UNIT 7 – PROPERTY PROFESSIONALS

 

Throughout the world, land and buildings represent one of the largest, and most valuable, assets of national governments, municipalities, commercial companies and individuals. All types of property – ranging from undeveloped land to international airports – need to be professionally managed, by people who are specially trained to enhance the value of property. In the United Kingdom, these property professionals are called chartered surveyors¹. They work mainly as property advisers and construction economists. The minimum training period for a chartered surveyor is five years. Students must first follow the academic course, usually leading to a university degree in surveying, property management and valuation, or construction economics.

Property professionals represent all the skills concerned with the measurement and management of property². The main specializations are:

– the acquisition, presentation and management of spatial data and land information

– the valuation of lands, buildings, plant and machinery

– property investment advice

– property management

– commercial and residential estate agency

– building maintenance and conservation

– construction economics.

Chartered surveyors who specialize as land surveyors use automated techniques and computer technology to measure the earth and its features. They prepare and handle measurement data for the recording and development of land³ and buildings. They settle national and property boundaries. They produce maps and plans to all scales.

Many property professionalsspecialize in the planning, development, valuation, purchase, sale and management of individual properties ⁴, the national estate or international portfolio on behalf of their owners. Services include financial appraisals, projections and feasibility studies⁵; the preparation of development and re-development briefs; investment advice; urban estate management; rural land management; and valuing property for owners and occupiers, for corporate investors, for funding agencies (such as banks and mortgage companies) and for financial statements.

Property professionals who specialize as building consultants advise on all aspects of building, from the design of large modern structures to adaptation and repair. The rapidly escalating cost of construction throughout the world is making ever-increasing demands on the services of property professionals who specialize as construction economists (or quantity surveyors, as they are known in the UK). They manage and control the cost of construction projects of all types and sizes from the initial feasibility study through to completion and subsequent occupation⁶.

 

 

The role of the construction economist in the life of a project

Project management. The complexity of construction means that a project sponsor can be overwhelmed by the number of consultants and other specialists involved. Construction economists are well qualified to act as project managers. In that capacity they select, co-ordinate and manage all the resources needed for the project and act as the single link between the project sponsor and the construction team.

 

This involves the production of estimate and cost plans⁷; advice on the type of contract and contractor selection; the valuation of work in progress, settlement of the final account; and advising on the running and maintenance of a building⁸ during its entire life cycle.

Notes:

1. …chartered surveyors   2. …the measurement and management of property 3. …development of land… 4. …management of individual properties…     5. …feasibility studies… 6. …subsequent occupation 7. …the production of estimate and cost plans…   8. …the running and maintenance of a building…

– высококвалифицированные специалисты по недвижимости – оценка и управление собственностью – застройка земли (земельных участков) – управление (регулирование) земельной и имущественной недвижимостью (физического лица) – анализ экономической целесообразности – зд. с последующим заселением (арендой) – составление смет и расчет стоимости проекта – техническое обслуживание и эксплуатация здания

Exercises

Ex. 1. Pronounce correctly :

property, real property, real estate, property professional, property management; manage, management, manager; measure, measurement, measurement of property;

survey, surveying, surveyor, chartered surveyor, land surveyor;

value, valuation, value of property; occupy, occupier, occupation;

specialize, specialization; advise, adviser, advice;

maintain, maintenance, building maintenance.

Ex. 2. Find English equivalents in the text :

собственность, частная собственность, специалист по собственности, недвижимость, жилая собственность (жилые дома), оценивать собственность, информация о земле, застройка земли, эксплуатация и ремонт зданий, установка (определение) границ, границы собственности, создание карт и планов, финансовая оценка, возрастающий спрос, анализ экономической целесообразности, проектировать здания.

 

Ex. 3. Translate into English:

1. Моя будущая профессия – экономика недвижимости.

2. Недвижимость – это собственность в виде земли и зданий.

3. Земля и здания – одно из главных достояний во всем мире.

4. Чтобы регулировать и управлять всеми видами земельной и имущественной недвижимостью, нужны профессионалы со специальным образованием в сфере недвижимости (собственности).

5. Недвижимость, с которой имеют дело профессионалы, варьируется от необработанной земли до сооружений уровня международных аэропортов.

6. Курс обучения для получения степени (диплома) «экономист по недвижимости» – 5 лет.

7. Специалисты по недвижимости работают, главным образом, как экономисты по строительству, консультанты по недвижимости.

8. Область компетенции специалистов по собственности охватывает все, что связано с измерением, оценкой и управлением собственностью.

9. Главные сферы специализации по недвижимости: а) управление собственностью, б) приобретение (покупка) и продажа собственности, в) информация о земле, г) оценка земли и зданий, д) консультирование по инвестициям в недвижимость, е) экономика строительства.

10. В обязанности специалиста по недвижимости входят: финансовая оценка, анализ экономической целесообразности, консультирование по инвестициям, оценка собственности.

11. Те, кто специализируются в области строительства, консультируют по всем вопросам строительства, начиная от проектирования зданий, кончая их ремонтом.

Спрос на специалистов по недвижимости постоянно возрастает.

Ex. 4. Answer the questions:

1. What are the most valuable and largest assets throughout the world?

2. What is real property?

3. What specialists deal with all types of property?

4. How are these specialists called in the U.K.?

5. What do property professionals mainly deal with?

6. What degree do the university graduates specializing in property acquire?

7. What are their main specializations?

8. What are the main functions of land surveyors?

9. What do the services of real estate specialists include?

10. What do building consultants deal with?

11. Why are construction economists increasingly demanded?

Ex. 5. Translate into Russian:

Economic aspects of real property. Land use, land valuation, and the determination of the incomes of landowners, are among the oldest questions in economic theory. Land is an essential input (factor of production) for agriculture, and agriculture is by far the most important economic activity in preindustrial societies. With the advent of industrialization, important new uses for land emerge, as sites for factories, warehouses, offices, and urban agglomerations. Also, the value of real property taking the form of man-made structures and machinery increases relative to the value of land alone. The concept of real property eventually comes to encompass effectively all forms of tangible fixed capital¹. With the rise of extractive industries, real property comes to encompass natural capital. With the rise of tourism and leisure, real property comes to include scenic and other amenity² values.

Notes:

1. …tangible… capital     2. …scenic and other amenities…

– капитал в форме материальных активов (предметов потребления длительного пользования) – живописность пейзажа и другие благоприятные условия для отдыха

 

UNIT 8 – PHOTOGRAMMETRY

 

1. Photogrammetry is the art and science that uses aerial or terrestrial photographs of the surface of the earth of natural and artificial objects on the earth for such purposes as the making of mosaics, the compilation of various kinds of maps and for other scientific purposes. Photogrammetry is the technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment through processes of recording, measuring and interpreting photographic images and patterns of recorded radiant electromagnetic energy and other phenomena.

In a broad sense, photogrammetry involves the following: (1) photographing an object or obtaining the image of the objects, (2) measuring the positions of the object from the imagery and processed photographs, and (3) reducing the imagery to some useful form, such as a digital or topographic map.

Photogrammetry has been the major method of compilation of topographic maps based on measurements and information from aerial and space photographs over several decades. The process of photogrammetry for collecting the digital or analog topographic data consists of the following major steps: (1) planning and acquisition of aerial photography, (2) ground control, (3) aerotriangulation, (4) map compilation, and (5) editing.

Success of the photogrammetric method of data collection depends on the acquisition of proper photographs. Several factors are taken into account when planning for aerial photography. Some of the important factors are:

1. Purpose of photography

2. Scale of photography

3. Overlap between exposures

4. Allowable scale variation

5. Optical and mechanical characteristics of the camera

6. Film base and emulsion type used

7. Flying height used

8. Direction of orientation of topography

9. Relief displacement

There are two kinds of photogrammetry ground or terrestrial photogrammetry that utilizes photographs taken from ground stations with the resulting larger-scaled maps¹; aerial photogrammetry that uses photographs taken from an airplane. Aerial photographs are a unique tool for the analysis of the special characteristics of land. They provide most of the information for evaluating the natural resources, forestry, agriculture, soil, water resources; in engineering for selecting sites for dams, highways, canals, pipelines and airfields; and for urban development; disaster analysis, archeology, meteorology and many others. Commercial survey companies provide air photo acquisition, interpretation and mapping services. The methods of using aerial photographs to make accurate measurements developed into the field of photogrammetry. Photogrammetric methods are now used to produce all topographic and most forestry, geology, land use and soil maps.

2. Photogrammetry is as old as modern photography and can be dated to the mid-nineteenth century. The first military use of aerial photography was in the American civil war. Photographs were successfully taken using kites and even pigeons as platforms. But the early 1860s photographs had successfully been taken from captive balloons². However for aerial photography to become practical it required a navigable platform³. This platform was supplied by the piloted airplane. The use of aerial photography had a profound effect on military tactics.

3. Photogrammetry is the first remote sensing technology ever developed in which geometric properties about objects are determined from photographic images. In the simplest example, the distance between two points that lie on a plane parallel to the photographic image plane can be determined by measuring their distance on the image. A more sophisticated technique, called stereophotogrammetry, makes it possible to estimate the three-dimensional coordinates of points on an object. These are determined by measurements made in two or more photographic images taken from different positions. Common points are identified on each image. A line of sight (or ray) can be constructed from the camera location to the point on the object. It is the intersection of these rays (triangulation) that determines the three-dimensional location of the point.

4. A recent important application of photogrammetry is called remote sensing ⁴. What exactly is remote sensing? Remote sensing is the science of acquiring information about the Earth’s surface without actually being in contact with it. This is done by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and processing, analyzing and applying that information. The development of sensing as we know it today began with aerial photography. In much of remote sensing the process involves an interaction between incident radiation⁵ and the targets of interest. Note, however that remote sensing also involves the sensing of emitted energy and the use of non-imaging sensors⁶. Hospitals use imaging technology including CAT scans magnetic resonance imaging (3D imaging of soft tissue) and X-rays for examining our bodies.

 

Remote sensing process

This is exemplified by the use of imaging systems where the following elements are involved: A) energy source or illumination; B) radiation and the atmosphere; C) interaction with the target; D) recording of energy by the sensor; E) transmission, reception, and processing; F) interpretation and analysis; G) application. These seven elements comprise the remote sensing process from beginning to end.

5. Photogrammetry is used in different fields, such as topographic mapping, architecture, engineering, manufacturing, quality control⁷, police investigation, and geology, as well as by archaeologists to quickly produce plans of large or complex sites and by meteorologists as a way to determine the actual wind speed of a tornado where objective weather data cannot be obtained.

 

Notes:

1. … larger-scaled maps… – крупно-масштабные карты

2. … captive balloons – аэростат

3. … a navigable platform – навигационная платформа

4. … remote sensing – дистанционное зондирование

5. … incident radiation … – падающая радиация

6. … non-imaging sensors – датчики, не воспроизводящие изображения

7. …quality control… – качество контроля выполняемых работ

 

Exercises

 

Ex. 1. Pronounce correctly:

photo, photographic, photography, aerial photography, photogrammetry;

sense, sensing, sensor, remote sensing; science, scientist, scientific, since;

process, processes, processing, processed; produce, producer, produced, reproduce;

artificial, artifice; source, resource, natural resource; radiate, radiation, radiator;

success, successful, successfully, succeed; analyse, analyses, analysis, analyst

survey, surveyor, surveying; method, methodical, methodist;

pigeon, pigeons, pigeon-hole; engine, engineer, engineering;

 

Ex. 2. Pay attention to the nouns in the function of an attribute:

water resources, disaster analysis, military tactics, satellite weather maps; weather data; ground control; resources maps, CAT scans, graduation photos, mapping services, photo acquisition, commercial survey companies, engineering agencies, ground stations, speed radar, camera location, wind speed, police investigation; space photographs; data collection

Ex. 3. Translate the following words and word combinations:

– terrestrial photographs; photo acquisition, the targets of interest

– artificial objects; non-imaging sensors

– scientific purposes; a profound effect

– large-scale maps; natural resources; accurate measurements

– ground stations; a ground point; three-dimensional coordinates of points

– using kites, pigeons, captive balloons as platforms

– the technique makes it possible to estimate; from different positions

 

Ex. 4. Find in the text the following word combinations:

мелкомасштабные карты; фотосхемы, составление фотосхем;

надежная информация; получать информацию; наука о сборе информации о земной поверхности; обеспечить информацией; дистанционное зондирование;

дистанционное зондирование включает ультразвук, скоростной радиолокатор, спутники и др.оборудование; застройка (благоустройство) городских площадей; городское развитие; анализ стихийных бедствий;

наземная съемка используется преимущественно на малых площадях; более сложная методика; получить трехмерные координаты точек объекта

 

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