Put questions to isolated words and phrases

1) Inflation - a rise in the general price level.

2) One of the main sore points of inflation - is that prices tend to rise very uneven.

3) Inflation is measured by a price index.

4) Impairment of money caused by the following factors.

5) Finance and inflation linked.

 

 

Exercise 6. Advancement of commodities and logistics.

 

Where does the logistics come from?

Logistics is the management of the flow of things between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet requirements of customers or corporations. The resources managed in logistics can include physical items, such as food, materials, animals, equipment and liquids, as well as abstract items, such as time and information. The logistics of physical items usually involves the integration of information flow, material handling, production, packaging, inventory, transportation, warehousing, and often security. The complexity of logistics can be modeled, analyzed, visualized, and optimized by dedicated simulation software. The minimization of the use of resources is a common motivation in all logistics fields.

The prevalent view is that the term logistics comes from the late 19th century: from French logistique (loger means to lodge). Others attribute a Greek origin to the word: λ ό γ ο ς, meaning reason or speech; λ ο γ ι σ τ ι κ ό ς, meaning accountant or responsible for counting.

The Oxford English Dictionary defines logistics as " the branch of military science relating to procuring, maintaining and transporting material, personnel and facilities." However, the New Oxford American Dictionary defines logistics as " the detailed coordination of a complex operation involving many people, facilities, or supplies, " and the Oxford Dictionary on-line defines it as " the detailed organization and implementation of a complex operation." As such, logistics is commonly seen as a branch of engineering that creates " people systems" rather than " machine systems."

According to the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (previously the Council of Logistics Management) logistics is the process of planning, implementing and controlling procedures for the efficient and effective transportation and storage of goods including services and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements and includes inbound, outbound, internal and external movements.

Academics and practitioners traditionally refer to the terms operations or production management when referring to physical transformations taking place in a single business location (factory, restaurant or even bank clerking) and reserve the term logistics for activities related to distribution, that is, moving products on the territory. Managing a distribution center is seen, therefore, as pertaining to the realm of logistics since, while in theory the products made by a factory are ready for consumption they still need to be moved along the distribution network according to some logic, and the distribution center aggregates and processes orders coming from different areas of the territory. That being said, from a modeling perspective, there are similarities between operations management and logistics, and companies sometimes use hybrid professionals, with for ex. " Director of Operations" or " Logistics Officer" working on similar problems. Furthermore, the term supply chain management originally refers to, among other issues, having a global vision in of both production and logistics from point of origin to point of production. All these terms may suffer from semantic change as a side effect of advertising.

 

Exercise 1.1

Answer to a written question what means word “logistics” and where did it come from?

Exercise 1.2

Name the main fields of logistics

Exercise 1.3

Instead of dots verb paste in a desired form. Use words for inquiries

1) The complexity of logistics …. modeled, analyzed, visualized,

2) According to the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals logistics is the … of planning, implementing and controlling procedures

3)." As such, logistics is commonly seen as a branch of engineering that creates " people systems" rather than “…”

4) " Director of Operations" or " …" working on similar problems

 

Exercise 1.4

How can logistics help to advancement of commodities?

Exercise 7. Distribution and types of outlets.

 

National currency

On the 12th of November in 1993, the president of the republic Nazarbaev N.A. signed the decree “About the introduction of the national currency of the Republic of Kazakhstan.”

This year at 8.00 on the 15th of Novermber the national currency- tenge was introduced by this decree.

One of the main developers of the national currency was a prominent architect and designer Kayrulla Gabzhalelov

In 1991, there was a rapid discussion of the national emblem and flag in Parliament. The first samples were offered. Among them was the bill with a portrait of the first president of Kazakhstan.

On the 27th of August, 1992, the board of the National Bank approved the designs of banknotes. And the next day Timur Suleimenov Mendybayev Alene, Agmysaly Duzelhanov and Kayrulla Gabzhalelov flew to England.

Our bankers had decided to cooperate with Britain's oldest bank note factory " Harrison and Sons”, which had four experience of hundred years in printing money. But at that time nobody wanted to take responsibility and to conclude a contract with the designers.

Specialists in computer scientists scanned the original images and combined them in a special way to get a unique, virtually unplayable color. And this is one of the forms of security features against forgery. Special paper for tenge was ordered in England, and Swiss firm manufactured the paint as this firm is the only one in the world, producing paints for banknotes.

So as to imagine the amount of work, we need to compare. British Pound was drawn six years. It is necessary a year or two to prepare a note in any country. Yet the first banknotes had been created in a few months. The best quality has the note of 200 tenge. On the reverse side there is a picture of the mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, and on the dome and walls you can read sura from the Koran.

All sketches of bank notes were approved and it was to determine how many bank notes of each denomination were needed. The financiers with such experience were not in Kazakhstan. Therefore, they appealed to an English economist of the age of 80, Dr. Payne.

He requested industry, commerce, geography, population facts and brought the total amount. He suggested printing 20-tenge notes instead of the note of 25 tenge. Till 1997, the last five thousand note was drawn and ordered. By the way, you should know that, starting with a 500-tenge notes the inscriptions are in Kazakh and Russian languages. Anywhere except in our country, you will not see a bilingual national currency,.

In 2003, there were 10 years from the date of Kazakhstan's national currency – tenge was introduced. This period is sufficient to assess the historical significance of this event for Kazakhstan.

The introduction of its own monetary unit allowed the National Bank and the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan to conduct an independent economic and monetary policy. The main objective of monetary policy has been defined as the attainment of internal and external stability of national currency

VOCABULARY

Currency

1) The monetary unit of the country;

2) banknotes of foreign states, as well as credit payment instruments denominated in foreign monetary units used in international transactions.

 

Words or phrases:

- currency;

- national emblem;

- note;

- monetary unit;

- National currency;

- bilingual national currency;

- monetary policy.

 

Exercise 1.1

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