Лексические и лексико-синтаксические конструкции, рекомендуемые к использованию в проекте ВКР
Предмет и объект исследования
| Рекомендуемые лексико-синтаксические структуры
| | The object of this study is …..(e.g. the input of data)
The subject of this study is. …(e.g the development of ….)
Research / investigation / study areais
| | Рекомендуемые лексические конструкции
| | Study / investigation / research / analyses: analytical, theoretical, practical
Area / issue / problem / challenge: scientific, fundamental, principal, main/subsidiary, basic, pressing, topical, controversial, complex, theoretical/practical, common/particular
| Цель и задачи исследования
| Рекомендуемые лексико-синтаксические структуры
| Рекомендуемые лексические конструкции
| | The aim of this study is …to analyze
| The aim: main, chief, primary, principal
to analyze / to investigate / to examine / to consider / to obtain / to determine / to find / to establish
| | The purpose / the task of the study is … to calculate
| to calculate, compute, estimate, evaluate; develop (method, technology, device); design (device, scheme); construct, fabricate, create (a device); assemble (device; solve (problem, equation); make, carry out, perform (experiment, study, work).
detailed; careful; extensive; accurate; comprehensive; brief, short; preliminary; limited, few; different, various; modern; recent; promising, perspective; possible; similar; important; final
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Актуальность выбранной темы
| Рекомендуемые лексико -синтаксические структуры
| Рекомендуемые лексические конструкции
| | As analytical surveysshow that the problem hasn't been solved yet.
| analytical survey / marketing survey/ results of previous studies / informational, technical analyses
| | The problem hasn't been thoroughly analyzed.
| thoroughly / effectively / finaly / accurately / comprehensively / widely / carefully / extensively
| | Recently the problem of (e.g. oil price increase) has been brought forefront.
| to bring forefront / to place in the forefront
| | Most of recent analyses fall short of … reasonable explaining.
| explaining, account for; interprete; elucidate; give, provide, offer (an, the) explanation, (an, the) interpretation; suggest, make a suggestion.
reasonable, satisfactory; simple; complicated; exhaustive; complete; possible; adequate; convincing.
| | Application of … (e.g. intricate machinery complex) will finally result in adequate … ( e.g. development)
| application; use, employ, apply (to), utilize; be used (employed, applied (to), utilized), find use, find (have) application, be applicable
adequate, effective; elaborate; rigorous; efficient; expensive; inexpensive; versatile; valid; adequate; promising, perspective; same; another, different; alternative; improved, modified
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Общая структура исследования
| Рекомендуемые лексико-синтаксические структуры
| Рекомендуемые лексические конструкции
| | The logic of the study is the following:
First
Second
Third
Then
Next
Finally
| First / first of all / initially / to start with / the first step / at the first stage
Second / secondly / the second step / at the second stage
Third / thirdly / the third step / at the third stage
Then /after that
Next / subsequently / the next step / at the next stage
Finally / the final step / at the final step
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СТРУКТУРА ПРОЕКТА ВКР
| Рекомендуемые лексико-синтаксические структуры
| Рекомендуемые лексические конструкции
| | 1. Теоретическая часть
| | On the hypothesis of ….
| on the hypothesis; assume, make (an) assumption; assuming, by assuming, on (under, with) the assumption that …
| | The notion to be defined is …
| notion / term / concept / idea
| | Trying to define …
| to define, obtain, estimate, evaluate, deduce, derive from; determine from; estimate, evaluate (from); calculate, compute (from); deduce, derive (from); conclude, make a conclusion, inter (from); expect from; predict from; explain from; interpret from; suggest from
| | The basic peculiarity of …
| feature; characteristics; peculiarity; be characterized by (some feature, property etc.); have (some feature, property); be characteristic of.; be typical of …
| | The primary definition is given … (e.g. in the politico-economic dictionary after Azimov D.)
| primary, certain, definite; usual, ordinary; given; same; different, various; similar; variable; stable; high, higher; low, lower; increased, elevated; moderate; final.
| | Taking into account all these characteristics …
| take into account, consider, take into consideration, allow for, make allowance for; considering, taking into consideration, taking into account, allowing for, making allowance for, with the allowance for, when allowance is made for
| | 2. Аналитическая часть
| | To analyze the effect of...(e.g. price increases) on …(e.g. quantity supplied)
| effect of... on, influence of... on; action of... on; influence; act on (upon); affect; produce the/an affect on
| | The results of the analyses are reliable enough to infer …
| be valid, be reliable, be useful, be of use, be helpful, be suitable, be convenient, be efficient, be adequate
| | (e.g. supply)…. and ….(e.g. demand) are examples of... (e.g. market powers)
| For example/for instance,
... is illustrated by (... is a good illustration of)
... is a case in point...
Scientists such as...
Such scientists as...
| | Generally there are two types of economy: plan and market. Plan economy can be sub-divided, according to scale of government activity, into …
| The vocabulary to be used in classifying is:
... consists of.../... comprises...
... may be classified according to /
on the basis of / depending on / upon
may be divided.../... may be sub-divided.../... may be further sub-divided...
| | The analyses proved the advantages of …
| advantages, merits; achievement; contribution; grasp; coverage; deapth; foundation; considerations; success; survey; treatment; starting point; contain; deal with, survey, treat; adequate; clear; comprehensive; exclusive; deep; original; profound; rich; successful; various; up-to-date; extensive cover of (literature, material); a great variety of; a wide and intelligent grasp of; ... at the high level; in addition to, besides
| | The most serious disadvantage is …. (e.g. an inappropriate legal frame work)
| disadvantages, shortcomings; mistakes; misprints; misspells; errors; lapses; omission; feature; references
difficult; disappointing; erroneous; generalized; inadequate; outdated
| | 3. Практическая часть
| | The results of the study are the following …
| result (on, of); findings (on); data (on, concerning, as to); evidence (for, of, on, concerning, that) fact (of, concerning, that); provide evidence for; give strong evidence for (of)
| | These findings make it possible to conclude that …
| lead to a conclusion, make it possible to conclude that..., concerning, as to...; conclude; make, draw, reach a conclusion, come to a conclusion that...; it is concluded that; from the results it is concluded that...; it may be noted that... it may be stated that...; thus, therefore, consequently, as a result
| | It is necessary that a more thorough study of the phenomenon should be performed
Another method of treatment is proposed
| proposed, suggested, recommended
| | ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
| | It can be highly recommended
| propose, suggest, recommend; make a suggestion; make a suggestion as to how (when, where, what etc); it is suggested that (smth.) (should) be done; it is necessary to do smth; need
| | In conclusion it can be said
It is to be warmly welcomed
In spite of minor faults it should be recommended
| faults, advantage, merit; limitation, disadvantage, drawback.
fundamental; chief, main; great, important, essential, marked; obvious, distinct.
| | It is of greater value to...
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Приложение 2
Рекомендуемые лексико-логические конструкции
To list points
Firstly, First of all, In the first place, To begin/start with Secondly, Thirdly, Finally
To list advantages
One/Another/A further/An additional advantage of... is...
The main/greatest/first advantage of... is...
To list disadvantages
One/Another/A further/An additional disadvantage/drawback of... is...
The main/greatest/most serious/first disadvantage/drawback of... is...
Another negative aspect of... is...
To introduce points/arguments for and against
One (very convincing) point/argument in favour of.../against... is...
A further common criticism of...
To add more points to the same topic
In addition, Furthermore, Moreover, Besides, Apart from, What is more, As well as, Not to mention the fact that, not only...but also, As well, Both...and
To make contrasting points
On the other hand, However, Still, Yet, But, Nonetheless, Nevertheless, Although, Though, Even though, While, Whereas, Despite, An spite of the fact that, Regardless of the fact that
To introduce examples
For example, For instance, Such as, Like, In particular, Particularly, Especially, This is clearly illustrated by the fact that, One/A clear/striking/typical example of (this) is...
To express reality
In fact, Actually, In practice, In effect
To make general statements
As a rule, Generally, In general, On the whole, In most cases
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