XII. Прочтите и переведите текст А.

 

Text A. FIVE SENSES

A human being has a whole set of sense organs: organs of vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch, pain, heat, cold, kinesthesia, vestibular sensitivity. First five organs are considered principal. Special sense organs are located inside the body. Brain receives signals from outside and inside, analyzes them and by means of reflex processes and ensures a coordinated functioning of the whole organism.

Vision is one of the most delicate and complicated senses. It is known that a human being receives 90% of information through vision. About one-fourth of the brain is involved in visual processing, more than for any other sense. We can see because of light. Without light there would be no sight. Light reflects of things and then travels to our eyes. The retina has millions of cells that are very sensitive to light. One knows that when an image is formed in the eye upside down. This image is sent to the brain, which receives the message and turns the picture right side up again.

Hearing is considered the most important sense for humans. We can communicate with each other by receiving sounds and interpreting speech. The ear is made up of three parts. Sound travels through the ear in waves. They are received by the cup-shaped outer ear and directed into the middle ear where a thin membrane called eardrum is located. The vibrations hit the eardrum. Small hairs lining the cochlea also begin to vibrate and send a message to the auditory nerve which in its turn sends the message to the brain.

Taste and smell are separate senses with their own receptor organs but they are closely entwined because these two senses act together.

Tastes are detected by special structures – taste buds. It is known that every human has from 5, 000 to 10, 000 of them. Taste buds are located within papillae mainly on the tongue. It is estimated that each taste bud consists of about 100 receptors that respond to the four types of stimuli – sweet, salty, sour and bitter – from which all tastes are formed. A substance is tasted when chemicals in foods dissolve in saliva, enter the pores on the tongue and come into contact with taste buds. As a result signals are sent to cranial nerves and taste centres in the brain.

Smell receptors are located in the mucus membrane lining the nose. One knows that each cell has several cilia which are stimulated by odour molecules in the air. The impulses from stimulated cells come to the brain’s frontal lobe where smell perception is formed.

Touch is the sense by which we determine the characteristics of objects: size, shape, and texture. We do this through touch receptors in the skin.

 

TASKS

I. Translate the following words and word combinations:

зрение, вкус, обоняние, осязание, слух, чувствительность, боль, свет, речь, звук, сетчатка, внутреннее ухо, среднее ухо, барабанная перепонка, улитка уха, слуховой нерв, тонкая оболочка, вкусовой сосочек, бугорки языка, растворяться в слюне, шейные нервы, слизистая оболочка, молекулы запаха, передняя доля, размер и форма, кожа, весь организм

II. Complete the following sentences:

1. A human being has five main … organs.

2. Eyes are the organs of ….

3. Ears are the organs of ….

4. The nose is the organ of ….

5. The tongue is the organ of ….

6. Skin is the organ of ….

7. The main characteristics of objects are …, … and ….

8. All tastes are formed by four types of stimuli: …, …, … and ….

 

III. Fill in the gaps with the necessary prepositions:

1. A human being receives 90% of information … vision.

2. There would be no sight … light.

3. The retina has millions … cells.

4. These cells are very sensitive … light.

5. People can communicate … each other.

6. Taste buds are located … the tongue.

7. Chemicals in food come … contact … taste buds.

8. Cilia in the nose are stimulated … odour molecules.

9. Brain receives signals … outside and inside.

 

IV. Translate the following sentences:

1. Известно, что примерно ¼ мозга вовлечена в процесс зрения.

2. Считается, что слух является самым важным чувством.

3. Установлено, что вкус и обоняние действуют вместе.

4. Говорят, что у каждого человека от 5000 до 10000 вкусовых сосочков на

языке.

5. Подсчитано, что каждый вкусовой сосочек состоит примерно из 100

рецепторов.

6. Обнаружено, что восприятие запаха формируется в передней доле мозга.

 

V. Find Russian equivalents to the following English idioms:

 

1. Out of sight – out of mind. 2. Tastes differ. 3. I’m all ears. 4. Touch wood. 5. I can’t believe my ears. 6. It is in one ear and out of the other.

Постучите по дереву. В одно ухо влетает, в другое вылетает. С глаз долой – из сердца вон. О вкусах не спорят. Я весь – внимание. Не верю своим ушам.

 

VI. Answer the following questions:

1. What sense organs do we have?

2. Which sense is the most complicated? Why?

3. What are the organs of vision?

4. How is the image formed in the eye?

5. Which sense is the most important for humans?

6. What are the organs of hearing?

7. What do the organs of hearing consist of?

8. What structures are tastes detected by?

9. What are the types of taste stimuli?

10. Describe the process of tasting.

11. Where are the receptors for smell located?

12. Where is smell perception formed?

13. What is touch?

14. What are the main characteristics of objects?

15. How do we do touch?

 

VII. Read text B and

1. Find all the words having Latin or Greek origin (16-18):

Text B. IS THERE THE SIXTH SENSE?

Do you have a hunch or an intuition? Research psychologist Dean Radin, Ph.D., claims that hunches might actually foretell the future.

The scientific evidence is now stronger than ever for such phenomena as telepathy, clairvoyance and precognition. Studies suggest that we have ways of getting information that bypass the ordinary senses. The sixth sense and similar terms, like second sight and extrasensory perception (ESP) refer to perceptual experiences that transcend the usual boundaries of space and time.

In his experiments Dean Radin observed that many people responded unconsciously to something bad – even before it happened. He called this “presentiment”, an unconscious form of “psi” perception. “Psi” is a neutral form for psychic experiences.

If scientists agree that the sixth sense exists, how might this change society? On the one hand it may change nothing; we may learn that genuine psi abilities are rare and only weakly predictive, and thus inconsequential for most practical purposes. On the other hand, it is possible that the study of the sixth sense will revolutionize our understanding of causality and have radically new applications.

2. find these words in the text:

clairvoyance [klFq’voiqns] – ясновидение

precognition – предвидение, экстрасенсорное восприятие

presentiment [pri’zentimqnt] – предчувствие

unconscious [An’kOnSqs] – бессознательный, невольный

psi [sQi] – парапсихические явления

inconsequential [in, kOnsi’kwenSql] – несущественный, не имеющий

значения, маловажный

causality [kL’zqeliti] – причинная связь

3. translate the text using a dictionary:

 

4. find the description to each word:

sense - a strange and uncomfortable feeling that something

is going to happen

intuition - the communication of thoughts directly from one

person’s mind to someone else’s without speaking

clairvoyance - the ability to understand or know something by

using your feelings

precognition - the ability (usually unreal) to see what will happen

in the future

telepathy - feeling that it exists or true without being told or

having proof

presentiment - the knowledge that something will happen before

it does

 

 

LESSON 20

REVISION

Повторение лексико-грамматического материала уроков 10 – 18

I. Прочтите следующие слова, назовите части речи и переведите:

artificial, rapidly, direction, locate, environment, considerable, growth, vision, investigate, development, directly, condition, participate, feature, capacity, possible, mental, unconditioned, disappear, protective, complicate, readiness, generally, treatment, successful

II. Прочтите и распределите следующие слова по группам:

1. the parts of the bone and muscular system

2. the parts of the cardio-vascular system

3. the parts of the respiratory system

4. the parts of the alimentary tract

5. the parts of the nervous system

breastbone, salivary glands, medulla, joint, tongue, vital capacity, spine, septum, thigh, intestine, extremity, valve, brain, ileum, stomach, shoulder, vein, trunk, tissue, lobe, liver, cartilage, atrium, gallbladder, skull, vessel, mediastinum, ventricle, lung, forebrain, muscle, kidney, cerebellum

III. Закончите предложения:

1. Anatomy studies the …

2. The skeleton of the head is called the …

3. … are the largest vertebrae in the body.

4. The heart consists of two separate chambers divided by the …

5. … is formed by the vessels carrying blood to and from the lungs.

6. In the left chamber the atrium and the ventricle are separated by the …

7. The lungs are the main organs of the …

8. The lungs are separated from each other by the …

9. The … of the lungs is about 3-4 litres.

10. The … is the largest gland in the human body.

11. Duodenum, jejunum and ileum are the portions of the …

12. The … is in the upper part of the abdomen under the diaphragm.

13. Blood is a … tissue.

14. The most numerous cellular elements of blood are …

15. The average human blood … is about 7.5 – 10% of the body weight.

16. The … consists of about 12 billion of cells.

17. … controls such function as blood pressure.

18. … is the organ of touch.

19. A constant flow of stimuli comes into the brain through the …

20. The part of the brain controlling movements is …

IV. Назовите лишнее слово в каждой строчке:

1. cervical, cranial, important, lingual

2. thigh, thumb, ankle, knee

3. liver, gallbladder, intestine, kidney

4. hearing, skin, smell, touch

5. pump, exchange, carry, colon

6. platelets, hemoglobin, fluid, plasma

7. forebrain, medulla, gland, cerebrum

8. volume, surface, weight, length

9. sweet, bitter, tasty, salty

10. strength, redness, sleepless, ability

V. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What does anatomy study?

2. What are the main systems in the human body?

3. What are the main parts of the human body?

4. How many bones are there in the body?

5. What are the parts of the lower extremity?

6. Where is the breastbone?

7. What are the main cavities in the body?

8. What two groups of muscles can you name?

9. What are the organs of the cardiovascular system?

10. What vessels do you know?

11. How many valves are there in the heart?

12. What was I. M. Sechenov?

13. What did he investigate?

14. What is the difference between the left and the right lung?

15. What are the lungs separated by?

16. What is the vital capacity of the lungs?

17. What organs belong to the alimentary tract?

18. What are the portions of the small and the large intestines?

19. What is the brain?

20. What are the main parts of the brain?

21. How many cells are there in the brain?

22. What sense organs can you name?

23. What is hypothalamus?

24. What do you know about I.P. Pavlov?

25. What system do kidneys belong to?

 

VI. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на конструкцию there is/are:

1. There is the head, the trunk and the extremities in the human body.

2. In the thoracic cavity there are ribs and the breastbone.

3. There are four fingers and a thumb in each hand.

4. In the brain there are two hemispheres.

5. There are many reports on this topic.

6. There was no new information in his report.

1. На следующей неделе будет конференция.

2. В этом учебнике нет иллюстраций.

3. В библиотеке много книг и журналов по медицине.

4. На моем столе лежала книга.

5. В тексте было много новых слов.

6. Существует много разных теорий.

7. На этот вопрос нет ответа.

 

VII. Раскройте скобки, употребив прилагательное в соответствующей степени сравнения:

1. Moscow is one of the … (large) cities in the world.

2. Summer is the … (good) season of the year.

3. Russian is … (difficult) than English.

4. He knows anatomy … (bad) of all.

5. Physiology is as … (interesting) as Anatomy.

6. I know English … (well) than Latin.

7. The operation must be performed as … (soon) as possible.

 

VIII. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение слов one and that:

1. The weight of the lung is less than that of the heart.

2. The number of the vertebrae in the coccyx is less than the number of those in the

thoracic portion.

3. The right atrium is larger than the left one but the walls of the left atrium are

thicker than those of the right one.

4. This is a difficult problem but a very useful one.

5. In this patient the morning temperature is low but the evening one is high.

6. The results of the experiment were not so useful as those obtained before.

7. The right kidney is lower than the left one.

8. Blood consists of thrombocytes, white cells and red ones.

9. There are four chambers in the heart; two smaller ones – auricles and two larger

ones – ventricles.

10. The article from the Internet was not as difficult as that taken from the journal.

 

IX. Раскройте скобки, употребив причастие I или II:

1. The lung has the apex … (to extend) above the level of the 1^st rib.

2. The right lung … (to consist) of three lobes is heavier than the left one.

3. The heart is the inner organ … (to place) within the chest.

4. The heart consists of two chambers … (to divide) by the septum.

5. The patient … (to admit) to the hospital was a 36-year old male.

6. The fibrous bands … (to form) the muscular structure of the heart are divided into

two groups.

7. The portal system is formed by the veins … (to pass) to the liver.

8. He got new equipment for the … (to organize) department.

9. The results … (to receive) during the experiment were very important.

X. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения:

1. It was not until 1911 that a first really successful theory of atomic structure was developed by Rutherford. 2. It is on the large surface of the alveoli that oxygen passes from the air into the blood vessels. 3. It is per minute that that the human being breathes in 300-330 ml of oxygen and breathes out 225-250 ml of carbon dioxide. 4. It was not until Roentgen discovered X-rays that scientists were able to examine many inner organs. 5. It is due to many experiments that the investigators could determine the areas of the brain controlling vision, hearing, physical movements and even emotions. 6. It was Andreas Vesalius who published the first work on anatomy “Tabulae Anatomicae”.

 

XI. Переведите вторую часть предложений, используя правило согласования времен:

1. The scientists determined that … (а) уровень белка в крови в среднем составляет 5 – 8%; (в) плазма является жидкой частью крови. 2. Our professor of Physiology said that … (а) капилляры были открыты в 1661 году Марчелло Мальпиги, профессором медицины из Болоньи; (в) первым человеком, который наблюдал ток крови через капилляры при помощи микроскопа, был голландский ученый Антоний ван Левенгук. 3. The doctor thought that … (а) температура понизится после курса соответствующего лечения; (в) это лекарство успокоит боль.

XII. Определите формы инфинитива:

to have changed to carry out to have been treated

to be growing to be being prepared to be performed

XIII. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения:

1. The air we breathe in enters the lungs through the trachea. 2. The investigations the scientists have carried out show that the process of inhibition can be produced by sleep. 3. We were told the patient had slept soundly the night before. 4. The most interesting lecture the professor delivered last week was that on conditioned reflexes.

5. The food the children receive for their proper development must contain many vitamins.

XIV. Переведите следующие предложения письменно:

1. Известно, что за одну минуту вся кровь в теле человека проходит через легкие и поглощает 1/3 литра кислорода. 2. При выдохе наружные межреберные мышцы расслабляются. 3. Известно, что быстрый сон длится менее получаса. 4. Установлено, что эритроциты являются самыми многочисленными клеточными элементами крови. 5. Нужно определить первый сердечный тон над поверхностью желудочков или клапанов. 6. При глубоком вдохе легкие наполняются 1.5-2 литрами воздуха.

XV. Задайте вопросы к подчеркнутым словам:

1. Nerve is the structure which transmits impulses and stimuli to and from the brain

and spinal cord.

2. The nervous system builds up a background of memory by recording and relating

certain stimuli and responses.

3. Scientists have found that human beings have different kinds of senses.

4. Some kinds of senses give information about the body needs.

5. Heat is felt by special receptor cells in the skin.

6. Impairment in cerebral function can be characterized by a lack of memory and

attention.

7. Cerebrolysin improves the efficiency of the cerebral metabolism.

XVI. Прочтите текст и ответьте на вопрос:

How many groups do the scientists divide the senses into? Name these groups.

SENSE ORGANS

Senses are the means by which many-celled animals tell what is happening in their environment. Many people think that human being have only five senses – sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. But scientists have found that human beings also have other kinds of senses that give information about the body needs. These senses include hunger, fatigue, pain and thirst. Scientists divide the senses into two groups. External senses receive information about the outside environment. These senses include hearing, vision, smell, taste and touch. They also include the sense of heat which is felt by special receptor cells in the skin. Internal senses detect changes that take place in the tissues and organs inside the body and send messages about these changes to the brain. The internal senses respond to chemical and physical stimuli in the circulatory, digestive, excretory, respiratory and central nervous systems. They control such feelings as hunger, fatigue, pain and thirst. The internal senses also respond to the position and movement of the joints, to tension in the muscles, and to the position of the head. By responding to these chemical and physical changes internal senses help maintain a proper environment inside the body.

Answer the questions:

1. What is the difference between these groups of senses?

2. What senses do these groups include?

 

 

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