Must, To Have (to). To Be (to)

Exercise 1 p. 115. State the meaning of the verb must in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian.

1. "You see," Celia said, "I really don't want you to go, Lanny." "I'm sorry, Celia, but I must go. That community sent me here." (Ab) 2. "You must speak out. You must not allow your father to take such a mad step. You must prevent it, Agnes, while there's time." (CD.) 3. "I am afraid I must he going now," he said. 4. "I must be getting old," thought old Jolyon. (Gls.) 5. We must have met somewhere, your face seems very familiar to me. 6. "I am the preacher. You were too young when you went away to remember me, sir, hut I remember you." "Then you must remember my name," Lanny said. (Ab) 7. On tiptoe Sister Swartz went info the room. She mustn't disturb Lanny. He must be very tired after his journey. She looked on the shelf but the sixpence wasn't there, Mabel must have taken it. (Ab.) 8. Andrew felt that he must laugh. (Crn) 9. He had the sudden conviction that he must lose his case tomorrow. (Crn)

Exercise 2 p. 115. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the rendering of the meaning of the verb must.

1. Her English is very poor, she must study very hard. 2. Her English is rather good, she must be studying hard. 3. Her English has considerably improved, she must have studied hard during her vacation. 4. She must have been studying English these five years. Her English is rather idiomatic and fluent. 5. She must have been studying at that moment, that's why she did not answer our telephone call. 6. You must always think twice before you say anything. 7. She must be thinking of what I have said. 8. She must be at home now, I saw her leaving the Institute. 9. She must be at home now, she can't go as there is no one else to take care of her sick father. 10. Eight bars, and all so thick and strong! ... He must have been filing for hours, yes, of course, that was what made his arm ache. (V.) 11. "It is certainly very cold," said Peggotty. "Everybody must feel it so." "I feel it more than other people," said Mrs. Gummidge. (CD.)

Exercise 3 p. 116. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Она, должно быть, ждет нас в институте. 2. Она должна ждать нас в институте. 3. Доктор говорит, что он должен жить на юге. 4. Он, должно быть, живет на юге. 5. Он должен много читать вслух, чтобы исправить свое произношение. 6. Он, должно быть, много читает вслух; у него хорошее произношение. 7. Я должен остаться здесь до зимы. 8. Она, должно быть, гостит у своих друзей, так как она писала, что проведет свой отпуск у них. 9. Они, должно быть, ждут меня, а я никак не могу дать им знать о себе. 10. Книга распродана; надо поискать ее в букинистических магазинах. 11. Он, по всей вероятности, забыл, что обещал прийти. 12. Они, наверно, пишут сочинение уже около двух часов и скоро должны кончить.

Exercise 4 p. 116. Combine the verb must with the proper form of the infinitive in brackets.

1. Look! People are hurrying along the street with collars and umbrellas up. It must (to rain) hard. 2. Peggotty enclosed the half-guinea in the letter; I was afraid she must (to have) a world of trouble to get it out of Mr. Barkis's box. (CD.) 3. You must (to follow) my advice. There is no other way out for you. 4. I saw an old woman sleeping soundly in Green Park. A shower was falling at the time, she must (to be) drenched to the skin. (Ldn) 5. All time we were out the two gentlemen smoked incessantly — which, I thought, if I might judge from the smell of their rough coats, they must (to do) ever since the coats had first come home from the tailor's. 6. "The hotels must (to do) a tremendous business," old Jolyon thought. "A few years ago there had been none of these big hotels." Then he thought of his son. "... If Jo were only with him. The boy must (to be) forty by now." (Gls.) 7. She must (to be) angry with you. She does not even look in your direction. 8. She must (to get) angry with me. She left without saying good-bye. 9. Mary must (to be) ill, otherwise she would have come. 10. Mary must (to fall) ill. She looked so pale and tired last night.

Exercise 5 p. 116. Paraphrase the sentences using the verb must.

1. I am sure he has got all he needed. Did you see how triumphant he was? 2. The boy was evidently reading something funny. He was smiling all the time. 3. The boy is probably reading something funny. He is smiling all the time. 4. They have most likely not realized what opportunity they were losing. 5. I shan't bother you any longer; no doubt you are tired of my talking. 6. I see something is eating him. He is like on tenterhooks. 7. It was clear the family were expecting some guests: the mother was bustling about the house tidying up the rooms. 8. She was obviously upset by something. I never saw her so unbalanced. 9. He surely did not find out the real reason for their silence.

Exercise 6 p. 117. Analyse the meaning of the verb to have.

1. King Lear had three daughters. 2. Have a look at the picture. I think it is a Repin. 3. I have to answer many letters. 4. I have some information to pass on to you. 5. During our trip we had an accident in which I had my leg badly hurt. 6. I'll have him come at six o'clock if that suits you. 7. He has just come from abroad. 8. You will have to leave at six to catch the train. 9. Is that all you have to say to me? 10. There arc two kinds of speeches: there is the speech which a man makes when he has something to say, and the speech when he has to say something.

Exercise 7 p. 117. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the meaning of the verb to have (to).

1. Thoughtfully Lanny went up the side street to the house where he lodged. Only two more hours before he had to catch his train and then Cape Town would be behind him. (Ab) 2. The Gadfly and Michele were waiting for an emissary, to whom important directions had to be given. (V.) 3. "You arc too young to know how the world changes every day," said Mrs. Creakle, "and how the people in it pass away. But we all have to learn it, David; some of us when we are young, some of us when we are old, some of us at all times of our lives." (CD.) 4. Lickcheese. Why not Dr. Trench marry Miss Blanche, and settle the whole affair that way? С о k a n e. You forget, Mr. Lickcheese, that the young lady, whose taste has to be considered, decisively objected to him. (Sh.) 5. They had to repeat what they were doing several times before the engine burst open and started. (Ald)

Exercise 8 p. 117. Change the following into the negative and interrogative.

1. Mother has to cook dinner after work. 2. He had to sit up late with this work. 3. You will have to get up very early to-morrow. 4. The girl had to take care of her younger sister and brothers. 5. She will have to do it once over again. 6. These documents have to be filed. 7. They had to cover the whole distance on foot. 8. We shall have to speak to him about it.

Exercise 9 p. 117. Translate into English using the verb to have in its modal meaning,

1. Мне сейчас приходится много работать, так как я болела и отстала от группы. 2. Вам придется поговорить с ним лично. 3. Нам пришлось переждать дождь на станции. 4. Я вынужден был извиниться, хотя мне это и было неприятно. 5. Книгу необходимо переплести, иначе некоторые страницы могут потеряться. 6.Вам приходится очень рано вставать, не так ли? 7. Он вынужден был сделать вам замечание, не правда ли? 8. Ему не нужно было сдавать вступительные экзамены. 9. Нам не пришлось провожать их в гостиницу. Они сами хорошо знали дорогу. 10. Работу придется сделать сегодня. 11. Он сказал, что вам придется ехать туда одному. 12. Всю страницу пришлось перепечатать из-за одной опечатки.

Exercise 10 p . 118. Fill in the blanks with must or had (to).

1. When 1 asked him why he was so late, he told me that he had missed an earlier train and ... wait for another one. 2, The man warned us that the place was dangerous to bathe in and we ... look for a safer spot. 3. His wife kept telling him that he ... not sit up so late. 4. The doctor told him he ... give up smoking, as it might be ruinous to his lungs. 5. The father said to the children that they ... be careful while crossing the street. 6. The bus was not going that direction, so he ... change. 7. It was not that the work ... be finished soon, but we ourselves wanted to be through with it as soon as possible. 8. 1 had no special desire to do it, but as I felt it ... be done this way or another, I started on it, though reluctantly. 9. I saw that I ... speak louder to make myself heard. 10. Telling himself that he ... control himself, he did not answer anything. 11. Martin knew that he ... stand up to be introduced. 12. For a moment she felt her heart ... break.

Exercise 11 p. 118. Refer the following to the past. Make all the necessary changes.

1. It is getting pretty late. I must leave, or I shall be late for the last bus. 2. This is getting too far, I feel I must do something before it is too late. 3. It can't go on like this any longer. It must blow up sooner or later. 4. I know it's a secret and I must keep it, 5. He is trying to explain why the measures he proposes must be resorted to if we want to save the situation. 6. He does not understand why such urgent measures as have been taken must be resorted to even in the face of the situation. 7. It is impossible to change anything. One must take things as they are. 8. I do not agree with him that one must always take things as they are without trying to change them. 9. Do you realize that you mustn't mention it to anybody?

Exercise 12 p. 118. Analyse the modal meaning of the verb to be (to) in the following sentences and translate them into Russian.

1. Large sums are now being spent on educational develop­ments and still larger sums are to be spent in the near future. 2. He was to leave that night ... for Gravesend, where the ship, in which he was to make the voyage, lay, and was to be gone I don't know how many years. (CD.) 3. Mr. Priors was to remain shut up in the room while I was gone, and was on no account to open the door. (CD.) 4. What do you want with my things? Am I to be moved into another cell? (V.) 5. Mrs. Pearce. I want to know on what terms the girl is to be here. Is she to have any wages? And what is to become of her when you've finished your teaching? You must look ahead a little. H i g g i n s. Give her orders: that's enough for her. Eliza, you are to live here for the next six months, learning how to speak beautifully. (Sh.) 6. It is evident that we are to have a backward season for grains. (Tw) 7. A little disconsolate, he watched the steamer splashing down the channel towards the pier. What sort of fellow-travellers was he to have? (Blk). 8. "My dear Trot!" cried my aunt, in a terrified whisper ... "I don't know what I am to do?" (CD.) 9. There was something in his manner that was not to be resisted. 10. Why are you late? You were to have come an hour ago.

Exercise 13 p. 119. Explain the difference in meaning between the two sentences in the following pairs.

1. a) The plane was not to take off at night as the weather was too bad. b) The plane was to have taken off at night, but the weather was too bad. 2. a) There was to be an interesting concert last night, but I didn't feel well and had to stay at home, b) There was to have been an interesting concert last night, but the singer fell ill and the concert had to be postponed. 3. a) The order came that we were not to leave the village before dawn. b) We were not to have left the village before dawn, but by the time the order came we were two miles away from it.

Exercise 14 p. 119. Combine the modal verb to be (to) with the proper form of the infinitive in brackets.

1. I stood at the window, looking at them disappear, and my heart kept repeating "Good-bye, good-bye!" I was not (to see) them for nearly five years. (EL) 2. You know Mako's Kraal... on the other side there is land with water, that was the land Sam was (to buy). There they were (to live). (Ab) 3. Nobody met me when I came. I was (to arrive) by the ten o'clock train, but I couldn't get a ticket for it. 4. Remember that we are (to be) at his place not later than eight. 5. Why are you so late? Didn't you get my letter saying that we were (to meet) at 4? 6. There was a violent storm that night and the Albatross which was (to arrive) at the port in the morning had to drop anchor near an island a hundred miles off the port.

Exercise 15 p. 119. Insert the verb to be (to) or to have (to) in the necessary tense form.

1. I wondered what ... to happen to us. 2. It looks like raining. You ... to take your raincoats. 3. We agreed that the one who came first ... to reserve seats for the rest of us. 4. Nobody met me at the airfield as I ... to have arrived a day later and could not warn any of my friends of the change. 5. He always puts off doing what he ... to do until it ... to be done. 6. We ... to leave on Monday, but because of a two days' delay with the visas we ... to book tickets for Wednesday. 7. There is nothing strange in what he did. It ... to be expected. 8. It was too late to change the plan, and it ... to remain as it was. 9. You ... not to tell him about it if you don't want to. 10. You ... not to tell him anything about it before you get further instructions. 11. They hoped to spend the summer together, but that ... not to be. 12. ... I to do it all by myself? 13. When no food ... to be had he seemed capable of doing without.

Exercise 16 p. 120. Fill in the blanks with to be (to), to have (to) or must using the correct form of the infinitive.

1. I did not know who ... (to be) my travelling companion. 2. According to the state plan, many new dwelling houses ... (to build) this year. 3. We … to work) hard to achieve good results. 4. I think we ... (to, drop) anchor in that bay until the storm quiets down," the captain said to his mate. 5. … (to say) your behaviour has been far from straightforward. (Sh) 6. "Mabel has gone," Lanny said in a flat, impersonal voice. The old woman went back to her chair and sat down heavily. "It … (to be). Where did she go, son?" (Ab) 7. "Have you been studying much law lately?" I asked, to change the subject. "Oh, Master Copperfield," he said with an air of selfdenial; "My reading ... hardly (to call) study." (CD.) 8. Sartorius. If I give in now I … (to give in) always. (Sh.) 9. Mrs. P e a r с e. What … (to become) of the girl? ... she (to pay) anything? (Sh.) 10. This is serious; you … (not to joke) about it (Sh.)

Exercise 17 p. 120. Translate into English using to have (to), to be (to) or must.

1. Вы должны приготовить эту работу к четвергу. 2. Я должен был приготовить эту работу к четвергу. (Два варианта). 3. Вы не должны прекращать работу, пока не закончите ее. Завтра уже четверг. 4. Мне пришлось приготовить эту работу к четвергу. 5. Мне придется приготовить эту работу к четвергу. 6. Ему приходится готовить эту работу сегодня, так как все эти дни он был занят. 7. Вам не придется готовить эту работу. 8. Мне не нужно было готовить эту работу. 9. Так как он приготовил все заранее, ему не нужно делать этого теперь. 10. Если бы он не приготовил все заранее, ему нужно было бы сделать это теперь. 11. Если бы мы приготовили все заранее, нам не пришлось бы делать это теперь. 12. “На этой неделе нам предстоит провести ряд новых опытов”, -- сказал директор лаборатории. 13. Выбора не было, и ему пришлось согласиться. 14. Мне было поручено сделать подробный доклад по этому вопросу, и для этого я должен был просмотреть много литературы. 15. Я должен был ходить в библиотеку почти каждый день: оставалось всего несколько дней, до того как мне нужно было сдать доклад, а я еще не написал и половины. 16. Мне придется посидеть эти дни дома. Врач говорит, я не должен никуда выходить, пока температура не будет нормальной. 17. Я думаю, что, если бы вам довелось выполнять подобное задание в первый раз, вы бы тоже были вынуждены неоднократно обращаться к кому-нибудь за помощью. 18. Посидите здесь, пока он занят. Я думаю, вам не придется долго ждать.

Exercise 18 p. 121. Translate into Russian.

1. I did not expect that the worst was yet to happen. (CD.) 2. Sir Peter [looks at his watch]. This is the time I was to have gone. (Shr) 3. I've been in the editorial business going on fourteen years, and it is the first time I ever heard of a man's having to know anything in order to edit a newspaper. (Tw) 4. С о k a n e [to Trench]. How is anybody to know that you are well brought up if you don't show it by your manners? (Sh) 5. "We shall wait on the steps," he said as they trooped out. "You have only to call." 6. One has only to attend her lesson once to be convinced that she has all the makings of an excellent teacher. 7. "I've spoken to many women, but I have still to speak to one who is not opposed to war," said Mrs. Seares, an active fighter for peace. 8. Mabel complained violently while she dressed. Nothing but work here. Best to run away. Go to Cape Town where girls wore beautiful high-healed shoes and didn't have to work. Why should she work all the days of her life? (Ab) 9. This very evening I was to have brought him a gentleman from the city, who does not know him, and will, I believe, advance him some money. (CD.)

Need

Exercise 19 p. 121. Analyse the meaning of the verb need.

1. You may keep the money I've given you, I don't need it yet. 2. Must I go there immediately? — No you needn't. Wait till I ring you up. 3. Need you bother about such trifles? 4. Do you need my help? 5. You needn't have gone into so many details. The report was too long. 6. Mr. Maugham is very discreet, Louisa: you needn't be afraid of telling him anything. (M) 7. "All is agreed and understood between us now, Trot," said my aunt, "and we need talk of this no more." (CD.) 8. Sartorius. Need you be so inflexible, Blanche? (Sh.) 9. Pickering. Does it occur to you, Higgins, that the girl has some feelings? Higgins. Oh, no, I don't think so. Not any feelings that we need bother about. (B. Sh.) 10. Why need my name have been dragged in? (Lw)

Exercise 20 p. 122. Paraphrase the following using the modal verb need:

1. I see no reason why we should argue. 2. It was not necessary for her to carry the bags all by herself: there were porters at the station. 3. Is it so very necessary that you should go there at all? 4. There is no use worrying about her; she is quite able to take care of herself. 5. What's the use of reproaching yourself. 6. I don't think there is any need to bother them. 7. It was quite unnecessary for you to do the work instead of him.

Exercise 21 p. 122. Translate into English using (don't) have to, needn't (have).

1. У нас поставили телефон, и нам теперь не нужно ходить к соседям. 2. Вам незачем идти на улицу: у соседей есть телефон. 3. У нас теперь построили стадион, и детям не приходится ездить далеко. 4. Им незачем ездить так далеко, можно заниматься в нашем читальном зале. 5. Можешь не отвечать на этот вопрос, если не хочешь. 6. Не обязательно вам приходить самому. Можете прислать кого-нибудь. 7. Ему незачем беспокоиться. Все будет в порядке. 8. Нам не нужно было ходить в библиотеку. У нас были все необходимые книги. 9. К вечеру зуб перестал болеть, и он решил, что ему не надо идти к врачу. 10. Много ли вам пришлось потратить времени на эту работу? 11. Оказалось, что у меня есть этот словарь, так что мне не пришлось покупать новый. 12. Вам не нужно было покупать этот словарь, у меня есть лишний экземпляр, и я с удовольствием дал бы его вам, если бы вы только попросили. 13. Разговор наш продолжался недолго, все было достаточно ясно, и нам не к чему было вдаваться в излишние подробности. 14. Ему не к чему было вдаваться в подробности: это все равно не помогло. 15. Все слова в тексте были знакомы, и им незачем было пользоваться словарем; это только отняло у них больше времени. 16. Все слова в тексте были настолько хорошо знакомы, что мне даже незачем было пользоваться словарем.

Exercise 22 p. 122. Translate and make up your own sentences on the same pattern.

1. Must I myself get in touch with him or is the secretary to do this? 2. Will they have to come here every day? 3. Need you be in a hurry? You have a lot of time left before you leave. 4. Am I to understand that I am not wanted here? 5. Did he have to make a living for the whole family at such an early age? 6. Do you think that she must make the first step to make up the quarrel with him? 7. You have to get up very early to catch the first train, don't you? 8. Need you so exert yourself having such big boys to help you?

Exercise 23 p. 123. Translate into English using the verbs must, to be (to), to have (to) or need. (Dictation-translation.)

1. Сказал ли преподаватель, что мы должны выучить этот текст наизусть? 2. Я не знал, что этот текст не надо учить наизусть. 3. Зря вы учили этот текст наизусть; его надо было просто читать. 4. Не шумите: дети, должно быть, спят. 5. Никто, наверно, не сказал ему об этом. 6. Они должны были прийти в 5, а уже 6 часов. 7. Они, наверно, забыли, что должны были прийти в 5 часов. 8. Надеюсь, вас не пришлось долго ждать, да? 9. Надеюсь, нам не придется ждать. 10. Эту книгу можно найти в любой библиотеке. 11. Стоит ли волноваться из-за таких пустяков?

Should

Exercise 24 p. 123. Analyse the meaning of the modal verb should and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. My family are of opinion that Mr. Micawber should quit London and exert his talents in the country. (CD.) 2. Bosinney looked clever; but he should be easy to deal with in money matters (Soames thought). (Gls.) 3. Soames thought: "Why is all this? Why should I surfer? What have I done? It is not my fault!" (Gls.) 4. Eliza. I want to know what I may take away with me. I don't want to be accused of stealing, Mr. Higgins. H i g g i n s. Stealing! You shouldn't have said that, Eliza. That shows a want of feeling. (Sh.) 5. And suddenly Lanny remembered ... on the highveld one did not speak to a white man till he spoke to you. He should have remembered. (Ab) 6. When Swithin approached his usual seat, who should be sitting there but Rozzi. (Gls.) 7. "To think that you should be the first to kindle the sparks of ambition in my 'umble breast, and that you've forgotten it! Oh!" exclaimed Uriah. (CD.)

Exercise 25 p. 123. State whether should is auxiliary or modal.

1. You (we, he) should have done it long ago. 2. We told him that we should let him know the day of our arrival. 3. Had it not been for the rain, we should have come in time. 4. He should be more careful about his health. 5. Is it possible that he should have misunderstood me? 6. I should gladly do it for you, but I am too busy now. 7. "I shouldn't have missed the chance," he reproached himself.

Exercise 26 p. 124. Use should or had (to) with the correct form of the infinitive in brackets.

1. We ... (to call) on him yesterday, but we were too busy as we ... (to attend) an extra meeting. 2. I ... not (to tell) him this news; he was so much upset, but I really ... (to do) so, for the circumstances demanded that. 3. You ... (to see) him dance! You have missed a lot. I ... (to take) you to the concert. 4. It was very hard work but we ... (to do) it. 5. She ... (not to let) it pass like that, she ... (to explain) it to him that he was wrong. 6. Although it was unpleasant to her, she ... (to tell) him that he was wrong.

Exercise 27 p. 124. Use should or need with the correct form of the infinitive in brackets.

1. I am very sorry, I ... not (to bother) you with this trifle .2. You ... not (to come) so early, now you will have to wait. 3. You ... not (to give) the child so much money. It will spoil him. 4. You ... not (to return) the money so soon. I could have waited. 5. You ... not (to help) him with this work. He could have managed it himself.

Exercise 28 p. 124. Fill in the blanks with either should or must. Translate into Russian.

1. a) You ... have spoken to him already. I see you know everything. b) You ... have spoken to him of the matter. Why keep him in the dark? 2. a) They ... have studied the subject more thoroughly; they will regret it later on. b) They ... have studied the subject thoroughly; they answered every question. 3. a) You ... have ignored the traffic regulations. That's why you were fined. b) You ... have followed the traffic regulations, then you would not have been fined. 4. a) He ... have forgotten to send them a telegram. b) He ... have remembered to send them a telegram. 5. a) I ... have taken Grandfather's spectacles. I cannot see anything through them, b) I ... have taken my opera-glasses. I don't see anything.

Exercise 29 p. 124. Translate into English using must, to be (to), have (to), needn't or should.

1. Я не должен был говорить с ней таким тоном. Именно мой тон, должно быть, и обидел ее. 2. Мы, должно быть, пропустили его. Мы должны были прийти пораньше. 3. Вам не надо было так торопиться; нужно было быть здесь не раньше пяти. 4. Она должна была выгладить это платье, до того как оно высохло; теперь ей придется смочить его снова. 5. Она не должна была закрывать окно так быстро, надо было проветрить комнату получше. 6. Эго должно было случиться. Всем известна его расcеянность. 7. Этого следовало ожидать, и нечего удивляться. 8. Нам не пришлось тащить вещи на себе: нам попалась попутная машина. 9. Вы не должны так расстраиваться по пустякам. Надо держать себя в руках. 10. Вы не должны грызть ногти. Это отвратительная привычка, и нужно от нее избавиться. 11. Надеюсь, ты не должна теперь так рано вставать; ты ведь теперь работаешь в десяти минутах ходьбы от дома. 12. Она, очевидно, была очень приятной женщиной. Все говорят о ней с такой любовью. 13. В Крыму есть много растений, которые нельзя трогать руками, так как они оставляют ожоги. 14. Это лекарство можно получить только по рецепту врача. 15. Там, наверно, идет дождь; смотри, какое темное небо. 16. С какой стати я буду делать то, что я не должна. 17. Они, вероятно, что-то горячо обсуждали; они даже не заметили, как мы вошли. 18. Через год эта железная дорога будет полностью электрифицирована.

Ought ( to )

Exercise 30 p. 125. Analyse the meaning of the verb ought (to) and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The young ought to respect old age. 2. I know that from every practical standpoint, from the standpoint of common decency, from the standpoint of what is right and wrong, I have done what I ought to do. (M) 3. The girl cannot be blamed. She was behaving naturally, as others ought to have behaved. (Vk) 4. He was a lawyer, and thought that things ought to be done according to juridical formulas which he had learned. (Gls.) 5. You ought not to show to him that you notice his stammer, he feels it very keenly. 6. "Do you know your mistress's name?" asked Mr. Murdstone. "She has been my mistress a long time, sir," answered Peggotty. "I ought to know it." (CD.) 7. With his straight delicate nose, his fine brow and well shaped mouth he ought to have been good-looking, but surprisingly enough he was not. (M) 8. "I could have my tea here with you," she suggested. "I'd love it," replied Jon. "Only I feel, you ought to be with the other guests, oughtn't you?" (Gls.) 9. "... perhaps he was right," she told herself ..." after all, Erik ought to know far more than anyone else what he wanted." (W) 10. Where is Bosinney? — He ought to be in his study. (Gls.)

Exercise 31 p. 125. Fill in the blanks with ought, to be (to), to have (to).

1. Don't contradict her, you ... to respect her age. 2. She is not a bad sort, if somewhat capricious; so you sometimes ... to put up with her whims. 3. The situation grew awkward. He felt that something ... to be done, or else the party would break up; so he ... to say a few conciliating words to put the guests at their ease. 4. He was boiling with rage, but he ... to control his feelings not to give himself away. 5. I thought I ... to do something to return their hospitality. 6. Not a living thing ... to be seen. 7. Why do you ask my opinion? You have been in the business much longer, you ... to know better. 8. You are a father, you ... not to neglect your duties to your children. 9. According to the rules of the game a football player ... not to touch the ball with his hands. 10. He ... to have taken the floor and spoken in favour of the proposal. 11. Ring me up at 6. The situation ... to clear up by then.

Exercise 32 p. 126. Fill in the blanks with must, should or ought (to).

1. Your questions surprise me, you ... (to know) this. 2. Children ... (to obey) their parents. 3. Though it is a very unpleasant mission, I feel I ... (to tell) you the truth. 4. Why ... I (to know) where he is? 5. Let's tell him all as it is. He ... (to understand). 6. You ... (to apologize) when you saw that his feelings were hurt. 7. You ... (not to eat) so much bread; you will gain weight, which is not good for your heart. 8 .She ... (not to speak) about such things in the child's presence. Now you see the results. 9. I ... (to know) that it might come to that. 10. a) If they had been warned in time, they ... (to be) there by now. b) If they were warned in time they ... (to be) there by now. 11. His heart was now thumping so violently he felt it ... (to burst). 12. He gave you just that feeling of assurance, of confidence that a doctor ... (to give).

Can and May

Exercise 33 p. 126. Analyse the meaning of the verb can. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. In the dimness of the landing I could not see very well. (Ldn) 2. "Your servant, sir," said Mr. Omer. "What can I do for you, sir?" (CD.) 3. You can take a horse to the water, but you cannot make him drink. 4. Eliza. I can do without you; don't think I can't. H i g g i n s. I know you can, Eliza. I told you you could. (Sh.) 5. I think you could do it if you tried. 6. She could not have said why but she was sure of it. (Dr) 7. "Martha, is it you?" says Em'ly. "Oh, Martha, can it be you?" (CD.) 8. She cannot deceive me. Her name cannot be Doolittle. Doolittle is an English name, and she is not English. (Sh.) 9. Could this old woman be Louise? She can't have changed like that. 10. I should think there never can have been a man who enjoyed his profession more than Mr. Creakle did. (CD.) 11. I cannot conceive whose stockings they can have been that Peggotty was always darning, or where such an unfailing supply of stockings in want of darning can have come from. (CD.) 12. I was fresh and lively myself, in the pleasure of being there, that I could have stopped the people in the streets and shaken hands with them. (CD.) 13. She can't have failed to notice this mistake.

Exercise 34 p. 127. Use can in the correct form followed by the appropriate infinitive.

1. ... you (to call) a little later? I'm afraid I shall be busy till seven. 2. ... it (to be) a joke? 3. You ... not (to see) him at the meeting. He was ill. 4. ... we (to cover) fifteen kilometres? The village is not yet seen. 5. He ... not (to forget) your address; he has visited you several times. 6. If you had let us know, we ... (to send) our car for you. 7. I should be very much obliged to you if you ... (to lend) me your dictionary for a couple of days. 8. I don't believe her, she ... (to fail) to recognize me. 9. He said he ... (to manage) the task by himself. 10. Why didn't you ask me? I ... (to do) it for you.

Exercise 35 p. 127. Translate into English using the verb can (Dictation-translation.)

1. He может быть, чтобы он опоздал. Он всегда такой пунктуальный. 2. Неужели он произвел на вас впечатление рассеянного человека? 3. Не может быть, чтобы я неправильно вас понял. 4. Он не мог прочитать эту книгу так быстро; она трудна для него. 5. Не может быть, чтобы она не нашла вашего дома. 6. Вряд ли она забыла об этом; я об этом напоминала ей только вчера. 7. Неужели вы не помните, что я возвратил вам эту книгу? 8. Разве мог кто-нибудь подумать, что эта команда займет первое место? 9. Если бы не хорошая погода, экспедиция не смогла бы подняться на вершину горы. 10. Неужели вы не нашли мою книгу?

Exercise 36 p. 127. Analyse the meaning of the verb may. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. I said to Mrs. Micawber: "May I ask what you and Mr. Micawber intend to do, now that Mr. Micawber is out of his difficulties? Have you settled yet?" (CD.) 2. He said I might come to him any day I liked. 3. "The door was open," he said. "Might I see your wife for a minute?" (Gls.) 4. If he walks from the station, he may arrive in the course of the next half-hour. If he drives, he may be here at any moment. (Sh.) 5. Here Miss Murdstone ceased her speech, and shutting her mouth, looked as if she might be broken, but would never be bent. (CD.) 6. It was some special occasion. I don't remember what. It may have been my birthday. (CD.) 7. He may not have learned the news, that's why he looks as if nothing had happened. 8. We might have gone about half a mile when the carrier stopped short. (CD) 9. Mrs. Micawber beckoned to me to climb up and put her arm round my neck, and gave me just such a kiss as she might have given to her own boy. (CD) 10. I do think, after all I've done for them, they might be thankful. 11. Mrs. Higgins. Eliza is upstairs. Higgins. Upstairs!!! Then I shall jolly soon fetch her downstairs. But you might have told us this half an hour ago. (Sh) 12. Whenever you may come, you are always welcome. 13. Sartorius. I desire that there may be no wrong impression as to my daughter's, breeding. (Sh) 14.1 borrowed the halfguinea that I might not be without a fund for my travelling expenses. 15. A faint wind moaned through the trees, and Tom feared it might be the spirit of the dead. (Tw)

 

Exercise 39 p. 129. Paraphrase the following sentences using the modal verbs can or may in the correct form.

1. I don't believe that he had done the work carelessly. 2. Perhaps, you changed at the wrong station, that's why it took you so long to get here. 3. I think he will be able to substitute for you in case you shouldn't come. 4. Is it not in your power to change the timetable? 5. Most probably he did not see you, otherwise he would have come up to you. 6. Perhaps I shall have to take him to hospital; it is possible that he has broken his arm. 7. Why blame her? Maybe she did not know it was so urgent. 8. It is impossible that she has wrongly interpreted your words. 9. I suppose they were unable to get in touch with you. 10. Would you mind my smoking here?

Exercise 40 p. 129. Translate and complete the following phrases.

1. Я, возможно, смогу.... 2. Я, возможно, смог бы.... 3. Мне, возможно, придется (пришлось бы) .... 4. Не мог ли бы я ... ? 5. Не могу ли я ... ? 6. Не можете ли вы... ? 7. Не могли бы вы ... ? 8. Он, должно быть,... ? 9. Вы, возможно, ... 10. Вам незачем (было).... 11. Возможно ли, чтобы...? 12. Не может быть, чтобы....

Exercise 41 p. 129. Fill in the blanks with can or may in the correct form.-

1. ... I see you tonight? 2. ... I find you there tonight? 3. You ... read this article. You have knowledge enough. 4. You ... take this book; I don't need it. 5. ... I be of any service to you? 6. You ... avail yourself of my services. 7. What ... he want here? 8. Buy this dictionary. You ... want it one day. 9. What ... have made them so late? — Something ... have happened to the car. 10. ... I ask you to do me a favour? 11. ... you do me a favour? 12. They ... have said something of the kind, but I hardly believe it. 13. I don't think they ... have said anything of the kind.' 14. I ... not imagine her teaching children, she used to be so impatient; but who knows, time changes people; she ... have become quite different. 15. You never ... tell; everything ... turnout quite all right. 16. I am sure you ... have done it much better. You did not try. 17. If she ... not call on me, she ... have called me up at least. 18. It was a very popular song at the time, you ... hear it everywhere. 19. Something was wrong with the receiver, I ... not hear you well. 20. A fool ... ask more questions than a wise man ... answer. 21. How do you do it, if I ... ask? — Simply phonetics. I ... place any man within six miles. (Sh.) 22. Mrs. Pearce ... she use some of those dresses you brought from abroad? I really ... not put her back into her old things. (Sh.) 23. I was so angry, I ... have thrown my boots at him. (CD.) 24. They had something of the sort of pleasure in us, I suppose, that they ... have had in a pretty toy. 25. Roberts. You made a mistake to think that we would come to heel. You ... break the body, but you ... not break the spirit. (Gls.)

Exercise 42 p . 130. Translate into English.

1. Я должен сделать это сегодня? -- а) Нет, вы можете сделать это завтра, если хотите. б) Да, это нужно сделать сегодня. 2. Можно мне посмотреть вашу работу? — а) Пожалуйста. б) Нет, она еще не готова. 3. Доктор, можно мне купаться в море? — а) Нет, нельзя: вы можете опять заболеть. б) Конечно, можно. Это принесет вам только пользу. 4. Мне нужно переписать всю работу или я могу только исправить ошибки? 5. Когда мне можно прийти за остальным материалом? -- Вам незачем приходить самому. Мы вам пришлем его, когда он будет готов. 6. Не можете ли вы зайти ко мне вечером? 7. Не могли бы вы зайти ко мне вечером? 8. Нельзя ли мне попросить вас зайти ко мне вечером? 9. Не мог бы я попросить вас зайти ко мне вечером? 10. Не могли бы вы зайти немножко позже? 11. Не мог бы я попросить вас зайти немножко позже?

Exercise 43 p. 130. Paraphrase the given sentences using the modal verbs can, may, must.

1. It is quite possible that the performance is over as there are many people leaving the theatre. 2. The performance was evidently over as many people were leaving the theatre. 3. a) I don't believe that he said it. b) Is it possible that he should have said it? 4. a) I think they knew everything about it. b) I am sure they knew everything about it. 5. I am almost sure that she did not do anything of the kind. 6. a) Is it possible that they should have refused to help you? b) It is possible that they have refused to help him. c) It is impossible that they should have refused to help you. 7. a) Perhaps it's all true, I am not sure. b) Perhaps it was true, I am not sure. 8. a) There is probably some misunderstanding. b) There was probably some misunderstanding. 9. a) Really, you don't mean it? b) Really, you didn't mean it? c) Do you really mean it? (10. There is no doubt that it was all prepared beforehand. 11. a) Is it possible that they have already left? b) It is impossible that they should already have left. c) It is possible that they have already left. 12. I don't believe that they did not recognize you. 13. It is likely that his comrades helped him; his English is quite decent now. 14. My students are certainly at a lecture now. 15. Is it possible that this old man is your brother? 16. The message was evidently delivered in time as we received an immediate answer. 17. Is it possible that you should not remember our talk?

Exercise 44 p. 131. Translate into English.

1. Он должен быть там завтра. 2. Он может быть там завтра. 3. Он, возможно, будет там завтра. 4. Он, возможно, был там вчера (не был). 5. Он, по всей вероятности, был там вчера. 6. Он должен был быть там вчера. 7. Не может быть, чтобы он был там вчера. 8. Возможно ли, чтобы он был там вчера? 9. Неужели он там был вчера? 10. Не может быть, чтобы это была правда. 11. Неужели это правда? 12. Это, должно быть, правда. 13. Возможно, это правда. 14. Кто знает? Может быть, это и правда. 15. Возможно, это была правда. 16. Это, очевидно, была правда. 17. Вы, вероятно, ошиблись. 18. Вы, должно быть, ошибаетесь. 19. Не может быть, чтобы вы ошиблись. 20. Неужели (возможно ли, чтобы) вы ошиблись? 21. Не может быть, чтобы они меня не поняли.

Exercise 45 p. 131. Translate into English. (Dictation-translation.)

a) 1. Как удачно! Еще пять минут — и мы могли бы не получить билетов. 2. Надо было поставить нас в известность, что вы не сможете сделать свое сообщение. Мы могли бы отложить обсуждение этого вопроса. 3. Вы могли бы предупредить меня, что не придете; мне бы не пришлось так долго вас ждать. 4. Незачем вам было ходить туда, они могли бы сами прийти. 5. Не надо было так разговаривать с ним: все же он постарше вас. 6. Надо было подумать об этом раньше: теперь уже этого не исправишь. 7. Экспедиция должна была зимовать в Арктике, но из-за неблагоприятных метеорологических условий вынуждена была вернуться в январе. 8. Нельзя ли мне задать вам несколько вопросов? 9. Не могли бы вы дать мне консультацию сегодня? 10. Неужели вы им поверили? Они скорее всего пошутили над вами.

b) I. Я не могу понять, почему Н. не пришел на совещание. Не может быть, чтобы он забыл о нем; он, вероятно, заболел. 2. После прохождения практики в школе каждый студент должен представить отчет. 3. Тебе придется много заниматься. Если бы ты мог приходить ко мне по воскресеньям, я бы с удовольствием занимался с тобой. 4. Если вы не хотите заниматься этим сегодня, вы можете закончить работу в течение завтрашнего дня. — Зачем же мне откладывать на завтра то, что я могу сделать сегодня! 5. В прошлом году я жил близко от института, и мне приходилось вставать не так рано, как сейчас. 6. Я думаю, что вам не следует обращать на это внимания. Стоит ли беспокоиться о пустяках? 7. Вы, должно быть, все читали эту книгу. Если нет, то вам следовало бы ее прочесть как можно скорее, чтобы вы могли обсудить ее на занятиях нашего кружка. 8. Вы все, вероятно, прочли книгу Голсуорси “Собственник”. Вам следует теперь прочитать критическую литературу. 9. Вам бы сле довало разговаривать с ребенком поласковее. 10. Эта машина, должно быть, отечественного производства. 11. Этот станок требует немедленного ремонта. 12. “Нужно ли мне повторить это правило, чтобы вы его записали?” -- спросил преподаватель у студентов. 13. По-моему, нам нужно подождать еще полчаса. Экскурсанты могут приехать следующим поездом. 14. Вы бы лучше послали ему письмо: он может не догадаться, что вас задерживают дела, и будет волноваться. 15. Не могли бы вы прочесть мою книгу к завтрашнему дню? Мне, может быть, придется завтра вечером уехать, и книга мне понадобится.

Exercise 46 p. 132. Pay attention to the negative meaning of the predicate groups and the use of the verbs must and can in them. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. a) You must have misunderstood him. b) You can't have understood him. 2. a) She can't have understood the rule. b) She must have failed to understand the rule. 3. a) The telegram can't have failed to reach them. b) The telegram must have reached them. 4. a) They can't have had much opportunity of warning you. b) They must have had little opportunity of warning you. 5. a) He must have entered the hall unseen. b) Nobody can have seen him enter the hall. 6. a) He can't have answered the letter. b) He must have left the letter unanswered.

Exercise 47 p. 132. Change the following sentences making them opposite in meaning in every way possible. (See Exercise 46.)

1. Everybody must have noticed that he was not used to speak­ing in public. 2. He must have written to them of his arrival in due time. 3. She must have bolted the door forgetting that I was to come later. 4. He must have a fair chance of winning, he is in good form. 5. The man must have understood me for he nodded his head. 6. She must have been quite conscious of having made a mistake. 7. They must have given us the correct information about the road. I can see all the landmarks they have spoken of. 8. The telegram must have certainly come in time. 9. She must have been very careful. She did not spill a drop of milk. 10. He must have done something about it, I see some changes in the design. 11. The dog must have recognized his master. It did not bark as we approached the house. 12. He must have been very experienced in sailing navigation. 13. He must be well aware of his clumsiness.

Exercise 48 p. 132. Translate the following sentences into English using the modal verbs must or can.

1. Он давно у нас не был. Ему, вероятно, не сказали, что мы уже в Москве. 2. Вы, должно быть, не узнали меня и поэтому не подошли ко мне. 3. Вы, наверно, и не пытались это сделать, иначе вы бы не говорили, что это очень легко. 4. Иностранец, очевидно, неправильно произнес название этого кушанья, и официант принес ему совсем другое. 5. Вы, должно быть, давно там не были. 6. Вам, наверно, ничего об этом не сказали. Иначе вы бы пришли раньше. 7. Они, должно быть, не опоздали на поезд. Иначе они бы уже вернулись. 8. По всей вероятности, они не попали на поезд, так как вышли из дому слишком поздно. 9. Он, наверно, так и не догадался, почему мы смеялись. 10. Вы, наверно, положили ключ не на то место, и я не смог войти в дом. 11. Вы, наверно, не узнали его. -- Я не мог не узнать его. Это, должно быть, был не он. 12. Их, очевидно, неправильно информировали. Они должны были прийти сегодня. 13. Хотя с 15 апреля введено новое расписание, для утренних поездов оно скорее всего не изменилось.

Exercise 49 p. 133. Translate into English.

В воскресенье утром я должна была пойти в библиотеку, чтобы готовиться к докладу, который мне предстояло сделать на уроке английского языка. Но я не смогла получить нужной мне книги, так как пришла поздно. Очевидно, какой-то другой студент взял ее до меня. Мне следовало прийти пораньше. Было досадно, что теперь мне придется прийти еще раз. Когда я уже собиралась уходить, ко мне подошла высокая женщина лет тридцати и сказала: “Ваше лицо кажется мне знакомым. Должно быть, мы с вами встречались, но я не помню где”. “Я тоже не помню, -- сказала я. — Возможно, мы встречались летом в каком-нибудь доме отдыха”. “Возможно. Не может быть, чтобы мы работали или учились вместе. Тогда мы бы должны были помнить друг друга лучше”.

Shall and Will

Exercise 50 p. 133. Analyse the modal meaning of shall and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The victory of peace can and shall be won. There shall be no war. 2. He shall do it whether he wants it or not. 3. Darling, I wouldn't let that child be chewing that pine stick if I were you. — ... There isn't any harm in the child's chewing a bit of pine stick if she wants to, and you know it perfectly well. And she shall chew it, too. So there, now! (Tw) 4. Higgins. Listen, Eliza, I think you said you came in a taxi. Eliza. Well, what if I did? I've as good a right to take a taxi as anyone else. Higgins. You have, Eliza, and in future you shall have as many taxis as you want. You shall go up and down and round the town in a taxi every day. Think of that, Eliza. (Sh.) 5. You shall answer for it! 6. "As long as I'm alive and have this house over my head," said Peggotty, "you shall find it as if I expected you here directly minute." (CD.) 7. I passed the night at Peggotty's in a little room in the roof, which was to be always mine, Peggotty said, and should always be kept for me in exactly the same state. (CD.) 8. "Now, here you see young David Copperfield, and the question I put to you is, what shall I do with him?" said my aunt. "Why, if I were you," said Mr. Dick, considering and looking vacantly at me, "I should wash him!" (CD.)

Exercise 51 p. 134. Analyse the meaning of will and would and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. "When I say I'll do a thing, I do it," said Mr. Creakle; "and when I say I will have a thing done, I will have it done." (CD.) 2. "My dear Master Copperfield," said Mrs. Micawber, "you can render me another kind of service, if you will; and a service I will thankfully accept of." (CD.) 3. ... I can't do what you ask, Arthur, but I will do what I can, I will arrange your escape. — Padre, wake up, and we will begin our life again! (V.) 4. С о k a n e. We'll leave in the morning, and do Mainz and Frankfurt. Trench. All right. You look out the trains, will you? (B. Sh.) 5. Trench. I won't have the relations between Miss Sartorius and myself made part of a bargain. (Sh.) 6. Jip showed his whole set of teeth, got under a chair, and would not hear of the least familiarity. He wouldn't let me touch him, when I tried. (CD.) 7. I had my own old mug with "David" on it, and my own old fork and knife that wouldn't cut. (CD.) 8. I was at liberty to do what I would, for three weeks or a month. 9. "Would you like to hear the petition read?" asked the captain. He would have read it twenty thousand times, if twenty thousand people would have heard him, one by one. (CD.) 10. "I think you are wrong, Uriah," I said. "I dare say there are several things that I could teach you, if you would like to learn them." (CD.) 11. What would I have given to have been sent to the hardest school that ever was kept! — to have been taught something, anyhow, anywhere! (CD.) 12. Blanche. I'm quite well, and I will not go abroad. Why will you bother me so about my health? (Sh.)

Exercise 52 p. 134. Compare the meaning and use of the modal verbs shall and will.

1. Sartorius. I am resolved that my daughter shall approach no circle in which she will not be received with the full consideration to which her education and her breeding entitle her. (Sh.) 2. Sartorius. And now, Dr. Trench, since you have acted handsomely you shall have no cause to complain of me. There shall be no difficulties about money: you shall entertain as much as you please. I will guarantee all that. (Sh.) 3. I will take care that it shall be all right. 4. I will call him to account, he shall pay dearly for this affront. (Sh.) 5. My boy shall not be worried, I will protect him. 6. "Come! I know what you mean," cried Mr. Wickfield, "you may pay for David if you like, Miss Trotwood. We won't be hard about terms but you shall pay if you will." (CD.)

Exercise 53 p. 135. Fill in the blanks with shall or will in the correct form.

I. "No harm A. be done to your child. I .c. see to it," the doctor tried to soothe the mother. 2. If you ... not take any steps, you ... never get rid of the malady. 3. May I go on with the work or ... I wait for further instructions. 4. He ... sit for hours reading, paying no attention to what was going on around him. 5. ... I help you with the work or will you manage it yourself? 6. Don't worry, everything ... be arranged as you want, I promise you. 7. We tried to persuade him, but he ... not listen to our arguments. 8. We waited for two hours, but the rain ... not stop. 9. I wish to ask a few questions, and shall be very much obliged if you ... answer them. 10. But remember this: what I can't have, no one else .... Do you understand? No one else! 11. Trench. I've a good mind never to speak to you again. Blanche. You ... not — not ever. I ... take care of that. (Sh.) 12. He ... always say something which makes us laugh. 13. He put the money in his pocket, and kindly told me not to make myself uneasy; he ... take care, it ... be all right. (CD.)

Exercise 54 p. 135. Analyse the verbs should and would. State whether they are auxiliary or modal.

1. I had two Indian girls to teach. Their parents were old-fashioned and would not send them to school. (AB) 2. "I do wish," June cried, "Uncle Timothy wouldn't talk about what doesn't concern him!" (Gls.) 3. Old Jolyon would sit for long spells brooding, his papers unread, a cigar between his lips. (Gls.) 4. It is really quite a coincidence that Traddles should be here at all. (Ch. D.) 5. Peggotty was resolved that it should be quietly done. (Ch. D.) 6. During my recital, she kept her eyes on Mr. Dick, who, I thought, would have gone to sleep but for that ... (CD.) 7. I didn't like him or his deep voice, and I was jealous that his hand should touch my mother's in touching me, which it did. (CD.) 8. "Then, you see, Clara," returns Miss Murdstone, "you should just give him the book back, and make him know it." (CD.) 9. As she would not hear of staying to dinner lest she should by any chance fail to arrive at home before dark, some lunch was provided for her there. (CD.) 10. If you would come and see us any afternoon and take a cup of tea at our dwelling, mother would be as proud of your company as I should be. 11. I told him humbly that I wanted money, and that nothing else was of any use to me, but that I would wait for it, as he desired, outside, and had no wish to hurry him. 12. By the-by, I should hardly have thought before, that he could wink. 13. Here I sit at the desk again ... my head is as heavy as so much lead. I would give the world to go to sleep. 14. She told me that everything would be arranged for me by Mr. Wickfield, and that I should want for nothing. (CD.)

Exercise 55 p.136. Insert would or should.

1. I left the young man to go where he ... with my box and money. (CD.) 2. My aunt ... not hear of staying to dinner, lest she ... by any chance fail to arrive at home with the grey pony before dark. (CD.) 3. "But that it ... have been you who saw me drunk!" said I to Agnes. (CD.) 4. Mr. Micawber was anxious that I ... stay to dinner. (CD.) 5. I was awkward enough in their games, and backward enough in their studies (at school); but custom ... improve me in the first respect, I hoped, and hard work in the second. (CD.) 6. "... you know how to buy mutton (if asked to)?" I ... repeat. Dora ... think a little and then reply. (CD.) 7. Algernon. The fact is, I have just had a telegram to say that my poor friend Bunbury is very ill again. They seem to think I ... be with him. (O.W.) 8. I think that in both our interests it ... be extremely undesirable that matters ... be so left at this stage. I did not mean to say that if you ... exceed the sum named in my letter to you by ten or twenty or even fifty pounds, there ... be any difficulty between us. This being so, I ... like you to reconsider your answer. (Gls.) 9. "Don't look at the clock," Sarie told herself over and over again. But her eyes ... stray to the clock; ... watch the slowness of the minutes, ... count them in their weary, unhurried journey. (Ab)

Exercise 56 p. 136. Translate the following sentences using shall, will, should or would.

1. Вы этого не сделаете. Запомните это! 2. Я сделаю эту работу к сроку, хотя бы мне и пришлось не спать всю ночь. 3. Магазин, должно быть, еще открыт. Если вы поторопитесь, вы успеете купить хлеб. 4. Он сказал, что ему придется уехать через несколько дней, но мы и слушать не хотели. 5. Бесполезно доказывать ему, что вы правы; его никогда нельзя убедить. Он очень упрямый. 6. Но это ни в коей мере не касается его. Незачем было ему вмешиваться (с какой стати было ему вмешиваться). 7. Сейчас, должно быть, довольно поздно. 8. Вы ответите за ваши действия. 9. Вам придется держать экзамен еще раз. Вам надо обратить больше внимания на синтаксис. 10. Вам бы следовало предупредить нас (дать нам знать), что вы не придете. Мы бы не ждали вас. 11. Зря (напрасно) вы не прочитали “Мертвые души”, перед тем как пойти в театр. Вы бы получили двойное удовольствие от спектакля. Вы бы почувствовали стиль и дух произведения. 12. Я лег и пытался заснуть, но сон не шел. 13. Вы бы только видели ее лицо, когда она услышала эту новость. 14. Какое упражнение мне читать раньше, на двадцатой странице или на двадцать второй? -- Можете начать с любого. 15. Вы прекрасно знали, что это бесполезно, и все же это делали.

Exercise 57 p. 137. State the meaning of will (would) and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. M a x w e l l. There'll be a lot of Negro soldiers coming back. We have to bear that in mind. A l i c e. Some of them will be bad; they will have been corrupted. (G. and d'U.) 2. In these days, Miss, as you will have noticed, one thing comes on the top of another, and people haven't the memories they had. (Gls.) 3. "Dear me!" he said. "It's past one. The moments slip away so that it's almost half past one. The house that I am stopping at will have gone to bed these two hours." (CD.) 4. The children recognized the voices of the men, who would have been sent after them with promise of a reward if they brought them back. (Lnd.) 5. A voice said: "I don't see any footprints. The snow would have covered them." (Sxt) 6. Locate her if you can. She will be under cover somewhere. (E. G.) 7. She was gone, she was lost to him, she would be in England by this time. (Cn) 8. Age will tell.

REVISION EXERCISES

Exercise 58 p. 137. Analyse the modal verbs.

The daughter. I'm getting chilled to the bone. What can Freddy be doing all this time? He's been gone twenty minutes. The mother. Not so long. But he ought to have got us a cab by this.

A bystander. He won't get no cab, not until half past eleven, missus, when they come after dropping their theatre fares.

The mother. But we must have a cab. We can't stand here until half past eleven. It's too bad.

The bystander. Well, it ain't my fault, missus.

The daughter. If Freddy had a bit of gumption, he would have got one at the theatre door.

The mother. What could he have done, poor boy?

The daughter. Other people got cabs. Why couldn't he?

 [Freddy rushes in out of the rain.]

The daughter. Well, haven't you got a cab? Freddy. There is not one to be had for love or money. The mother. O, Freddy, there must be one. You can't have tried.

The daughter. It's too tiresome. Do you expect us to go and get one ourselves.

Freddy. I tell you they're all engaged. The rain was so sudden: nobody was prepared; and everybody had to take a cab. I've been to Charing Cross one way and nearly to Ludgate Circus the other; and they were all engaged ...

The mother. You really are very helpless, Freddy. Go again and don't come back until you have found a cab, Freddy.

Freddy. I shall simply get soaked for nothing.

The daughter. And what about us? Are we to stay here all night in this draught, with next to nothing on? You selfish pig. (Sh.)

Exercise 59 p. 138. Use modal verbs and the appropriate form of the infinitive. Retell the extract.

Then, as though her mind had been struck by a delicate hammer that jarred her sensibilities into abrupt awareness, she thought: something ... (to be wrong)! He ... (to be home)!

She lay still. What ... (to happen)? ... she (to be) anxious? "But it's so late!" She answered herself. Princey never came home from his Sunday meetings much after midnight.

And he had said that he would return early that night. The church bell struck twice, telling her that it was already two. She had forgotten that their clock was a little slow, and somehow the added minutes seemed to make his absence more pronounced. Of course the auto ... (to break down), she thought. Or ... they (to have) an accident? Somewhat tensely she argued against that. If they had had, the police would have notified her, Princey always kept an identification card in his wallet. But what ... it (to be) then? If only people had telephones! It ... (to be) a matter of a minute to clear things up by calling Jess or William Carmichael.

If he came home now, she told herself pettishly, and merely explained that he had been out gassing somewhere, she would throw the kettle of hot water in his face. How ... he (to upset) her like this?

The church clock struck once for the quarter hour. She ... no longer (to evade) the conviction that something ... (to happen) to him. She began to dress. Why ... she (to sit) at home, worrying, when she ... (to go) over there and find out. It ... (to be) almost two-twenty. She ... (to hurry). If she should miss that bus, there ... not (to be) another until three o'clock. (After A. Maltz)

Exercise 60 p . 139. Translate into English.

1. Мы бы, возможно, опоздали на пароход, если бы поехали вечерним поездом. 2. Я бы ни за что не взял свои слова обратно, даже если бы он извинился передо мной. 3. Может быть, она и была на концерте, но я ее не видела. 4. Он не должен быть в это время дома; он, очевидно, еще работает. 5. Напрасно ты сказала ей об этом. Тебе надо было промолчать. 6. Не может быть, чтобы он не слышал о нашем решении, но я все же скажу ему об этом сама. 7. Он, должно быть, не успел еще прочитать эту книгу или, возможно, не достал ее. 8. Он просил предупредить, что вам, возможно, придется подождать еще дня два-три, прежде чем он сможет вас принять. 9. Операция должна была быть сделана 10-го, но, ввиду плохого состояния больного, ее пришлось отложить на неопределенное время. 10. Незачем было вам это делать вчера; вы могли бы сделать это сегодня. 11. Он, должно быть, приготовил перевод заранее. 12. Он, должно быть, не готовил перевода заранее. 13. Он, вероятно, не успел подготовить перевод и был (будет) вынужден потратить на него все воскресенье, так как его нужно закончить к следующей неделе. 14. Он, вероятно, не смог закончить перевод или, возможно, не знал, что его нужно подготовить к началу следующей недели.

Exercise 61 p. 139. Translate into English the parts of the sentence given in brackets using modal verbs.

1. Do you think we (смогли бы добраться) home by nine? 2. I had never ceased to write to Peggotty, but (должно быть прошло) seven years since we had met. 3. (Могу ли я сделать) as I like or (я должна делать) as you like? 4. "Now listen to me!" he said; "I'll tell you a few things that you (должен был бы опросить) before starting out." 5. "I'm sorry about Mabel," said Isaac. Lanny shrugged: "I suppose it (должно было случиться)." 6. When you came here I told you you were free to come and go as you please, but you (не должна была навещать) Old Tante. 7. "She knows," Sarie thought; "She knows, but (ни за что не расскажет)." 8. Mr. Barkis, the carrier, (должен был заехать) for me in the morning at nine o'clock. 9. That book was one of those that one (должен был бы прочитать). 10. Somebody has been talking; (кто бы это мог быть)? 11. (Незачем было волноваться), everything has turned out all right. 12. Frequently he (можно было застать) in the garden bent over his flowers. 13. I believe he was always afraid they (могут посмеяться) at him. 14. She protested but he (не хотел и слушать) to her protests. 15. It had been arranged between them that whichever woke up first, before six (должен был позвать) the other by knocking on the wall. 16. Lanny opened his eyes and looked at the smiling young woman who leaned over him. (Это, вероятно, Мейбл), he thought. 17. I think he (мог бы подождать) till I came back.

Exercise 62 p. 140. Translate into English.

1. Вы можете не приносить статью сегодня: все равно ее будут печатать только завтра. 2. Вы можете не приносить статью сегодня, хотя я собирался прочесть ее вечером. Но завтра утром она должна быть у меня. 3. Ты напрасно спрашивала соседей: я нашел книгу на твоем письменном столе. 4. Ты напрасно не спросил тогда соседей: книга может быть у них, а теперь они ушли. 5. Ему даже не нужно было называть своей фамилии: его и так все хорошо знали. 6. Ему не нужно было называть своей фамилии так громко: это привлекло излишнее внимание. 7. Вы могли бы закончить рисунок к вечеру, и газета вышла бы вовремя. 8. Чтобы не задерживать выпуск газеты, вам следовало закончить рисунок к вечеру. 9. Он мог бы сделать это и один, но вдвоем они закончили работу, конечно, намного быстрее. 10. Он мог бы сходить туда сам; ему незачем было посылать вас, вы все же постарше его. 11. Товарищи, с какой стати мы будем ждать одного человека так долго? Он должен был прийти в пять, а теперь уже шесть. 12. He могу понять, что могло с ним случиться; он всегда такой аккуратный. 13. Возможно, какая-нибудь срочная работа задержала его или, может быть, он забыл, что должен прийти сюда. 14. Вряд ли возможно, чтобы он забыл о нашей встрече: он сам назначил день и время. 15. Не могу ли я попросить вас сделать это сегодня? — Даже не просите. Я уже сказал вам, что, возможно, не сумею сделать даже то, что я должен сделать в первую очередь. Я охотно помогу вам, но только в другое время. 16. Не могли бы вы сделать это сегодня? - Нет, не могу. У меня очень много работы. И вообще с какой стати я должен откладывать то, что я должен делать, и делать то, чего не должен? 17. Могу я видеть капитана Иванова? — Подождите, он должен сейчас прийти. 18. Где я могу найти капитана Иванова? — Он, должно быть, в соседней комнате. 19. Неужели он действительно так смутился? — Конечно, и даже покраснел. Вы бы взглянули на него в этот момент. 20. Он не так уж застенчив. Возможно, ваш вопрос был неожиданным и привел его в замешательство. 21. Вы могли бы предупредить его заранее и не ставить его в такое неловкое положение. 22. Он, очевидно, не уловил вашей мысли. Вам следовало бы подробно объяснить свою точку зрения. 23. Вряд ли он был искренен, когда отказался ехать с вами на юг. Все его поведение говорило о том, что он только об этом и мечтает. -- Возможно, родители не разрешили ему ехать. Напрасно вы сами не поговорили с ними. 24. Зря вы бросили эту работу и принялись за другую. Ведь вы были так близки к цели. 25. Почему ее нет? Неужели она обиделась и решила не приходить? 26. Нужно было бы мне спросить у вас об этом раньше. Оказалось, что я зря ездил на вокзал и стоял в очереди. Билеты можно было заказать по телефону. 27. Мне не пришлось долго искать твой дом, так как я встретил твоего соседа по квартире и мы пришли вместе. 28. Жаль, что мы не пробыли в Ленинграде дольше. Так и не пришлось осмотреть весь город. 29. Почему ты так рано? Ты ведь собирался закончить доклад. -- Мне не пришлось сегодня это сделать. Библиотека закрыта; пришлось отложить работу на завтра. 30. Почему ты так рано? -- Нам не пришлось долго заседать: все вопросы решили быстро.

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