Famous higher education institutions of Russia

 

1. Lomonosov Moscow State University was established by a decree of Russian Empress Elizabeth on January 25 1755.January 25 is still celebrated as Student`s Day in Russia. In 1940 it was named after Academician Mikhail Lomonosov (1711 - 1765), an outstanding Russian scientist, who greatly contributed to the establishment of the university in Moscow. It is one of the oldest and largest Russian institutions of higher education. It also claims to have the tallest educational building in the world.

2. Saint Petersburg State University is one of the oldest, largest and most prestigious universities in Russia. Among the renowned scholars of the second half of the 19th century affiliated with the university were chemists Dmitri Mendeleev and physiologist Ivan Sechenov. It is disputed by the university administration whether Saint Petersburg State University orMoscow State University by Lomonosov is the oldest higher education institution in Russia. It has been in continuous operation since 1819, itself claims to be the successor of the university established on January 24, 1724 by a decree of Peter the Great.

3. Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO) was founded on 14 October 1944. It is the diplomatic school of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. It is the oldest and the most famous (renowned) school in Russia for preparing specialists in international relations and diplomacy. Nowadays many of its current students are from families of political, economic and intellectual elites in Russia. It is also known for having one of the best teaching team in Europe, many of whom were ambassadors or ministers. MGIMO is considered one of the top four leaders-preparing institutions representing three different political systems in the world: Harvard`s John F. Kennedy School of Government and Yale Law School Y in the US, Sciences Po Paris in France, and MGIMO in Russia.

4. Moscow State Linguistic University was establishedin 1804. It is the largest and the oldest university in Russia that specializes in linguistics and foreign languages. Education is available on 35 languages.

5. The Peoples' Friendship University of Russia was founded in 1960. It is an educational and research institution consistently ranked by the Ministry of Education of Russia as the country's third-best university after Moscow State University and Saint Petersburg State University.

6. Moscow State Technical University n.a. N.E. Bauman (MSTU) was established in 1830 as Imperial Vocational School (Ремесленное училище, ) by a decree of Emperor Nicolas I. Bauman MSTU is one of the oldest and largest Russian technical universities offering B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in various engineering fields and applied sciences (прикладная наука)

7. Moscow State University of Railway Engineering is one of the oldest and largest higher education institutions in Moscow and the leading largest higher education institutions in the field of railway transport in Russia. It was founded at 1896 on the command of the His imperial Majesty Nicolas II.

8. The Finance Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation is considered as the third best university in Russia and one of the oldest Russian universities preparing economists, financiers, bankers and financial lawyers. The history of the Finance Academy started on December 1918. In 2009 the Finance Academy celebrated 90 years of its history.

9. The I.M. Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy (MMA) is the oldest and the largest national medical higher educational institution in the Russian Federation. It was founded in 1758 as the faculty of medicine of Imperial Moscow University. From 1955 the Institute bears the name of Ivan M. Sechenov, the outstanding Russian scientist and physiologist. Moscow Medical Academy develops extensive scientific cooperation with medical research and training centres abroad. The I.M. Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy is rating among the best medical schools of the world. In 2008 the academy celebrated its anniversary – 250 years.

10. Moscow State Law Academy (MSLA) is the recognized leader in the Russian Federation in teaching and research in every branch of law. The Academy’s history goes back to December 1931. The Academy aims at preparing highly qualified lawyers to work in all walks of life: courts, prosecutors’ offices, law enforcement and correctional institutions, state and administrative bodies, advocacy, public notary offices as well as in consultancy and advisory services.

№ 6: BRITAIN AND THE COMMONWEALTH

 

Britain is an active member of the Commonwealth, a voluntary association of 51 independent states which originated in the progressive dismantling of the British Empire after 1945.

The present members of the Commonwealth have many different styles of government. Some of the countries such as Canada, are monarchies and recognize the Queen as their Head of State; others, such as India, choose their own Heads of State; some countries, such as the Falkland Islands, are British colonies rely on Britain for defence. All of the countries recognize the Queen as the Head of the Commonwealth; she is also head of State in 16 member countries. Consultation between members takes place through official meetings, as well as through diplomatic representatives and non-governmental organisations and other international discussions. Britain provides 30 per cent of the finances for the Commonwealth Secretariat and about 30 per cent for the Commonwealth Fund for Technical Co-operation, which provides expertise to all developing countries within the Commonwealth.

 

SYMBOLS OF GREAT BRITAIN

London is the capital of England. The national anthem of the UK is ‘God save the Queen.’

The symbol of the country is BRITANIA, the female embodiment wearing a helmet and holding the trident (the symbol of power over sea). The figure of BRITANIA has been on the riverside of many British coins for more than 300 years.

Britain’s flag is called the “Union Jack”. There are really three flags on the top of each other. The red cross is on the white background of St George for England. Saint George’s Day is celebrated on 23 April. The white “X” is on the blue background of St Andrew for Scotland. Saint Andrew’s Day is celebrated on 30 November. The red “X” on white background of St Patrick for Ireland. Saint Patrick’s Day is celebrated on 17 March.

The Welsh flag shows a dragon. It isn’t represented on the British flag. Saint David is the patron saint of Wales. St David’s day is celebrated on 1 March.

It is worth remembering that the Union Jack is more popular in England than in Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The reason is that the Welsh, Scottish and Irish do not like being reminded of the time when they lost their independence to England.

In 1603 James V1 of Scotland (Stuart) became also James 1 of England when Queen Elizabeth1 of England died without children. In 1651 Scotland was united with England. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland

In 1301 after defeating the native princes of Wales, King Edward 1 of England named his son Prince of Wales. In 1536 Wales was brought into the English system of national and local government by the Act of Union. Cardiff is the capital of Wales.

Only in 1800 an act of Union between Great Britain and Ireland was signed. Belfast is the capital of Ireland.

 

LANGUAGES

Most British people speak English, but Gaelic is also spoken in the west and north of Scotland and in the Northern Ireland. Welsh is spoken by over half a million people in Wales.

 

THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND

Country	Capital	People	Language	Symbol	Patron saint
England	London	the English	English	a red rose	St. George
Scotland	Edinburgh	the Scots	English/ Gaelic	a thistle	St. Andrew
Wales	Cardiff	the Welsh	English/ Welsh	a daffodil	St. David
Northern Ireland	Belfast	the Irish	English	a shamrock	St Patrick

 

THE QUEEN AND PARLIAMENT

The Queen’s constitutional role is mainly symbolic. The Queen and the royal family continue to take part in many traditional ceremonies. Their visits to many other countries attract considerable interest and publicity, and they are also closely involved in the work of many charities.

PARLIAMENT

 

Only members of Commons are known as MPs –Members of Parliament. The Commons is more important of the two Houses. Unlike MPs, members of the House of Lords (‘peers’) are not elected. The modern House of Lords has little real power nowadays. The power to refuse a proposal for a law ( which has been agreed by the Commons) is limited.

A proposed law (a bill) has to go through three stages (readings) to become an Act of Parliament. If the majority of MPs vote for the bill, it is sent to the House of Lords. When the Lords agree it is taken to the Queen for Royal assent.

 

POLITICAL PARTIES

Conservative - партия Консерваторов

Labour - партия Лейбористов

Liberal Democrat – партия Либерал демократов

Welsh Nationalists - партия Уэльса

Scottish National - Шотландская национальная партия

Ulster Unionist (Northern Ireland) – Демократическая Юнионистская

The Prime Minister is David Cameron (May 2010)

The Deputy Minister is Nick Clegg

RELIGION

The Church of England, which was separated from the Roman Catholic in the 16^th century, is the Established Church (Anglican)

FOREIGN AFFAIRS

Britain has diplomatic relations with 169 countries. The UK is the member of some 120 inter-national organisations, including the European Community (EC); the United Nations (UN), where it is a permanent member of the Security Council; the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); and the Commonwealth.

Britain’s principal agency for cultural relations overseas is the British Council.

The UK is fully committed to the principles of the United Nations and its Charter, maintaining peace, assist developing countries and protect human rights and freedom.

 

LONDON

London was founded in the first century A.D. by the Romans. In the 11th century it became the capital of England. Medieval London grew as a trading centre and in 1215 its citizens won the right to elect their own leader, the Lord Mayor.

London is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, its political, economic and commercial centre. It is the largest city in Europe. The population of London is about 7.4 million of people. The river Thames on which London stands is navigable and that played an important part in the city’s development. London consists of 33 separate boroughs (districts). Traditionally London is divided into several parts: the City, Westminster, The West End, and the East End.

The heart of London is the City, its financial and business centre. The Bank of London and the Stock are in the City too. Among the multitude of London streets there are well-known streets even outside the City. Oxford Street and Regent Street are major shopping areas, Fleet Street continuous to be used as a synonym for the British press. Downing Street 8 is the official residence of the Prime Minister. Buckingham Palace is the Queen’s official London residence.

Everybody knows the double-decker buses of England, and the most famous red ones have run through London since 1956. The London Underground, or the Tube, runs both above and below the ground. It is the oldest and the biggest underground system in the world- its operations began in 1863.

№ 7: THE UNITED STTES OF AMERICA

The USA is made up of 50 states and the District of Columbia, a special federal district for the capital of the country. The largest state is Alaska, while the Rhode Island is the smallest American State. Hawaii became the fiftieth and last state in 1959.

On July 4, thirteen North American colonies declared their independence; they finally gained independence from Britain in1783. They formed the United States of America. In 1789 the American democratic government was established and George Washington was elected the first president of the USA.

There is no state church in the USA, and there is a strict separation of church and state. But the freedom of religion became a basic right in America, according to the First Amendment to the Constitution (1791).

 

WASHINGTON (D.C.)

 

Washington is the capital of the USA. It is situated in the District of Columbia. A special district, named after Christopher Columbus, was created for the American capital. The city was named so in the memory of George Washington, the first president of the USA. Washington is also called as ‘one-industry city’, because it is the home of the federal government.

The White House, where the US President lives and works, the Capitol, the home of the US Congress, and the Supreme Court, are all situated in Washington. The largest library of the USA, the Library of Congress, is also there. International organizations such as the Organsation of American States and the World Bank are in Washington too.

There are several universities in Washington; the oldest one is Georgetown University. It is private.

Washington has a subway and public buses but private cars are the most important means of transport.

 

 

№ 8: International Organisations in details

Europe day, 9 May

 

On 9 May 1950 the first move was made towards the creation of what is now known as the European Union. The French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman read to the international press a declaration calling France, Germany and other European countries to pool together their coal and steel production as " the first concrete foundation of a European federation". What he proposed was the creation of a supranational European Institution, charged with the management of the coal and steel industry, the very sector which was, at that time, the basis of all military power.

Everything, therefore, began that day. That is why during the Milan Summit of EU leaders in 1985 it was decided to celebrate 9 May as " Europe Day".

Today, the 9th of May has become a European symbol (Europe Day) which, along with the flag, the anthem, the motto and the single currency (the euro), identifies the political entity of the European Union. Europe Day is the occasion for activities and festivities that bring Europe closer to its citizens and peoples of the Union closer to one another.

 

The European Flag

It is the symbol not only of the European Union but also of Europe's unity and identity in a wider sense. The circle of gold stars represents solidarity and harmony between the peoples of Europe.

The number of stars has nothing to do with the number of Member States. There are twelve stars because the number twelve is traditionally the symbol of perfection, completeness and unity. The flag therefore remains unchanged regardless of the EU enlargements.

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