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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
E)The qualifications for a senator.
What do the following numbers from the text mean?: 7, 580, 000, 1, 100, 30, 2, 435, 9, 6, 25. Give 2 reasons why none of you can be a senator or a representative.
7.Answer the following questions: 1. How is the legislative branch called in America? 2. What chambers does it consist of? 3. What is the main function of the Congress? 4. What cannot the Congress do? 5. How often does the Congress meet? 6. For what term are Senators elected? 7. How many representatives can any state have in the Congress?
8. Complete the following text by translating the words or expressions in brackets: The (законодательная власть) – the (Конгресс) - consists of the (Сенат) and the (Палата Представителей). Each (сенатор) is elected for six years and each (представитель) for two years, with no limitation on the number of (сроков). Each of the 50 states (выбирает) two senators under the system in which one-third of the (Сенат) is elected every two years. A senator must be (по крайней мере) 30 years old and must have been an American (гражданин) for at least nine years. The House of Representatives has 435 (членов). Each state is divided into congressional districts of roughly (равное) population, and (избиратели) of each district (выбирают) one representative to the Congress. Both (палаты) of (Конгресс) must (одобрить) bills before they become laws. The Senate alone (утверждает) the President’s (кандидаты) for high level official positions and (ратифицирует) treaties with other nations. 9.Complete the table and compare the legislative branch of the USA with that of Great Britain:
IV. THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM OF THE U.S.A. Read the words correctly: dual, judiciary/-ies, the Supreme Court, high/highest, marble, a Chief Justice, an Associate Justice, to resign, to authorize, jurisdiction, a treaty/-ies, foreign, a violation/to violate, to facilitate, an appeal court, a controversy/-ies, private, an injury/-ies, to adjudicate. Make up phrases using the words below: dual: система, судебная система; highest: юридический орган, исполнительный орган, суд; Associate Justice: 8 членов Верховного суда, 4 члена претенциозного суда; a treaty: подписать, между Россией и США, утвердить; foreign: страны, отношения, язык, литература, фильм; a violation of: законов, правил, прав, свободы слова; a controversy: между людьми, между странами; private: собственность, жизнь, интересы. Vocabulary
1. Read and translate the text:
The Supreme Court is the highest judicial organ of the U.S.A. it meets in the Supreme Court Building of white marble in Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court is made up of the Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices. They are all appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. Every judge is appointed for life, or until he chooses to resign. One of the most important duties of the justices is to decide whether laws passed by the Congress agree with the Constitution. By creating the Supreme Court and authorizing the establishment of the Federal courts, the Constitution created the judicial power that is the power to hear and decide the two classes of cases – criminal and civil. The jurisdiction of the Federal Courts may include cases which concern the interpretation of the Constitution, of treaties between the U.S. and foreign countries. All cases involving a violation of Federal criminal laws are heard in the Federal court. They include cases relating to internal security, immigration, etc. Immediately below the Supreme Court stand the Courts of Appeals, created in 1891 to facilitate the disposition of cases. With few exceptions, cases decided in the district courts go next to the appeals courts. 94 district courts are located in the states. Most cases and controversies start in district courts. Here nearly all accused of committing federal crimes are tried. The Court of Claims consisting of a Chief Justice and four Associate Justices was established in 1855. This court hears claims of private individuals against the government for breach of contracts, unpaid salary, property taken for public use and personal injuries. To adjudicate controversies arising within custom houses, the custom court was established in 1890.
Notes to the text:
1. Give the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations: двойная судебная система; высший судебный орган; судья (2); уходить в отставку; внутренняя безопасность; судебное дело; совершить федеральное преступление; нарушение контрактов. 2.Complete the table and speak about courts in the USA and their functions:
3.Match each word on the left with the definition on the right:
4. Answer the following questions: 1. What kind of court system is there in the United States of America? 2. What is the federal judiciary made up? 3. What is the highest judicial branch in the U.S.A.? 4. Where does it meet? 5. What are the members of the Supreme Court? 6. Are they elected? 7. What is the main duty of the Supreme Court? 8. What are the functions of Federal courts?
5. Speak on: 1. The judicial system of your country. UNIT II I. US CONSTITUTION I
" We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, ensure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America." — Preamble to the Constitution. 1. Read and translate the text: The form of the US government is based on the Constitution of 1787 which was adopted after the War of Independence. A constitution is a set of customs, traditions, rules and laws that sets forth the basic way a government is organized and functions. According to this definition of the word, every nation has a constitution but in some countries constitutions are very easily violated because the basic rights of their citizens are violated. It is very important to understand that having a constitution does not mean that a nation has a constitutional government. If a constitution makes it possible to concentrate power by one or few, it is not the basis of a constitutional government. If a constitution says that the government’s power should be limited but doesn’t mention the ways how to do it, it is not the basis for a constitutional government. In a constitutional government the constitution is a form of higher law that must be obeyed by everyone including those in power. The US Constitution consists of 7 articles and 26 amendments. According to the Founders of the American state a constitution or higher law should have the following characteristics: - It sets forth the basic rights of citizens to life, liberty and property - It establishes the responsibility of the government to protect those rights - It establishes limitations on how those in government may use their powers with regard to - citizens’ rights and responsibilities - the distribution of resources - the control of conflict - It establishes the principle of a private domain – which means that there are areas of citizens’ lives that are no business of the government and in which the government cannot interfere. - It can be changed with the consent of the most citizens. This is how the Constitution differs from the ordinary law that the governments regularly create and enforce. The US Constitution has 26 amendments, the first 10 are called the Bill of Rights and it was adopted in 1791. The bill enumerated basic freedoms and guaranteed them and declared what the government was not allowed to do.
Notes to the text: “We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, ensure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”- Preamble to the Constitution – “Мы, народ Соединенных Штатов, в целях образования более совершенного Союза, утверждения правосудия, обеспечения внутреннего спокойствия, организации совместной обороны, содействия общему благосостоянию и обеспечения нам и нашему потомству благ свободы, учреждаем и принимаем эту Конституцию для Соединенных Штатов Америки.”- Преамбула к Конституции.
Vocabulary: a set- свод basic freedoms, rights- основные свободы, права to obey- повиноваться, выполнять to set forth- излагать private domain- личная свобода distribution of resources- распределение ресурсов
2. Give the Russian words with the same stem: base; constitution; tradition; to form; principle; to guarantee; to concentrate; nation; to control.
3. Find the English equivalents for: - справедливость; - спокойствие; - благосостояние; - благо; благодеяние; - потомство; потомки; - свод законов, правил, традиций; - принять конституцию; - поправка к Конституции; - нарушать закон; - согласие большинства; - вмешиваться; - перечислять; - выполнять, исполнять закон.
4. Express your agreement or disagreement with each statement using: I quite /completely agree, I can’t agree, I think it is not so, it’s wrong, on the contrary. 1. The American Constitution was adopted after the Warof Independence and it remains unchanged so far. 2. The US Constitution consists of 10 articles and 50 amendments. 3. The US Constitution guarantees freedom of those in power.
5. Write these sentences in the Passive Voice form and translate them into Russian: 1. The USA adopted the Constitution in 1787. 2. The Constitution provides the set of rules, laws and regulations to regulate the work of the government. 3. Some historians regard the Constitution as a conservative document. 4. In some countries the oligarchy can control the government.
6. Read the text without a dictionary and try to catch the main idea: The Amendment Process We have a living Constitution. Men wrote it in 1787, and we still use it today. These men were intelligent. “The U.S will change in the future “they thought. “We must find the way to let the Constitution change too.” And they did. They put in the amendment process. This process is important. Amendments can change the part of an article in the Constitution or another amendment. Two/thirds (2/3) of the Congress or of the state legislature must agree on an idea for an amendment. If three-fourth (3/4) of the states ratifies the amendment, it becomes a part of the Constitution.
7. Answer the questions: 1. What does a “constitution” mean in American political language? 2. What is the aim of the US Constitution? 3. What does it consist of? 4. What is the Bill of Rights? 5. What do you think about the peculiarities of the US Constitution?
8. Read and translate the text: US CONSTITUTION II Vocabulary
The former colonies, now “the United States of America”, first operated under the agreement called the Articles of Confederation (1781). It was soon clear that this loose agreement among the states was not working well. The central, federal government was too weak, with too few powers for defence, trade and taxation. In 1787, therefore, delegates from the states met in Philadelphia. They wanted to revise the Articles, but they did much more than that. They wrote a completely new document, the Constitution, which after much argument, debate, and compromise was finished in the same year and officially adopted by the thirteen states by 1790. The Constitution, the oldest still in force in the world, sets the basic form of government: three separate branches, each one having powers (“checks and balances”) over the others. It specifies the powers and duties of each federal branch of government, with all other powers and duties belonging to the states. The Constitution has been repeatedly amended to meet the changing needs of the nation, but is still the “supreme law of the land”. All governments and governmental groups, federal, state, and local must operate within its guidelines. The ultimate power under the Constitution is not given to the President (the executive branch), or to the Supreme Court (the judicial branch). Nor does it rest, as in many other countries, with a political group or party. It belongs to “We the People, in fact and in spirit”. They stated in the first ten Constitutional Amendments, known together as the Bill of Rights, what they considered to be the fundamental rights of any American. Among these rights are the freedoms of religion, speech, and the press, the right of peaceful assembly, and the right to petition the government to correct wrongs. Other rights guarded the citizens against unreasonable searches, arrests, and seizures of property, and established a system of justice guaranteeing orderly legal procedures. This included the right of trial by jury that is, being judged by fellow citizens. The federal and state governments formed under the Constitution were designed to serve the people and to carry out their majority wishes (and not the other way around). One thing they do not want their government to do is to rule them. Americans expect their government to serve them and tend to think of politicians and governmental officials as their servants. This attitude remains very strong among Americans today. Over the past two centuries, the Constitution has also had considerable influence outside the United States. Several other nations have based their own forms of government on it. It is interesting to note that Lafayette, a hero of the American Revolution, drafted the French declaration of rights when he returned to France. And the United Nations Charter also has clear echoes of what once was considered a revolutionary document. 1. Give English equivalents to the following words and phrases in Russian: пересмотреть статьи, принять конституцию, определять полномочия и обязанности, вносить поправки, действовать в соответствии с пунктами, обратиться к правительству, захват собственности, право на суд присяжных, служить людям. 2.Say in English: a)Первым документом США были Статьи Конфедерации. b)Статьи Конфедерации было свободное соглашение между штатами. c)Представители штатов хотели пересмотреть Статьи Конфедерации. d)К 1790 после споров, дебатов и компромиссов была принята Конституция США. Популярное:
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In the United States of America there is a dual court system composed of a federal judiciary and 50 states judiciaries. The federal judiciary consists of the Supreme Court and the system of federal courts.