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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
EFFICIENCY OF EASY METAL DESIGNS
OF BUILDINGS Warming - up 1. Discuss the following: • Do you like old-fashioned houses? Try to prove your own • What is your own idea about modern constructions? • What do you think about metallic construction? • Can yon imagine it? Air your own ideas. 2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary • metallic construction • to organize modern competitive manufacture • metal skeleton • special panels such as "sandwich" • bolt connections • building site • facing • trading constructions. 3. Make up your own sentences with the words from Ex 2. 4. Read the text and find new words from the text. 5. Read the text and translate it. 6. Reading for general understanding. Read the text and answer the following questions to the text:
• What is a very important distinctive feature of fast? • What do you know about "sandwich"? • What advantages of the fast metallic construction do you know? All cultures have their own traditions and customs. That's why it is important to know about them. Of cause, architecture has its own history. There are a lot of different kinds of architectural styles, describing some features of every country. For example, red brick buildings of old Petersburg factories, grey Ferro-concrete cases of industrial giants tell us about Soviet epoch. But, today they look old-fashioned. Besides external unattractiveness, these constructions of the last centuries have lacks. They are internal narrowness, conditions of communications in these buildings. In particular, because of these lacks it is impossible to organize a modern competitive manufacture. The majority of the companies do not prefer building of new constructions, using the most perspective materials and technologies, including an easy metallic construction (LMC), Let's tell some words about a basic fast construction for buildings. It is a metal skeleton. There metal vertical racks and horizontal crossbar with the help bolt connections gather in cross-section frames. The cross-section frames are a system of extensions or communications, giving to design settlement durability fastens. Then it is established roofing, wall runs, frames under windows, doors. Any engineer may say that a bearing skeleton is ready. Further it is possible to use any facing. It can be Ferro-concrete, bricklaying, special panels such as "sandwich", any combinations of the specified designs. It is necessary to tell some words about panels such as "sandwich". Every panel consists of two sheets of the zinced iron between which a special heater is placed. The design has no internal skeleton. Its durability is reached due to the certain orientation of fibers. It is very important for a future skilled engineer to remember about a distinctive feature such as "fast". It is a high degree of a factory's readiness to complete the building. In practice it is carried out as follows. All details, delivered to a building site, are made at a factory with their obligatory test characteristics of strong. On a building site all elements of a design are gathered with the help bolt connections. With the purpose, excepting possible problems during installation, all details are adjusted to each other on the factory-manufacturer control assembly of each design . The scope of fast metallic construction is very wide, For example, metallic construction is not used at construction of buildings in which nuclear reactors will place, or bank storehouses. There walls' and roofing designs should possess raised isolation properties. It is not accepted to use them. Practically, fast metallic constructions are used at the construction of any industrial targets, warehouses, sports complexes. Recently fast construction designs are used in the market. This process does metallic construction attractive in the field of trading constructions. Every construction has its own advantages and disadvantages. Advantages of a fast metallic construction are obvious. A cost of a building from a metallic construction is 30-40 % less, than on construction of a similar building, using traditional materials. Naturally, the given statement is correct only under condition of the certain identity of quality of external and internal furnishing. For example, the building constructed from the cheapest brick without additional external furnishing, will be cheaper than a construction from a fast metallic construction with a facade trimmed with dark glass. The essential economy, while using a metallic construction, is reached to decrease in expenses of a zero cycle approximately on 50 %. Today a fast metallic construction is a leader among all building designs, first of all, because of its low price. Oil the other hand, it has the shortest terms of erection. The economy of time can become very significant and essentially important for any customer. Besides the price and terms of assembly, fast metallic constructions have more important advantage. The matter is that a metallic construction is not only quickly gathered, but also can be disassembled fast and without special financial expenses. 7. Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph. 8. Read the text once more and complete the following sentences :
• ...is very wide. • A very important distinctive feature of fast... • ...old-fashioned. • The given statement... • ...more important advantage... • ...which are delivered to a building site... • For example,... • ...with the help bolt connections... • All cultures... • ...is a leader among all building designs... • It is a high degree... • In particular... • ...as "sandwich". • ...delivered to a building site. • The economy of time... Lesson 45 FERROUS METALS Warming - up 1. Discuss the following: · What is a metal? · Can you describe a metal? Try to do it. 2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary 1. steel industry 2. different industries 3. the main component 4. machine tools 5. machinery 6. automobile 7. aeroplane 8. other element 3. Match the following words with their Russian equivalents: · non- ferrous медь · an alloy • инструмент · a railway • мост · a network • железо · a tool • сплав · a bridge • железная дорога · copper • сеть 4. Read the text and find all the sentences containing the following words: • steel industry • copper • an alloy • a railway • an automobile • an aeroplane Copy them in your exercise-books. 5. Reading for specific information. Read the text and answer the following questions to the text: • What are ferrous metals? • What are non-ferrous metals? • What are the characteristics of non-ferrous metals? In general metals are used in various constructions and different industries. For example, thousands of miles of railway track. All metals are divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metals are metals or alloy the main component of which is iron. The ferrous metals are iron, steel and their alloys. Especially ferrous metals are of great importance. Machine tools and machinery, steamships and locomotives, automobiles and aeroplanes, rails and bridges, razor blades are turned out by the steel industry. Non-ferrous are metals and alloys the main component of which is not iron but another element. It may be copper, aluminium, zinc. That's why copper and aluminium are belonged to as non-ferrous metals. Non-ferrous metals are extracted from minerals such as magnesium, carbonate and tin oxides, chloride. Non-ferrous metals have some characteristics. They are: high electric and heat conductivity, high corrosion resistance, non-magnetic qualifies, light weight and easiness to fabrication. 6. Read the text again and complete the spidergram:
7. Read the text once more and complete the following sentences: • Ferrous metals .. • ... , steamships and locomotives, automobiles and aeroplanes. • ... are referred to as non-ferrous metals. • In general, .. . • have some characteristics. 8 . Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements: • Thousands of miles of railway track form an intricate network of steel over the • world, helping to carry daily billions of freight for different industries. • Copper, aluminium and some other metals are not referred to s non-ferrous metals. • All metals are divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metals. • Metals in general and especially ferrous metals are of great importance in various constructions. • Ferrous are metals and alloys the main component of which is not iron. • Non-ferrous metals are extracted from minerals such as magnesium, carbonate and tin oxides, chloride. • The ferrous metals are iron, steel and their alloys. Lesson 46-47 NON-FERROUS METALS Warming - up 1. Discuss the following: • What have you learnt about metals? • What are ferrous metals? 2. Match the following words with their Russian equivalents.-
3. Make up your own sentences with the following words: conductivity ( проводимость ), corrosion ( коррозия , ржавчи на ), resistance ( сопротивление ), a fabrication ( производство , изготовление ), zinc ( цинк , цинковый ), oxid ( окись ), magnesium ( магний ), silvery ( серебро , серебристый ), pure copper ( чистая медь ), weak acids ( кислота ), an industry ( промышленность , индустрия ), a piston ( поршень ), casting ( форма для литья ), a cylinder ( ци линдр ), a magnalium ( монолит ), duralumin ( дюралюминий ), electricity ( электричество ), a cable ( кабель ), brass ( латунь , же лезная руда ), bronze ( бронза ), nickel (никель ), a tin plate ( пласти на олова ), to cut ( резать , срезка ). 4. Read the text and find new words from the text. 5. Read the text and find all the sentences, containing the following words:
• conductivity • copper • fabrication • bronze • pure copper • resistance |
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