Chapter XIII. NECROSIS, VARICOSE ULCERS AND ARTERIAL OCCLUSION

1. The complications of lower limb thrombophlebitis are commonly due to:

1. Superficial vein thrombosis.

2. Superficial vein dilatation.

3. Femoral artery thrombosis.

4. Lower limb deep vein thrombosis.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 2. B. 2. C. 3, 4. D. 4.

2. The typical signs of obliterating endarteritis are as follows:

1. Creeping sensation.

2. Chilly sensation in the feet.

3. Local hair falling.

4. Intermittent claudication.

5. Thickening nails.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 2, 3. B. 3, 4, 5. C. 1, 3. D. 2, 4. E. 1, 2, 3. 4, 5.

3. The characteristic signs of lower limb arterial throm-boembolism are as follows:

1. Slowly progressing pain.

2. Sudden acute pain.

3. Bluish discolouration of the skin.

4. Skin pallor.

5. The limbs' coolness to touch.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 2, 3. B. 2, 3, 4. C. 4, 5. D. 2, 4, 5.

4. The causes of lymphatic circulatory disturbance are as follows:

1. Lymphatic vessel hypoplasia.

2. Erysipelas.

3. Chronic lymphadenopathy (tuberculosis, syphilis).

4. Vascular constriction by tumours or scars.

5. Atherosclerosis obliterans.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 2. B. 1, 2, 3, 4. C. 2, 3, 4, 5. D. 3, 4, 5. E. 1, 3, 4.

5. Treatment of post thrombophlebitis involves the following methods:

1. Anticoagulants.

2. Antibiotics.

3. Bypass of the occluded vessel.

4. Insertion of a probe into the affected vessel's lumen.

5. Ligation and removal of the affected vein.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 2, 3. B. 1, 4. C. 1, 3, 5. D. 2, 5. E. 1, 2.

6. To assess the potency of venous valves, the following methods are used:

1. Trials by fingers and tourniquets signal.

2. Rheovasography.

3. Doppler ultrasonography.

4. Infrared thermography.

5. Contrast phlebography.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 2, 3. B. 1, 3, 5. C. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. D. 2, 3, 4. E. 2, 3, 4, 5.

7. The causes of pulmonary embolism are as follows:

1. Obliterating thrombosis of superficial veins.

2. Thrombus of the femoral artery.

3. Floating thrombus of the vena cava.

4. Diffuse thrombus of the skin and femoral veins.

5. Thrombus of the sapheno-femoral anastomosis.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 2, 5. B. 2, 3, 4. C. 2, 3. D. 3, 4, 5. E. 3, 4.

8. The agents for pathogenic treatment of obliterating en-darteritis are as follows:

1. Desensitizors.

2. Corticosteroids.

3. Vasodilators.

4. Platelet aggregation inhibitors.

5. Antibiotics.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 2, 3. B. 2, 3, 4. C. 2, 4. D. 1, 3, 4. E. 2, 3.

9. The risk groups of obliterating endarteritis are as follows:

1. Children.

2. 20-40 year-old men.

3. 50-60 year-old women.

4. Smokers.

5. Patients after frostbite.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 5. B. 1, 2, 3. C. 2, 3, 5. D. 2, 4, 5. E. 2, 4.

10. The causes of acute vein insufficiency are as follows:

1. Vein thrombosis.

2. Deep vein thrombophlebitis.

3. Obesity.

4. Varicose veins.

5. Traumatic venous injury.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 3, 5. B. 1, 2, 4, 5. C. 2, 3, 4. D. 2, 3, 5. E. 1, 2, 5.

11. Preventive measures in post surgery deep vein thrombophlebitis include the following:

1. Antibacterial therapy.

2. Lower limbs bandaging preand postoperatively.

3. Prolonged postoperative bed rest.

4. Prevention of prolonged immobilization after surgery.

5. Intake of vasodilators.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 2. B. 4, 5. C. 2, 3, 5. D. 2, 4. E. 1, 3, 5.

12. The signs characteristic of acute deep vein thrombosis are as follows:

1. Acute local pain (in the affected limb).

2. Cutaneous pallor or cyanosis.

3. Fever.

4. Hyperaemia.

5. Pronounced swelling of the limbs.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 4. B. 1, 2, 5. C. 1, 3, 5. D. 2, 4. E. 3, 5.

13. The causes of gangrene are as follows:

1. Major vessel embolism.

2. Arterial injuries.

3. Arterial thrombosis.

4. Frostbite.

5. Burn.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 2. B. 1, 3, 4. C. 2, 4, 5. D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

14. Common causes and risk factors of moist gangrene are as follows:

1. Acute circulatory defect in the limbs.

2. Obesity.

3. Putrid wound infection.

4. Defective perfusion of the viscera (the bowel, lungs).

5. Obliterating endarteritis.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 2, 3, 5. B. 1, 3, 4, 5. C. 1, 2, 3, 4. D. 1, 2, 4, 5. E. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

15. Dry gangrene is characterized by:

1. Inclination to putrid infection.

2. Demarcation line.

3. Pronounced intoxication.

4. Absence of intoxication.

5. Mummification of necrotic tissues.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 2. B. 2, 3. C. 1, 3. D. 1, 4. E. 2, 4, 5.

16. The clinical signs of limb moist gangrene are as follows:

1. Oedema and local skin discolouration.

2. Intoxication.

3. Delimitation of necrotic areas.

4. Offensive smell.

5. Absence of the demarcation line.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 2. B. 1, 3, 4, 5. C. 2, 4. D. 1, 2, 4, 5. E. 2, 3.

17. The appropriate treatment of limb moist gangrene with severe intoxication and fever may be as follows:

1. Necrectomy.

2. Limb bandaging with antiseptics.

3. Intra-arterial injection of antibiotics.

4. Local hyperbaric oxygenation.

5. Amputation of the affected limb.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 2. B. 2, 3. C. 1, 2, 3, 4. D. 3, 4. E. 5.

18. The appropriate surgery for varicose ulcers may be as follows:

1. Ulcer dissection.

2. Autodermic plastics.

3. Secondary suturing.

4. Pathogenic treatment.

5. Grafting of the ulcer surface with jump graft.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 2. B. 3, 4. C. 2, 4, 5. D. 2, 3. E. 1, 2, 4, 5.

19. The causes of varicose ulcers are as follows:

1. Venous circulatory defect.

2. Arterial circulatory defect.

3. Lymph circulatory defect.

4. Spinal or neural.

5. Diabetes mellitus.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 2, 3. B. 2, 3, 4. C. 1, 2, 3, 4. D. 1, 2, 3, 5. E. 1.

20. The treatment of lip-shaped intestinal fistulas involves the following measures:

A. Conservative treatment.

B. Fistular filling.

C. Fistular diathermocoagulation.

D. Resection of the affected intestinal region.

E. Fistular tract ligation.

Choose the correct answer.

Chapter XIV. TUMOURS

Tumour is the pathological overgrowth of tissues, which arises spontaneously and is characterised by structural polymorphism and functional independence, these properties being inherited during cell division.

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