THE PLASTIC HOUSE FOR TOMORROW

Warming - up

1. Discuss the following:

• What do you think about tomorrow's houses?

• Can you imagine plastic houses?

2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary if you need:

• magnesium

• architect

• school of design

• research material

• skeleton

• bulldozer

3. Match the following words with their Russian equivalents:

• plastic                          • каркас

• an insulation                 • изоляция

• a skeleton                     • сваривать

• coil                                • уголь

• a frame                       • пружина

• a spring                        • проволока

• to weld                         • пластиковый

 

4. Read the text and find new words from the text.

 5. Reading for specific information. Read the text and answer the following questions to the text:

 

• What makes the house blend with its surroundings?

• What is the skeleton of the house of (he second design made of?

• What are the advantages of the spiral framework according to the designer of the house?

New developments of architects are known today. One of them is a design of a new house. Young architects from the architectural department of the Rhode Island School of Design have designed tomorrow's houses. Such a house was designed with the help of research material by a graduate of this school. The system is based on cast plastic bubbles linked together. It permits the creation of almost any size and shape of such a house. The walls are giant curved sandwiches with rigid plastic as outside surfaces and foamed plastic between to act as insulation. This house has features associating more and more with modern living. The huge glass areas admit a lot of light. A the same time it also tends to add outdoor space to the indoors and increases the feeling of speciousness. Another house is a beautiful example of what engineers like to call "blue sky thinking". Its skeleton is a coil of magnesium alloy covered by a vapor barrier and a sprayed coat of concrete. The floor is also concrete. If glass were desired, it could be set between the coils of the frame. The entire structure would rest on pieces of curved recast masonry. It is difficult to imagine such a house. On the contrary, the spiral framework would be compressed, just like a spring for shipment to the site. It is expanded, braced with welded pieces between coils there. A skin is applied. In this way the problem of manufacturing large pieces of house that are still transportable would be solved.

 6. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:

• One such house was designed with the... of This school.

• The walls will be giant curved sandwiches, with rigid plastic as outside surfaces and ...

• The entire structure would ...

• Another house is a ... like to call "... ".

• It is difficult ...

• ...would be solved.

• One of them...

• The system is based...

7. Read the following statements and say whether they are true of false. Correct the false statements:

• Young architects from the architectural department of the Rhode Island School of Design are not dreaming up tomorrow's houses today.

• The system is not based on cast plastic bubbles linked together, and it permits the creation of almost any size and shape of house.

• The walls will be giant curved sandwiches, with rigid plastic as outside surfaces and foamed plastic between to act as insulation.

• The huge glass areas will admit lots of light, and will also tend to add outdoor space to the indoors and increase the feeling of speciousness.

• Another house is not a beautiful example of what engineers like to call "blue sky thinking".

• Its skeleton is not a coil of magnesium alloy covered by a vapory barrier and a sprayed coat of concrete, and the floor is concrete.

Once there it is not expanded, braced with welded pieces between coils, and the skin is applied.

Lesson 56-57

REINFORCED-CONCRETE ELEMENTS

PRODUCTION

Warming - up

1. Discuss the following:

• What do you know about any modern industry to maintain and improve the quality of the products?

• What about the plants producing recast rein forced-concrete elements?

• Could you describe any modern plant producing recast reinforced-concrete elements?

2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary if you need:

• plant floor level

• well designed plant

• main building

• autoclaves

• adequate

• drainage

• aggregate

• standards

• mixers

3. Match the following words with their Russian equivalents:

• design                   • уклон

• pebble                  • заполнитель

• truck                   • устанавливать

• establish                • насыпь

• fill                        • вагонетка

• aggregate               • доставлять

• runways                • форма

• deliver                • проектировать

• slope                    • транспортные пути

• lay-out                • разбивка, трассировка

• storage bin          • галька, гравий

• mould                  • пропаривание

• steam curing       • бункер для хранения материалов

4. Make up your own sentences with the following words:

stress (давление, напряжение;, tensile (растяжимый^, Plexiglas ('синтетическое стекло), manpower (трудовые ресурсы,), autoclaves (автоклавы) a treatment (обработка/ steam (пар, па­ровой,), a capacity (мощность, способность), a slab (плита, пластина), a beam (бачка, брус) hollow (полый), porous (по­ристый), polymer (полимер;, a load (нагрузка, загрузка).

  5. Read the text and find new words from the text.

  6. Read the text once more and translate it about producing recast reinforced-concrete elements.

7. Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.

8. Reading for specific information. Read the text and answer the following questions to the text:

• Why is it preferable to elevate all raw materials into overhead storage bins?

• Is it axiomatic now that materials can be handled more cheaply with machinery than with manpower?

• Why should be the following general aspects kept in mind when designing a plant?

• Why is a great number of plants producing recast reinforced- concrete elements now in operation in our country and abroad?

With a great number of plants producing recast reinforced-concrete elements in our country and abroad it is a rapid growth of recast-concrete products. Particularly they are wall panels, slabs, beams to serve a multitude of building needs. This industry has a task lo maintain and improve the quality of the products. A lot of excellent work has already been done to raise the standards of this industry to their present level.

First of all, a well-designed plant must be established in a given area. A careful appraisal of the potential requirements provides valuable information for determining the size of the plant which should be built. A number of economic considerations deserve a particular attention. The following general aspects should be kept in mind when designing a plant, The plant floor level should be not 6 inches above the general grade of the yard to assure. In addition, concrete yard runways should be slightly above the level of the surrounding yard so that they will remain free of pebbles and other obstructions that might interfere with the operation of trucks or other equipment. The yard should slope away from the main building in all directions if possible. Adequate space should be allowed at sides and in front of machines and casting beds.

Then, a well-designed plant must have sufficient capacity for the normal output plus reasonable margin for a possible increased.

The design should specifically and carefully antic-creased production without disrupting the original lay-out, Regardless of the general lay -out of the plant, aggregates and cement should be stored as close to the mixers as possible. Machinery and equipment designers have made important contributions by creating better machines and tools for the industry. It is axiomatic now that materials can be handled more cheaply with machinery than with manpower. All raw materials are elevated into overhead storage bins. The materials may move by gravity from the bins to the mixers and molding machinery without re-elevating. With such an arrangement the mixers are located on a separate floor level directly above the molding machinery. In large plants producing precast-concrete elements the moulded units are delivered from the moulding machinery to high-pressure steam curing autoclaves for further treatment.

9. Read the text again and choose a right word:

contribution 1. контрибуция; 2. содействие; З. вклад

consideration 1.рассмотрение; 2. соображение;3.обсуждение

grade          1. покатость (уклон); 2. сорт; 3. градус

lay-out       1. разбивка; 2. трасса; 3. планировка

arrangement 1. аранжировка; 2. расположение;3.соглашение

plant          1. растение; 2. оборудование; 3. завод

to maintain 1. содержать; 2. поддерживать;3.ремонтировать.

10. Read the following statements and say whether they are true of
false. Correct the false statements:

• At present in our country there are but a small number of plants producing precast elements.

• Ordinary brick is an artificial stone made of clay by moulding and burning.

• Hi is recommended to store aggregates and cement as close to the mixer as possible.

• When designing a plant it is necessary to anticipate the future installation of additional equipment.

• It is not economic to elevate all raw materials into storage bins over the mixers.

• The yard should slope to the main building of the plant from all directions.

• Materials can not be handled more cheaply with machinery than with manpower.

• Particularly they are wall panels, slabs, beams to serve a multitude of building needs.

• A well-designed plant must be established in a given area.

• The plant floor level should be not 10 inches above the general grade of the yard to assure.

11. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:

• ...have made important contributions...

• ...without disrupting the original lay-out.

• First of all, ...

• ...should be allowed at sides and in front of...

• It is axiomatic...

• A lot of excellent work...

• ...a particular attention.

• ...producing precast-concrete elements....

• Then, a well-designed plant...

• ...the main building in all directions if possible.

Lesson 58

CONCRETE

Warming - up

1. Discuss the following:

• It is axiomatic now that materials can be handled more cheaply with machinery than with manpower, is not it? Try to prove your own idea.

• A great, number of plants producing recast reinforced-concrete elements is now in operation in our country and abroad, is not it? Try to prove your own idea.

• What reinforced-concrete elements do you know?

2. Make up your own sentences with the following words:

The maximum size (максимальный размер), small concrete sections (небольшие секции из цемента), the minimum thickness of the finished concrete (минимальная толщина залитого бетона), cement (цемент).

3. Read the text and find new words from the text.

4. Reading for general understanding. Skim read the text. Think of a good title for it. Compare it with other students¹ titles.

5. Reading for specific information. Read the text, choose a right word.

Concrete is made from (cement, nylon) coarse aggregate (stones), fine aggregate (sand or crushed stone) and water. Coarse aggregate ranging from 5 mm to 40 mm may be used for {normal, class) work. The maximum (size, piece) of the aggregate should not be greater than one quarter of the minimum thickness of the finished concrete. The (normal maximum sizes, large parts) are 20 mm and 40 mm (20 mm being more common). The maximum size of aggregate which should be used in small (concrete sections, window frames) or, where reinforcement is close together, is 10 mm.

In (concrete, room) with widely spaced reinforcement, such as solid slabs, the size of the coarse aggregate should not be greater than the minimum cover to the reinforcement otherwise spilling will occur, i.e. the breaking off concrete's pieces of below the reinforcement. For Reinforced (sections, boxes) e.g. the ribs of main beams, the maximum size of the coarse aggregate should be either:

(i) 5 mm less than the minimum horizontal distance between the

Reinforcing rods, or.

(ii) 5 mm less than the minimum cover to the reinforcement, Which is smaller?

6. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements:

• Concrete is made from three different materials.

• Coarse aggregate ranges in size from 20 mm to 40 mm. When the minimum thickness of the finished concrete is 100 mm, the maximum size of aggregate should not be greater
than 25 mm.

• When the reinforcing rods are close together, the maximum size of aggregate used should be 10 mm.

• The reinforcing rods are placed near the bottom of the rib of a concrete beam.

• Spilling can occur in a solid concrete slab when the cover to the reinforcement is greater than the maximum size of the coarse aggregate.

• When the minimum horizontal distance between reinforcing rods is 15 mm, the maximum size of aggregate should be less than 12 mm. •

7. Read the text again and complete the following sentences with the name of a building trade:

• The ... finish just before the plumbers start.

• The ... should finish by the end of week 40.

• The ... work until the end of week 30.

• The ... work up to the end of week 50.

• The ... should finish no later than the end of week 8.

Lesson 59-60

THE METHOD Of PRESSURE

Warming - up

1. Discuss the following:

• What do you know about any building construction?

• What building materials are used during any construction?

2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary if you need:

• mixture

• cement

• monolith resistant

•        standardized concrete units

3. Make up your own sentences with the following words:

strong concrete (крепкий цемент^, to use a great many forms

(использовать как можно больше форм), a monolith (монолит), a building ' s framework (строительная рамка).

4. Read the text and find new words from the text.

5. Reading for general understanding. Skim read the text. Think of a good title for it. Compare it with other students⁴ titles.

Nowadays a building's framework is made of reinforced concrete and of structural steel. Concrete is made by mixing together small stones, sand, cement and water. The coarse stones used in the mix give the concrete its strength. The sand is needed to fill the gaps between the stones. The cement, mixed with just enough water to make it into a paste, covers the surface of all solids, and binds the entire mixture into single mass. It is used less water to make mixing concrete denser and stronger. It is a difficulty here. Dry mixing concrete is not so easy to stir as one that is fairly wet and sloppy. When it is really strong concrete, it is mixed with the necessary minimum of water and placed in the forms. After this it is vibrated with electrically vibrated bars. The mixture is tipped or piped into forms (wooden molds) of the shape required.

To make concrete resistant to bending, building engineers rein­force it. It is done by putting bars of steel or miniature steel frameworks into the forms. Hence is named «reinforced concrete». With such a material a variety of constructional shapes can be produced. They can be "shells'¹ and roofs. For this reinforced concrete is used in thin sheets. Reinforced concrete can be used more effectively if before the external load comes on. For instance, suppose that a reinforced beam could be bent out of the straight by an inch before it developed serious cracks. By pressing it in reverse, building engineers prepare the concrete in advance to withstand the pressures and pulls that the external load causes.

Concrete can be pressed in two ways. In the first method, the concrete is casted around stretched steel wires. After setting concrete, the wires are released and compress the concrete as they contract. Such a method of pressing produces pretension concrete. The other method is called post-tensioning. In the case of a beam the concrete is casted around polythene tubes. After setting concrete, steel cables are drawn through polythene tubes. These cables are anchored at one end of the beam, stretched by jacks and then fixed at the end of the beam.

In constructing of a building, it is possible to cast the floors and walls as well as the framework directly on the spot where they are to stand. Building forms a monolith. Last one is a large artificial stone composed entirely of concrete that has been shaped within wooden molds fitted together perfectly. To cast all the parts in place, a builder has to use many forms. They are removed as soon as the concrete has set. Before beginning another work, concrete must be given plenty of time to harden. In order to save time, a builder may prefer to use a number of standardized concrete units. These can be made. Individual members can be pressed. Also different sections of the building can be prefabricated.

6. Find and translate all the sentences containing the following words:

• concrete

• sand

• reinforced concrete

• pretension concrete

• dry mix

• window frames

• polythene tubes

• vibrated bars

• steel wires

• gaps

• standardized concrete units

7. Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.

8. Reading for general understanding. Read the text again and answer the following questions to the text:

• How many methods of concrete do you know?

• Can you tell anything about the first method of a concrete?

• How is the second method called?

• Can you tell anything about the second method of a concrete?

• What can a builder do to save time?

• How is the concrete made?

• Can [he concrete consist of stones, sand, cement and water?

• What is concrete?

• What is "reinforced concrete"?

• What method of concrete is used in Russia?

• What method of concrete is better?

9. Read the following statements and say whether they are true of false. Correct the fake statements:

• To make the concrete resistant to bending, engineers rein­ force it.

• Concrete is not made by mixing together small stones, sand
cement, and water in rotating drums.

• Concrete can not be pressed in two ways.

• With such material an infinite variety of constructional shapes can be produced, including "shells" and roofs.

• The building then forms a monolith

• Last one is a large artificial stone composed entirely of concrete- that has been shaped within wooden molds that fit together perfectly.

• In constructing a building, it is possible to cast the floors and walls as well as the framework directly on the spot where they are to stand.

• They are removed as soon as the concrete has set. For this reinforced concrete is used in thin sheets.

•        Nowadays a building's framework is made of reinforced concrete and of structural steel.

10. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:

• ... are as likely to be of reinforced concrete as of structural steel.

• ...is made by mixing together small stones, sand, cement, and water in rotating drums.

• The mixture is tipped or piped...

• The coarse stones used in covers the surface of all solids and binds the entire mixture .

• ...it is mixed with the necessary minimum of...

• Hence is named...

• ...pretension concrete.

• Before beginning another work, ...

• It is used less water...

• By pressing it in reverse, ...

Материалы для СРСП

Lesson 1-2 

Architecture

    

Grammar: Degrees of comparison

1. Complete the following words from the text:

int _grat_ on, _ rchit_ ct. _ral, d__si_ n, с___ str_cti_n,

ae_th_ti_, e_f_ct, _on_eni ce, st_ ng_h, be__ ly, si_u_iu_al,

pr_nc_pl_s, m_ter_als, so_ial, con mi __, re_uir_m_ts, es_e_ti_l,

a_ti_it_es.

2. Make the following sentences negative and put into the interrogative form:

• Architecture is the art and the science of building.

• Books on the theory of architecture, on the art of a building,
and on the aesthetic appearance of buildings exist in fair
number.

• The designer must have sufficient knowledge of engineering
and of building materials.

• Architecture is a difficult art.

• The architect's feeling of satisfaction in achieving such as
integration is one of his greatest rewards.

3. Find all the sentences where the professional terminology is used, read and translate them.    Write the professional terminology.

4. Write down all the nouns from the text in plural.

⇐ Предыдущая14151617181920212223Следующая ⇒

Поделиться: