IX. Translate the text using a dictionary.

Text C. EVOLUTION OF THE HEART

Beginning with the invertebrates, the lowest members of the animal kingdom, the heart is a simple propulsive muscular tube. In the fish the heart has evolved into a chambered organ with an atrium, or receiving chamber, and a ventricle, a thick-walled pumping chamber. This development was necessary because the vertebrates of which the fish are the lowest class have a more complicated structure and are generally larger than the invertebrates and require more oxygen. With the development of lungs in the higher vertebrates the atrium became divided into two parts by the formation of a dividing wall called septum. Thus, in man and other animals with a four-chambered heart blood from the body cells enters the heart at the right atrium, and from here it passes into the right ventricle from which the blood is pumped through the pulmonary artery towards the lungs. The oxygenated blood is carried back to the heart through the pulmonary veins which empty into the left atrium. From the left atrium the blood passes into the left ventricle which then pumps it into the aorta for the distribution throughout the body.

X. Complete the sentences:

1. An atrium is …

2. A ventricle is a …

3. The septum is …

4. Blood enters the heart …

5. Then it passes...

6. The blood is pumped … towards the lungs.

7. The oxygenated blood is carried back to the heart …

8. They empty …

9. The left ventricle pumps the blood …

 

XI. Translate the sentences paying attention to the words in the bold type:

1. The atria collect blood returning to the heart.

2. The ventricles are larger than the atria and the left one is more conical.

3. The body uses food and oxygen carried by the blood.

4. This deoxygenated blood collects in the right atrium.

5. The blood returning to the heart has no oxygen.

6. The function of the liver is different from that of the heart.

7. One of the most interesting problems in medicine is that of pathogenesis.

8. Metabolic diseases are those in which certain physiological processes become

disturbed.

9. You are to know physiology as well as anatomy.

10. There are four chambers in the heart: two smaller ones, the arteries, and two

larger ones, the ventricles.

Тест для самоконтроля 2

1. Укажите пары слов, подходящие по смыслу.

a. thick a. chamber

b. inner b. coat

c. left c. blood

d. carry d. wall

e. organ

2. Укажите противоположные по смыслу слова.

a. inner a. contract

b. thick b. hollow

c. dilate c. outer

d. male d. thin

e. female

3. Вставьте в предложение подходящее по смыслу слово.

The cardiovascular system is the system of … circulation.

4. Ответьте на вопрос.

How many valves are there in the heart?

5. Выберете правильный вариант.

Where is the mitral valve located?

a. in the left camber between the ventricle and atrium

b. in the right camber between the ventricle and atrium

c. in the left camber at the point of origin of the aorta

d. in the right camber at the point of origin of the pulmonary artery

6. Вставьте в предложение подходящее по смыслу слово.

The … divides the heart into two separate chambers.

7. Укажите лишнее по смыслу слово.

a. heart b. liver c. lung d. coat

8. Раскройте скобки.

Aorta is the … (large) vessel in the body.

9. Укажите предложение, в котором слово с окончанием -ed выполняет роль определения.

a. Heart chambers are divided by the septum.

b. They called this valve the atrioventricular valve.

c. The human heart is the organ placed within the chest.

d. In the fish the heart has evolved into the organ with two chambers.

10. Укажите предложение, в котором слово that является заменителем существительного.

a. We know that capillaries are the smallest vessels of the body.

b. The vessels that carry blood to and from the tissues of the body compose the general system.

c. The function of arteries is different from that of the veins.

d. The scientist called that paper “Evolution of the heart”.

 

LESSON 13

Грамматика: функции причастия I; функции слова one; повторение

временных форм Simple Active, Continuous Active, Simple Passive

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

I. Прочтите слова, определите части речи и переведите их:

vascular, circulation, importance, impossible, muscular, finally, regulate, treatment, numerous, anatomist, lateral, substance, length, movement, subcutaneous, passage, fibrous, separate, gradually, general, pulmonary, cavity, condition

 

II. Прочтите следующие слова и дайте их русские эквиваленты:

respiratory [ris’pQirqtqri], lateral [‘lqetqrql], mediastinum [, mJdiqs’tQinqm], pleura [‘pluqrq], lobular [‘lObjulq], external [eks’tWnl], serous [‘siqrqs], visceral [‘visqrql], conical [‘kOnikl], diaphragm [‘dQiqfrqem], nose [nouz], pharynx [‘fqeriNks], larynx [‘lqeriNks], trachea [trq’kJq], bronchus [‘brONkqs] (pl. bronchi [‘brONkQi]), alveolus [qel’viqlqs] (pl. alveoli [qel’viqlQi]), oxygen [‘OksiGqn], parenchyma [pq’reNkimq]

III. Выучите новые слова и словосочетания:

carbon dioxide [‘kRbqn dQi’OksQId] – углекислый газ

voice [vois] - голос

to cover [‘kAvq] – покрывать, закрывать

shape – форма, очертание

spongy [‘spAnGi] – пористый, губчатый

border [‘bLdq] – граница. край

to extend [iks’tend] – простираться, увеличиваться

upward [‘Apwqd] - вверх

above [q’bAv] – над, выше

through [TrH] – через, сквозь

to vary [‘vFqri] – менять(ся), изменять(ся)

lobe - доля

heavy [‘hevi] – тяжелый, плотный

capacity [kq’pqesiti] – емкость, объем

vital capacity of the lungs – жизненная емкость легких

infant [‘infqnt] - - младенец, ребенок

pale - бледный

colour [‘kAlq] - цвет

layer [‘leiq] – слой, листок (плевры)

proper [‘prOpq] – собственный, правильный, соответствующий

to breathe [brJD] - дышать

environment [in’vQiqrqnmqnt] – окружающая среда

 

IV. Вставьте необходимые слова, данные ниже:

1.The aorta … from the upper part of the left ventricle. 2. The shape of the vessels … when they dilate. 3. The left lung consists of two…. 4. The right lung is … than the left one. 5. The lungs are conical in …. 6. The lungs are … with the pleura. 7. In adults the … of the lungs becomes darker. 8. The parenchyma is a … substance of the lungs.

varies, proper, covered, lobe, colour, extends, shape, heavier

 

V. Прочтите, определите видо-временную форму сказуемого и переведите предложения:

1. The aorta begins at the upper part of the left ventricle.

2. New experimental findings were determined by the young scientist.

3. The patient is receiving treatment in the surgical department.

4. There are two lungs in the human body.

5. The lungs are covered with the pleura.

6. The vital capacity of the lungs will be estimated during the examination.

7. We breathe through the lungs from which the oxygen is distributed to all parts of

the body.

8. The new technique is becoming useful in clinical diagnosis.

9. The heart pumps the blood into the lungs by circulatory system and from the left

chamber the blood is pumped into the aorta.

10. To make respiration deep the number of the opened alveoli and capillaries must

increase.

 

VI. Прочтите, определите функцию причастия I и переведите предложения:

1. Being at the sanatorium the patient began to feel much better. 2. I went to speak to the doctor treating my sister. 3. The changing condition of the patient became worse yesterday. 4. The skeletal muscles moving the body are contracted. 5. Moving the body the skeletal muscles are contracted. 6. Scientists are developing new techniques to perform operations on the heart. 7. The cardiovascular system consisting of the heart and blood vessels is a transportation system. 8. The endocrine system is the system regulating activities of the body. 9. They will be working in the laboratory in the morning on Friday. 10. The fibrous bands forming the muscular structure of the heart are divided into two groups. 11. Carrying blood to and from the lungs the vessels of the pulmonary system dilate and contract simultaneously (одновременно) with the action of the heart. 12. Now he is receiving the treatment at the surgical department. 13. The semilunar valve is the dividing portion at the point of origin of the aorta in the left ventricle.

VII. Прочтите, определите функцию слова one и переведите предложения:

1. One knows that bronchitis can become chronic.

2. Blood consists of thrombocytes, white cells and red ones.

3. In the journal there is one article describing the method of examination of bronchi.

4. One takes oxygen from the environment.

5. Fever is an objective symptom and headache is a subjective one.

6. One can live longer without food than without sleep.

7. Penicillin is one of the most important antibiotics.

8. One knows that the level of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is constant.

9. The left ventricle is longer and more conical than the right one.

10. One thinks of respiration as the mechanical process of breathing.

11. The right lung is heavier than the left one.

12. One must remember that air is full of bacteria.

VIII. Прочтите и переведите текст:

Text A. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

The term “respiration” means the exchange of gases which takes place between the living organism and the environment. The respiratory system is the system that brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide. One calls this process respiration or breathing.

The main organs of breathing are the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi. Air is breathed through the nose or the mouth into the oral cavity, or pharynx. It then passes through the voice box, or larynx into the windpipe, or trachea. The trachea ultimately divides into two smaller tubes, bronchi, one is going to each lung.

The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. There are two lungs in the human body. They are two spongy organs located in the lateral cavities of the chest. The lungs are separated from each other by the mediastinum. The lungs are covered with the pleura. They are conical in shape. Each lung has the base, apex, two borders and three surfaces.

The lung has the apex extending upward 3-4 centimetres (cm) above the level of the first rib. The base of the lung is located in the convex (выпуклый) surface of the diaphragm. The posterior borders of the lungs are on each side of the spinal column. The anterior border is thin and overlaps ( перекрывать) the pericardium.

The weight of the lungs varies according to many conditions. In the adult male the weight of the lungs is about 1, 350 gr. The right lung is about 15% heavier than the left one. The vital capacity of the lungs is 3.5-4 litres in the male and 3-3.5 litres in the female.

The right lung consisting of three lobes is heavier than the left one because the latter consists only of two lobes. The lower lobe of the left lung is larger than the upper one.

In infants the lungs are of a pale rose colour but later they become darker.

The lung consists of an external serous coat, the visceral layer of the pleura, a subserous elastic tissue and the parenchyma or proper substance of the lungs.

 

TASKS

I. Translate the following words and word combinations:

обмен газами, между живыми организмами и окружающей средой, выводит углекислый газ, губчатые органы, боковые полости грудной клетки, отделяются друг от друга, покрыты плеврой, конусообразной формы, границы и поверхности, над уровнем, передние и задние границы, вес легких, жизненная емкость легких, у взрослого мужчины, бледно розовый цвет, собственное вещество легких

II. Complete the sentences:

1.The term “respiration” means the ….

2. The respiratory system brings … into the body and removes ….

3. The … are the main organs of the respiratory system.

4. The lungs are located in the ….

5. The lungs are separated by the ….

6. The lungs are covered by the ….

7. The … of the lungs is about 1, 350 gr.

8. The … of the lungs is 3-4 litres.

9. The right lung consists of three ….

10. The … is the proper substance of the lungs.

III. Combine the adjectives with the proper nouns given below:

subserous, inner, lateral, respiratory, pale, human, spinal, anterior, vital, lower, proper, conical

surface, colour, body, coat, column, border, capacity, shape, organs, system, lobe, substance

IV. Fill in the proper preposition:

1. The lungs are located … the lateral cavities of the chest. 2. The lungs are separated from each other … the mediastinum. 3. The lungs are covered … the pleura. 4. The left lung consists … two lobes. 5. The weight of the lung varies according … many conditions. 6. The lungs are conical … shape. 7. The apex of the lung extends … the level of the first rib. 8. We breathe … the lungs. 9.... infants the lungs are of a pale rose colour.

 

V. Make up questions to the underlined words:

1. The term “respiration” means the exchange of gases.

2. Exchange of gases takes place between the living organisms and the environment.

3. One calls the exchange of gases respiration.

4. Air is breathed through the nose or the mouth.

5. The lungs are the most important organs of the respiratory system.

6. The lungs are located in the lateral cavities of the chest.

7. The lungs are covered with the pleura.

8. The vital capacity of the lungs is about 3-4 litres.

9. The left lung consists of two lobes.

10. In infants the lungs are of a pale rose colour.

VI. Express your agreement or disagreement with the following:

1. The respiratory system is the system that brings carbon dioxide into the body and

removes oxygen.

2. Air is breathed through the nose or the mouth into the oral cavity.

3. The lungs are the main organs of the cardiovascular system.

4. The lungs are separated by the septum

5. The lungs are oval in form.

6. The weight of the lungs is about 1, 350 gr.

7. The vital capacity of the lungs is about 5 litres.

8. The right lung has two lobes and the left one three lobes.

9. Both in infants and adults the lungs are of a pale rose colour.

VII. Give the summary of the text A:

VIII. Translate the text using a dictionary:

Text B

Even in health the air passages carry potentially dangerous bacteria and the lungs are continually exposed to infection by microorganisms in the air. Nothing happens unless resistance is lowered as by a disease. In such conditions the lungs are very vulnerable. Infection primarily of the trachea and bronchi causes bronchitis which can very easily become chronic particularly where the continuous irritation of smoking exists. The characteristic symptoms of chronic bronchitis is a regular cough with sputum.

Inflammation of the lungs from infection by viruses or bacteria is pneumonia. Pneumonia can be classified by the distribution of the affected alveoli. In lobular pneumonia the whole of one lung or segment is involved. Bronchopneumonia affects groups of alveoli close to the larger air passages so that small patches of inflammation are scattered through the lungs. Since the discovery of antibiotic drugs for treating infection there has been less emphasis on the various patterns of pneumonia and more on the species of microbe which determines the choice of drug.

IX. Answer the questions on the text B:

1. What is bronchitis?

2. What is the characteristic symptom of chronic bronchitis?

3. What is pneumonia?

4. What can pneumonia be classified by?

 

LESSON 14

Грамматика: согласование времен, функции слова that, порядок слов в утвердительных и вопросительных предложениях

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

I. Прочтите следующие слова и дайте их русские эквиваленты:

secrete [si’krJt], role [roul], toxic [‘tOksik], substance [‘sAbstqns], reservoir [‘rezqvwR], container [kqn’teinq], occupy [‘OkjupQi], mechanical [mi’kqenikql], chemical [‘kemikql], enzyme [‘enzQim], abdominal [qb’dOminql], active [‘qektiv], process [‘prousqs]

II. Запомните произношение следующих слов:

membraneous [mem’breinjqs] - перепончатый

anus [‘eines] – задний проход

pharynx [‘fqeriNks] - глотка

esophagus [J’sOfqgqs] - пищевод

pancreas [‘pqeNkriqs] – поджелудочная железа

gland [glqend] - железа

salivary [‘sqelivqri] - слюнный

duodenum [, djHou’dinqm] – двенадцатиперстная кишка

jejunum [Gi’GHnqm] – тощая кишка

ileum [‘iliqm] – подвздошная кишка

caecum [‘sJkqm] – слепая кишка

colon [‘koulqn] – ободочная, толстая кишка

rectum [‘rektqm] – прямая кишка

 

III. Выучите новые слова и словосочетания:

alimentary [, qeli’mentqri] - пищеварительный

mouth [mQuT] - рот

stomach [‘stAmqk] - желудок

intestine [in’testin] – кишечник, кишка

small intestine – тонкий кишечник

large intestine – толстый кишечник

gallbladder [‘gLl’blqedq] – желчный пузырь

tongue [tAN] - язык

coated tongue – обложенный язык

palate [‘pqelit] - небо

soft palate – мягкое небо

hard palate – твердое небо

also [‘Llsou] – тоже, также

portion [‘pLSqn] – часть, отдел, порция

to measure [‘meZq] - измерять

measure – мера, величина

to participate [pR’tisipeit] принимать участие, участвовать

to digest [di’Gest] –переваривать, усваивать

digestion [di’GestSqn] – пищеварение, усвоение пищи

to defend [di’fend] - защищать

defense - защита

to move [mHv] – двигать, шевелить

to pass [pRs] – проходить, протекать

bile - желчь

tube [tjHb] – трубка, труба, тюбик

 

IV. Прочтите и переведите однокоренные слова:

digest, digested, undigested, digestion, indigestion; defend, defending, defended, defense, defensive; move, moving, moved, movement; participate, participation, participating, participant; act, active, actively, action, activity

V. Переведите следующие словосочетания:

portions of the small intestine, salivary glands, soft and hard palate, abdominal cavity, digestive system, vital activities, to participate in the process, toxic substances, defensive function, bile reservoir, container of food, mechanical and chemical changes, to pass into large intestine

VI. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения:

1. The soft palate is a continuation of the soft tissues covering the hard palate. 2. The small intestine composed of three main portions is a thin-walled muscular tube. 3. The weight of the largest of the salivary glands is 28 gr. 4. The liver consists of small lobules connected together by connective tissue, different vessels and nerves. 5. The duodenum is called so because its length measures about the length of twelve fingers. 6. The liver consisting of lobes is covered with a fibrous coat. 7. The peritoneum is a serous coat covering the inner surface of the abdominal wall. 8. The shape of the stomach changes when it dilates and its borders greatly extend. 9. Bile secreted by the liver participates in the digestive process and has a defensive function. 10. Food undergone mechanical and chemical changes passes from the small intestine into the large one.

 

VII. Прочтите, определите функцию слова that и переведите предложения:

1.We liked that lecture very much. 2. The function of the liver is different from that of the stomach. 3. The valve that divides the atrium and the ventricle in the left chamber is called the mitral valve. 4. That portion of the alimentary tract which forms the large intestine consists of caecum, colon and rectum. 5. The brain of the man is heavier than that of any lower animal.6. The scientist determined that the heart consisted of thin vascular tubes. 7. The vital capacity of the lung in the male is bigger than that in the female.

VIII. Закончите предложения одним из предложенных вариантов и переведите их:

1. The lecturer told us that the total weight of the blood pumped by the heart daily …

a. is ten tons

b. was ten tons

c. had ten tons

2. Before Visalius the scientists considered that the left and the right heart chambers..

a. are connected by the valves

b. connected by the valves

c. were connected by the valves

3. He read in the book that ancient Greeks … arteries “air ducts”.

a. called

b. call

c. were called

4. The physician determined that the patient …

a. has pneumonia

b. was pneumonia

c. had pneumonia

IX. Переведите следующие предложения:

1. Врач сказал, что он знает этого пациента.

2. Хирург сказал, что эта операция не опасна.

3. Мы знали, что эта медсестра работает в хирургическом отделении.

4. Они сказали, что могут помочь нам.

5. Я был уверен, что он не болен.

X. Прочтите и переведите текст:

Text A. THE ALIMENTARY TRACT

The alimentary tract is a musculomembraneous canal about 8.5 metres in length. It extends from the oral cavity to the anus. It consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The liver with the gallbladder and the pancreas are the large glands of the alimentary tract.

The first division of the alimentary tract is formed by the mouth. Important structures of the mouth are the teeth and the tongue which is the organ of taste. The soft and hard palates and the salivary glands are also in the oral cavity.

From the mouth food passes through the pharynx to the esophagus and then to the stomach. The stomach is a dilated portion of the alimentary canal. It is in the upper part of the abdomen under the diaphragm. The stomach serves as a container of food which is partly digested in it. The capacity of the stomach is from 2.14 to 4.28 litres.

The intestines occupy chiefly the central portions of the abdominal cavity which is the largest cavity in the body separated from the thoracic one by the diaphragm. From the stomach the food passes in small portions into the small intestine where it undergoes further mechanical and chemical changes. The small intestine is a thin-walled muscular tube about 6.5 metres long. It is composed of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.

As the contents of the small intestine cannot move back they may freely pass into the large intestine which is about 1.5 metres long. The large intestine is divided into caecum, colon and rectum.

The liver is the largest gland in the human body that weights about 1.5 kg. It is in the right upper part of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm. Everybody must know that the liver plays a very important role in the vital activities of the organism. It secretes bile which participates in the digestive process and has a defensive function, i.e. some toxic substances are detoxified in the liver.

The gallbladder is a hollow sac lying beneath the right lobe of the liver. It serves as a bile reservoir.

The pancreas is a long thin gland lying under and behind the stomach. It secretes digestive juice containing enzymes and other substances which take part in the chemical processes of digestion.

 

TASKS

I. Find the words in B having the close meaning with the words in A:

A. chest, to take part, to place, big, digestive, to perform, mouth, shape, main, body,

toxic, portion, disease, drug, doctor

B. to locate, part, large, thorax, ailment, oral cavity, to participate, physician, form,

organism, alimentary, medicine, chief, to carry out, poisonous

 

II. Complete the sentences:

1. The alimentary tract begins with the ….

2. The … is the organ of taste.

3. The teeth and the salivary glands are in the ….

4. From the mouth food passes through the pharynx into the ….

5. The … serves as a container of food.

6. The … is the largest cavity in the human body.

7. From the stomach food passes into the ….

8. The … is divided into caecum, colon and rectum.

9. The … is the largest gland in the human body.

10. The liver secretes ….

11. The … serves as a bile reservoir.

12. The … secretes digestive juice containing enzymes.

 

III. Describe the location of the organs:

the tongue, the stomach, soft and hard palates, the small intestine, the large intestine, the liver, the gallbladder, the pancreas

IV. Match the adjective from A to the noun from B:

A B

alimentary tongue

large function

salivary glands

central portion

abdominal cavity

chemical body

human activities

vital tract

digestive juice

toxic substances

defensive palate

coated intestine

soft changes

 

V. Open the brackets:

1. The first division of the alimentary tract is (forming, formed) by the mouth.

2. The stomach is a (dilating, dilated) portion of the alimentary tract.

3. The intestines occupy the central portion of the abdominal cavity (separating,

separated) from the thoracic one by the diaphragm.

4. The liver secretes bile (participating, participated) in the digestive process.

5. The pancreas is a gland (lying, lain) under and behind the stomach.

 

VI. Answer the questions:

1. What organs does the alimentary tract consist of?

2. What are the main structures of the oral cavity?

3. What is the tongue?

4. Where does food pass from the mouth?

5. What is the role of the stomach?

6. What is the largest cavity in the human body?

7. What are the chief portions of the small intestine?

8. What is the large intestine divided into?

9. What role does the liver play?

10. What does the liver secrete?

11. What process does bile participate in?

12. What does the gallbladder serve as?

13. What does the pancreas secrete?

VII. Say everything you know about the digestive system:

VIII. Translate the text using a dictionary:

Text B. THE LIVER

The liver like the salivary glands is an outgrowth of the digestive tube. It is the chief factory of the body. The liver is not only the largest organ of the body but it has the largest number of known functions. Among them the primary function is that of storage and mobilization of food. The liver cells process the digested food, change it into substances that the body will need then store them until they are required.

The liver is known to manufacture bile which aids digestion. Patients in whom little bile is reaching the intestine may have difficulties in their absorption of fats.

Such patients may suffer from deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins. A preliminary storage place for the bile is the gallbladder. It is intimately associated with liver anatomy and liver function. However, it is proved to be not necessary for life. Some animals, for example horses, do not possess a gallbladder.

The liver has many vital duties. It is not surprising that this organ is essential to life and that diseases which impair its function are serious and sometimes fatal.

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