translation: transcription and translation.

Transcription is now universally accepted: Mary – Мэри. Phonetic peculiarities, however, sometimes interfere and modify this principle by causing certain departures, e.g. the name of the well-known novelist Iris Murdoch is rendered with the inserted letter (and sound) “p” – Айрис Мэрдок.

 

9. Stylistic problems of translation.

The problem of translation equivalence is closely connected with the stylistic aspect of translation – one cannot reach the required level of equivalence if the stylistic peculiarities of the source text are neglected. Full translation adequacy includes as an obligatory component the adequacy of style, i.e. the right choice of stylistic means and devices of the target language to substitute for those observed in the source text. This means that in translation one is to find proper stylistic variations of the original meaning rather than only the meaning itself.

 

First of all, a translator is to distinguish between neutral, bookish and colloquial words and word combinations, translating them by relevant units of the target language.

 

For example, if the text You’ll see… everything will be hunky-dory is translated in a neutral style Увидишь... всё будет хорошо, the basic meaning will be preserved but the colloquial and a bit vulgar connotation of the expression hunky-dory will be lost. Only the stylistically-correct equivalent of this expression gives the translation the required adequacy: Увидишь... всё будет тип-топ.

http://eng.1september.ru/article.php?ID=200700809

 

Functional style are the types of text distinguished by the pragmatic aspect of communication. Modern linguistics distinguish such functional styles as:

 

* Belles-lettres (prose, poetry, drama) – a term that is used to describe a category of writing.

 

* Publicistic style – used in public speeches and printed public works which are addressed to a broad audience and devoted to important social or political events, public problems of cultural or moral character

 

* Newspaper style – the prose style used for news reporting in media such as newspapers, radio and television

 

* Scientific style – language means which will bring proofs to clinch a theory.

 

* Official documents – documents in the spheres of business, legal policy, diplomacy or military sphere.

 

 10. Professional requirements and responsibilities of a translator.

 

A Translator converts written words from a 'source' language into a 'target' language, which is almost always his or her native language. Most Translators specialize in a combination of source and target languages, such as 'French to English' or 'English to Chinese.' Additionally, Translators often specialize in a certain topic, such as literature, finance, law, medicine, or technology. Most staff employment opportunities are in Washington, D.C., New York, and California; however, the need for Translators is expanding throughout the U.S., especially in the area of healthcare.

Education	Bachelor's degree and expertise in multiple languages
Job Skills	Writing, editing, and grammar ability in two languages, plus computer and organizational skills
Median Salary (2015)*	$44,190 for interpreters and translators
Job Outlook (2014-2024)*	29% increase for interpreters and translators

Source: *U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Required Education

Most entry-level Translation positions require a bachelor's degree in addition to expertise in at least two languages and experience gained through internships. Certification may be required for some positions and might enhance earning potential. Many colleges and universities offer bachelor's and master's degree programs in Translation and specific languages, but candidates are also encouraged to study subjects such as economics or humanities so that they can develop Translation career specialties.

Skills Required

Translators must be experts in two languages. They must also possess superior writing, editing, and grammar skills in their target language. Computer and word processing skills are essential, and familiarity with translation software programs is becoming increasingly important. Translators in a specialized field, such as law, must be familiar with legal systems both in the U.S. and abroad. Translation professionals must also understand various international customs and cultures. Freelance Translators must be highly organized and possess marketing, networking, and bookkeeping skills.

Economic Outlook

There are several opportunities for Translators in education, the private sector, government, healthcare, and the legal system. Almost a quarter of translators are self-employed. Wages may vary depending on experience, education, certification, demand for a particular language combination, and expertise in a specific subject. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) expects employment opportunities to grow by 29% from 2014 through 2024, which is much faster than average. The BLS estimated the median annual salary of a translator working in the U.S. in May 2015 at $44,190.

Alternate Careers

Other career options in this field include:

Technical Writer

Although they do not deal with foreign languages, technical writers take complex technical research data and terminology and translate into understandable text for manuals, documents and published works. A bachelor's degree in communications, English or journalism is usually necessary to enter this field. Employment growth of 10% between 2014 and 2024 is anticipated by the BLS, and it also estimated the annual median salary for technical writers was $70,240 in 2015.

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