К главе 4 Социальное познание

 

1. Lippmann, W. (\911).Public opinion.New York: Harcourt, Brace, amp; Co.

 

 

2. Именно в те времена возник обычай, согласно которому мужчина должен был идти так, чтобы ‹прикрывать› женщину от проезжей части улицы. В эпоху средневековья подобный обычай казался вполне осмысленным: сапоги мужчины, если их забрызгает грязью, было легче отчистить, чем платье женщины.

 

 

3. Panati, С. (1987). Extraordinary origins of everyday things. New York: Harper amp; Row.

 

 

4. Gilovich, T. (1991). How we know what isn 't so. New York: Free Press.

 

 

5. Bentham, J. (1876/1948). A fragment on government and an introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.Oxford: Blackwell.Pyc.nep, - Избранные сочинения Иеремии Бентама. Т. 1. Спб., Русская книжная торговля. 1867, Современную версию ‹калькуляции блага› - см.: Fishbein, M., amp;.А^еп, J. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

 

 

6. Kelley, H.H. (1967), Attribution theory in social psychology. In D. Levine (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation (Vol. 15, pp. 192-241). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Kelley, H.H. (1973). The process of causal attribution. American Psychologist, 28, 107-128.

 

 

7. Высказывается интересная мысль о том, что даже ученые не всегда мыслят как ученые, подпадая под действие тех предрассудков, которые описаны в данной главе. CM. Greenwald, A. G., Pratkanis, A. R., Leippe, M.R., amp; Baumgardner, M.H. (1986). Under what conditions does theory obstruct research process? Psychological Review, 93, 216-229.

 

 

8. Fiske, S. Т., amp; Taylor, S.E. (1991). Social cognition. New York: McGraw-Hill.

 

 

9. Bronowski, J. (1973). The ascent of man. Boston: Little, Brown, Co. Pratkanis, A.R., amp; Aronson, E. (1991). The age of propaganda: The everyday use and abuse of persuasion. New York: W.H. Freeman.

 

 

10. Pratkanis, A.R., Farquhar, P.H., Silbert, S., amp; Hearst, J. (1989). Decoys produce contrast effects and alter choice probabilities. University of California, Santa Cruz.

 

 

11. Kenrick, D. Т., amp; Guttieres, S.E. (1980). Contrast effects in judgements of attractiveness: When beauty becomes a social probern. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 131-140.

 

 

12. Higgins, E.T., Rholes, W.S., amp; Jones, C.R. (1977). Category accessibility and impression formation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 141-154.

 

 

13. Heath, L., Acklin, M., amp; Wiley, K. (1991). Cognitive heuristics and AIDS risk assessment among physicians. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 1859- 1867.

 

 

14. Rogers, E.M., amp; Dearing, J. W. (1988), Agenda-setting research: Where has it been, Where is it going? In J.A. Anderson (Ed.), Communication Yearbook II (pp.

555-594). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

 

 

15. McCombs, M.E., amp; Shaw, D.L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36, 176-187.

 

 

16. lyengar, S., amp; Kinder, D.R. (1987). News that matters. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

 

 

17. Цит. по: Rogers and Dearing, Agenda-setting research.

 

 

18. Kahneman, D., amp; Tversky, A. (1984). Choices, values, and frames. American Psychologist, 39, 341-350.

 

 

19. Gonzales, M.H., Aronson, E., amp; Costan^o, M. (1988). Increasing the effectiveness of energy auditors: A field experiment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18, 1046- 1066.

 

 

20. Meyerowitz, В.E., amp; Chaiken, S. (1987). The effect of message framing on breast self-examination attitudes, intentions, and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 500-510.

 

 

21. Asch, S. (1946). Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41, 258-290.

 

 

22. Jones, E.E., Rock, L., Shaver, K.G., Goethals, G.R., amp; Ward, L.M. (1968). Pattern of performance and ability attribution: An unexpected primacy effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 317-340.

 

 

23. Aronson, J.M., amp; Jones, E.E. (1992). Inferring abilities after influencing performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 277-299.

 

 

24. Zukier, ff. (1982). The dilution effect: The role of the correlation and dispersion of predictor variables in the use of nondiagnostic information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 1163-1174.

 

 

25. Nisbett, R., amp; Ross, L. (1980). Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgement. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Sherman, S.J., amp; Corty, E. (1984). Cognitive heuristics. In R.S.Wyer amp; T.K.Srull (Eds.), Handbook of Social Cognition (Vol. I, pp. 189-286), Hilisdale, NJ: Eribaum. Tversky, A., amp; Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgement under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124-1131.

 

 

26. ‹Which cereal for breakfast? › Consumer Reports, February 1981, pp. 68-75.

 

 

27. Сравнение основано на: ‹Eating to lower your blood cholesterol›. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 87-2920, September 1987. Было показано, что насыщенные жирные кислоты - те, что содержатся в мясе животных и отдельных видах растительных жиров (в кокосовом, шоколадном, пальмовом и во всех гидрированных маслах), повышают уровень холестерола. Изготовители хлопьев иногда используют подобные жиры в своих продуктах - особенно кокосовое, пальмовое и гидрированные масла. Чтобы исключить их, многие производители хлопьев в настоящее время заняты изменением состава своих продуктов - так что, перед тем как принять окончательное решение, какой именно сорт покупать, внимательно ознакомьтесь с тем, что написано на коробке.

 

 

28. Nisbett amp; Ross (1980); Shweder, R. (1977). Likeness and likelihood in everyday thought: Magical thinking in judgments about personality. Current Anthropology, 18, 637-658.

 

 

29. Pratkanis, A.R. (1989). The cognitive representation of attitudes. In A.R. Pratkanis, S.J. Bleckler, amp; A.G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 71-98). Hilisdale, NJ: Eribaum. Pratkanis, A.R., amp; Greenwald, A.G. (1989). A socio-cognitive model of attitude structure and function. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 22, pp. 245-285). New York: Academic Press.

 

 

30. Pratkanis, A.R. (1988). The attitude heuristic and selective fact identification. British Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 257-263.

 

 

31. Thistlewaite, D. (1950). Attitude and structure as factors in the distortion of reasoning. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 45, 442-458.

 

 

32. Ross, L., Greene, D., amp; House, P. (1977). The ‹false-consensus› effect: An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution process. Journal of Experimental Soda! Psychology, 13, 279-301.

 

 

33. Pratkanis, Cognitive representation.

 

 

34. О лабораторной демонстрации - см.: Gilovich, Т. (1981). Seeing the past in the present: The effect of associations to familiar judgments and decisions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 797-808.

 

 

35. Darley, J.M., amp; Gross, P.ff. (1983). A hypothesis-confirming bias in labeling effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 20-33.

 

 

36. Hamilton, D.L., amp; Ross, T.L. (1980). Illusory correlation and the maintenance ofstereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 832-845.

 

 

37. Pratkanis, A.R. Личное сообщение.

 

 

38. Chapman, L.J. (1967). Illusory correlation in observational report. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 6, 151-155. Chapman, L.J., amp; Chapman, J.P. (1967). Genesis of popular but erroneous psychodiagnostic observations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 72, 193-204. Chapman, L.J., amp; Chapman, J.P. (1969). Illusory correlation as an obstacle to the use of valid psychodiagnostic signs. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 74, 271-280.

 

 

39. Park, В., amp; Rothbart, M. (1982). Perception of out-group homogeneity and levels of social categorization: Memory for the subordinate attributes of in-group and out-group members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 1051-1068.

 

 

40. Обзоры и дискуссию - см.: Tajfel, Н. (1981). Human groups and social categories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Turner, J.C. (1987), Rediscovering the social group. New York: Basil Blackwell.

 

 

41. Loflus, E.F., amp; Loftus, G.R. (1980). On the permanence of stored information in the human brain. American Psychologist, 35, 409-420.

 

 

42. Loftus, E.F., amp; Ketchum, К. (1991). Witness forthe defense. New York: St.Martin's Press.

 

 

43. Loftus, E.F., amp; Palmer, J.C. (1974). Reconstruction ofautomobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 585-589.

 

 

44. Loftus, E.F. (1977). Shifting human color memory. Memory and Cognition, 5, 696-699.

 

 

45. Loftus, E.F. (1993). The reality of repressed memories. American Psychologist, 48, 518-537.

 

 

46. Ross, M., McFarland, С., amp; Fletcher, G.O.J. (1981). The effect of attitude on the recall of personal history. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 627-634.

 

 

47. Gibbs, G. (1981). Teaching students to learn. Milton Keynes, England: Open University Press.

 

 

48. Pratkanis, A.R., Eskenaw, J., amp; Greenwald, A. G. (1990). What you expect is what you believe (but not necessarily what you get): On the effectiveness of subliminal self-help audiotapes.Unpublished manuscript.University of Santa Cruz. Greenwald, A.G., Spangenberg, E.R., Pratkanis, A.R., amp; Eskena^i, J. (1991). Double-blind tests of subliminal self-help audiotapes. Psychological Science, 12, 119-122.

 

 

49. Conway, M., amp; Ross, M. (1984). Getting what you want by revising what you had. JoumalofPersonality andSocial Psychology, 47, 738-748.

 

 

50. Wyatt, D.F., amp; Campbell, D. T. (1951). On the liability of stereotype or hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 46, 496-500. Bruner, J.S., amp; Potter, M.C. (1964). Science, 144, 424-425.

 

 

51. Snyder, M., amp; Swann, W.B. (1978). Hypothesis-testing processes in social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1202-1212.

 

 

52. Fischhoff, В. (1975). Hindsight does not equal foresight: The effect of outcome knowledge on judgment under uncertainty. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1, 288-299. Fischhoff, В. (1977). Perceived informativeness offacts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3, 349-358.

 

 

53. Greenwald, A.G. (1980). The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history. American Psychologist, 35, 603-618.

 

 

54. LaPier, R. (1934). Attitudes versus actions. Social Forces, 13, 230-237.

 

 

55. Wicker, A. (1969). Attitudes versus actions: The relationship of verbal and overt behavioral responses to attitude objects. Journal of Social Issues, 25 (4), 41-78.

 

 

56. Jones, E.E. (1990). Interpersonal perception. New York: W.H. Freeman. Jones, E.E., amp; Davis, K.E. (1965). From acts to dispositions: The attribution process in person perception. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 219-266). New York: Academic Press.

 

 

57. Jones, E.E., amp; Harris, V.A. (1967). The attribution of attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 3, 1-24.

 

 

58. Favo, R.H. (1986). How do attitudes guide behavior? In R.M. Sorrentino amp; E.T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (pp. 204-242). New York: Guilford Press. Fa^io, R.H. (1989). On the power and functionality of attitudes: The role of attitude accessibility. In A.R. Pratkanis, S.J. Breckler, amp; A.G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 153-179). Hilisdale, NJ: Eribaum.

 

 

59. Fazio, R.H., amp; Williams, C.J. (1986). Attitude accessibility as a moderator of the attitude-perception and attitude-behavior relations: An investigation of the 1984 presidential elections. JoumalofPersonality and Social Psychology, 51, 505-514.

 

 

60. Fazio, R.H., Chen, J., McDonel, E.G., amp; Sherman, S.J. (1982). Attitude accessibility, attitude-behavior consistency, and the strength of the object-evaluation association. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 339-357. Fa^io, R.H., Powell, M.C., amp; 456 Herr, P.M. (1983). Toward a process model of attitude-behavior relation: Accesing one's attitude upon mere observation of the attitude object. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 723-735. Favo, R.H., amp; Zanna, M. P. (1981). Direct experience and attitude-behavior consistency. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 14, pp. 162-202). New York: Academic Press. Regan, D.T., amp; Fa^io, R.H. (1977). On the consistency between attitudes and behavior: Look to the method of attitude formation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 38-45.

 

 

61. Herr, P.M. (1986). Consequences of priming: Judgment and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1106-1115.

 

 

62. Ross, L. (1977). The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortion in the attribution process. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 10, pp. 173-220). New York: Academic Press.

 

 

63. Bierbrauer, G. (1973). Effect of set, perspective, and temporal factors in attribution. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University. Цит. по: Ross (1977).

 

 

64. Ross, L., Amabile, T.M., amp; Steinmet^, J.L. (1977). Social roles, social control, and biases in social-perception processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 485-494.

 

 

65. Ответы: стадион ‹Форбс› в Питтсбурге, Вильнюс и 4 июля 1826 года.

 

 

66. Jones, Е.Е., amp; Nisbett, R.E. (1971). The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior. In Е.Е. Jones, D.E. Kanouse, H.H. Kelley, R.E. Nisbett, S. Valins, amp; B. Weiner (Eds.), Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behavior (pp. 79-94). Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.

 

 

67. CM: Jones, Е.Е., Rock, L., Shaver, K.G., Goethals, G. R., amp; Ward, L.M. (1968). Pattern of performance and ability attribution: An unexpected primacy effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 317-349. McArthur, L. (1972). The how and what of why: Some determinants and consequences of causal attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 22, 171-193. Nisbett, R.E., Caputo, C., Legant, P., amp; Marecek, J. (1973). Behavior as seen by the actor and as seen by the observer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 154-164.

 

 

68. Storms, M.D. (1973). Videotape and the attribution process: Reversing the perspective of actors and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 165-175.

 

 

69. James, W. (1890/1950). The principles of psychology (pp. 314-315). New York: Dover.

 

 

70. Greenwald, A.G. (1980). The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history. American Psychologist, 35, 603-618. Greenwald, A.G., amp; Pratkanis, A.R. (1984). The self. In R.S. Wyer amp; Т.К. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of Social Cognition (Vol. 3, pp. 129-178). Hilisdale, NJ: Eribaum.

 

 

71. Greenwald, The totalitarian ego.

 

 

72. Jervis, R. (1976). Perception and misperception in international politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.

 

 

73. Longer, E.J. (1975). The illusion of control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 311-329. Longer, E.J. (1977). The psychology of chance. Journal of the Theory of Social Behavior, 7, 185-208.

 

 

74. Petty, R.E., amp; Brock, T.C. (1979). Effects of‹Bamum› personality assessments on cognitive behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 201-203.

 

 

75. Markus, Н. (1977). Self-schemata and processing information about the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 63-78. Breckler, S.J., Pratkanis, A.R., amp; McCann, D. (1991). The representation of self in multidimensional cognitive space. British Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 97-112. Brenner, M. (1973). The next-in-line effect. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 320-323. Slamecka, N.J., amp; Graf, P. (1978). The generation effect: Delineation of a phenomenon. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 4, 592-604. Rogers, Т. B., Kuiper, N.A., amp; Kirker, W.S. (1977). Self-reference and the encoding of personal information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 677-688. Klein, S.B., amp; Loftus, J. (1988). The nature ofself-referent encoding: The contributions ofelaborative and organizational processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 5-11.

 

 

76. San Francisco Sunday Examiner and Chronicle, April 22, 1979, p. 35.

 

 

77. Greenberg, J., Pysy^ynski, Т., amp; Solomon, S. (1982). The self-serving attributional bias: Beyond self-presentation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 18, 56-67. Arkin, P.M., amp; Maruyama, G.M. (1979). Attribution, affect, and college exam performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, 85-93. Gilovich, Т. (1983). Biased evaluation and persistence in gambling. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, ^, 1110-1126. Ross, M., amp; Sicoly, F. (1979). Egocentric biases in availability and attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 322-336. Breckler, S.J., Pratkanis, A.R., amp; McCann, D. (1991). The representation of self in multidimensional cognitive space. British Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 97-112. Johnston, W.A. (1967). Individual performance and self-evaluation in a simulated team. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 2, 309-328. Cunningham, J.D., Starr, P.A., amp; Kanouse, D.E. (1979). Self as actor, active observer, and passive observer: Implications for causal attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1146-1152.

 

 

78. Greenwald, A.G., amp; Bleckler, S.J. (1985). To whom is the self presented? In B.R. Schlenker (Ed.), The self and social life (pp. 126-145). New York: McGraw-Hill.

 

 

79. Miller, D.T., amp; Ross, M. (1975). Self-serving biases in the attribution of causality: Fact or fiction? Psychological Bulletin, 82, 213-225.

 

 

80. Weary (Bradley), G. (1978). Self-serving biases in the attribution process: A reexamination of the fact or fiction question. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 56-71. Weary, G. (1980). Examination of affect and egotism as mediators of bias in causal attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 348-357. Weary, G" Harvey, J.H., Schwieger, P., Olson, C.T., Perloff, R., amp; Pritchard, S. (1982). Self-presentation and the moderation of self-serving attributional biases. Social Cognition, 1, 140-159.

 

 

81. Alloy, L.B., amp; Abramson, L.Y. (1979). Judgement of contingency in depressed and nondepressed students: Sadder but wiser. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108, 441-485.

 

 

82. Grove, J.R., Hanrahan, S.J., amp; Mcinman, A. (1991). Success/failure bias in attribution across involvement categories in sport. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 93-97.

 

 

83. Taylor, S.E. (1989). Positive illusions: Creative self-deception and the healthy mind. New York: Basic Books.

 

 

84. Seligman, M.E.P. (1991). Learned optimism. New York: Knopf. Рус. пер. - Зелигман M. Как научиться оптимизму. Советы на каждый день. M., 1997.

 

 

К главе 5 Самооправдание

 

1. Prasad, J. (1950). A comparative study of rumors and reports in earthquakes. British Journal of Psychology, 41, 129-144.

 

 

2. Sinha, D. (1952). Behavior in a catastrophic situation: A psychological study of reports and rumors. British Journal of Psychology, 43, 200-209.

 

 

3. Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

 

 

4. Kassarjian, H., amp; Cohen, J. (1965). Cognitive dissonance and consumer behavior. California Management Review, 8, 55-64.

 

 

5. Tagliaco^o, R. (1979). Smokers' self-categorization and the reduction of cognitive dissonance. Addictive Behaviors, 4, 393-399.

 

 

6. Goleman, D. (1982, January). Make-or-break resolutions. Psychology Today, p. 19.

 

 

7. Austin American, November 18, 1971, p. 69.

 

 

8. Hastorf, A., amp; Cantril, H. (1954). They saw a game: A case study. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49, 129-134.

 

 

9. Bruce, L. (1966). How to talk dirty and influence people (pp. 232-233). Chicago: Playboy Press, and New York: Pocket Books.

 

 

10. Time, November 24, 1980, p. II.

 

 

11. Jones, E., amp; Kohler, R. (1959). The effects of plausibility on the learning of controversial statements. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 57, 315-320.

 

 

12. Lord, С., Ross, L., amp; Lepper, M. (1979). Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subseqently considered evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 2098-2109.

 

 

13. Ehrlich, D., Guttman, 1., Schonbach, P., amp; Mills, J. (1957). Postdecision exposure to relevant information. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 57, 98-102.

 

 

14. Brehm, J. (1956). Postdecision changes in the desirability of alternatives. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 52, 384-389.

 

 

15. Johnson, D.J., amp; Rusbult, C.E. (1989). Resisting temptation: Devaluation of alternative partners as ameans of maintaining commitment in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 967-980.

 

 

16. Simpson, J.A., Gangestad, S. W., amp; Lerma, M. (1990). Perception of physical attractiveness: Mechanisms involved in the maintenance of romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1192-1201.

 

 

17. Wiesel, E. (1969). Night. New York: Avon.

 

 

18. White, R. (1971, November). Selective inattention. Psychology Today, pp. 47- 50, 78-84.

 

 

19. Глубокий анализ данного процесса, имевшего место в ряде катастрофических политических решений, - см.: Janis, 1. (1972). Victims of group-think. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

 

 

20. Pentagon papers: The secret war. (1971, June 28). Time, p. 12.

 

 

21. Freedman, J., amp; Eraser, S. (1966). Compliance without pressure: The foot-in-the-door technique. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 195-202.

 

 

22. Pliner, P., Hart, H., Kohl, J., amp; Saari, D. (1974). Compliance without pressure: Some further data on the foot-in-the-door technique. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10, 17-22.

 

 

23. Knox, R., amp; Inkster, J. (1968). Postdecision dissonance at post time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8, 319-323.

 

 

24. Frenkel, O.J., amp; Doob, A. (1976). Post-decision dissonance at the polling booth. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 8, 347-350.

 

 

25. Cialdini, R., Cacioppo, J., Bassett, R., amp; Miller, J. (1978). Low-ball procedure for producing compliance: Commitment then cost. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 463-476.

 

 

26. Ibid.

 

 

27. Mills, J. (1958). Changes in moral attitudes following temptation. Journal of Personality, 26, 517-531.

 

 

28. Festinger, L., amp; Carlsmith, J.M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210.

 

 

29. Cohen, A.R. (1962). An experiment on small rewards for discrepant compliance and attitude change. In J.W. Brehm amp; A.R. Cohen, Explorations in cognitive dissonance (pp. 73-78). New York: Wiley.

 

 

30. Между прочим, следует отметить, что исследование феномена ‹говорю-значит-верю› привело к ряду противоречивых экспериментальных данных. Однако факты в поддержку приведенного в тексте анализа перевешивают. Более детальное обсуждение этого вопроса - см.: Aronson, Е. (1969). The theory of cognitive dissonance: A current perspective. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 1-34). New York: Academic Press.

 

 

31. Zimbardo, P., Weisenberg, M., Firestone, 1., amp; Levy, B. (1965). Communicator effectiveness in producing public conformity and private attitude change. Journal of Personality 33, 233-255.

 

 

32. Mills, Changes in moral attitudes.

 

 

33. Aronson, Е. (1968). Dissonance theory: Progress and problems. In R.P. Abelson, Е. Aronson, W.J. McGuire, T.M. Newcomb, M.J. Rosenberg, and P.H. Tannenbaum (Eds.), Theories of cognitive consistency: A sourcebook (pp. 5-27). Chicago: Rand McNally. Aronson, Е. (1969). The theory of cognitive dissonance: A current perspective. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 1-34). New York: Academic Press.

 

 

34. Nel, Е., Helmreich, R., amp; Aronson, Е. (1969). Opinion change in the advocate as a function of the persuasibility of his audience: A clarification of the meaning of dissonance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12, 117-124.

 

 

35. Hoyt, M., Henley, M., amp; Collins, B. (1972). Studies in forced compliance: Confluence of choice and consequence on attitude change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 23, 204-210. Schlenker, B., amp; Schlenker, P. (1975). Reactions following counterattitudinal behavior which produces positive consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 962-971. Riess, M., amp; Schlenker, B. (1977). Attitude change and responsibility avoidance as modes of dilemma resolution in forced-compliance situations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 21-30.

 

 

36. Cialdini, R., amp; Schroeder, D. (1976). Increasing compliance by legitimizing paltry contributions: When even a penny helps. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 599-604.

 

 

37. Freedman, J. (1963). Attitudinal effects of inadequate justification. Journal of Personality, 31, 371-385.

 

 

38. Deci, Е. (1975). Intrinsic motivation. New York: Plenum. Deci, Е. (1971). Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18, 105-115. Deci, E., Nezlek, J., amp; Sheinman, L. (1981). Characteristics of the rewarder and intrinsic motivation of the rewardee. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 1-10.

 

 

39. Lepper, M.R., amp; Greene, D. (1975). Turning play into work: Effects of adult surveillance and extrinsic rewards on children's intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 479-486.

 

 

40. Aronson, E., amp; Carlsmith, J.M. (1963). Effect of the severity of threat on the devaluation of forbidden behavior. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 584-588.

 

 

41. Freedman, J. (1965). Long-term behavioral effects of cognitive dissonance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1, 145-155.

 

 

42. Sears, R., Whiting, J., Nowlis, V., amp; Sears, P. (1953). Some child-rearing antecedents of aggression and dependency in young children. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 47, 135-234.

 

 

43. Aronson, E., amp; Mills, J. (1959). The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59, 177-181.

 

 

44. Gerard, H., amp; Malhewson, G. (1966). The effects of severity of initiation on liking for a group: A replication. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2, 278- 287.

 

 

45. Cooper, J. (1980). Reducing fears and increasing assertiveness: The role of dissonance reduction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16, 199-213.

 

 

46. Conway, М., amp; Ross, М. (1984). Getting what you want by revising what you had. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 738-748.

 

 

47. Michener, J. (1971). Kent State: What happened and why. New York: Random House.

 

 

48. Ibid.

 

 

49. Davis, K., amp; Hones, E.E. (1960). Changes in interpersonal perception as a means of reducing cognitive dissonance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 61, 402-410.

 

 

50. Glass, D. (1964). Changes in liking as a means of reducing cognitive discrepancies between self-esteem and aggression. Journal of Personality, 32, 531-549.

 

 

51. Berscheid, E., Boyce, D., amp; Walster(Hatfield), E. (1968). Retaliation as a means of restoring equity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 370-376.

 

 

52. Jones, E., amp; Nisbett, R. (1971). The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior. New York: General Learning Press.

 

 

53. Shaw, G.B. (1952). In D. Russel (Ed.), Selected Prose. New York: Dodd, Mead.

 

 

54. Brehm, J. (1959). Increasing cognitive dissonance by afait-accompH. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 379-382.

 

 

55. Darley, J., amp; Berscheid, E. (1967).Increased liking as aresult of the anticipation of personal contact. Human Relations, 20, 29-40.

 

 

56. Lehman, D., amp; Taylor, S.E. (1987). Date with an earthquake: Coping with a probable, unpredictable disaster. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 13, 546- 555.

 

 

57. Aronson, E., amp; Mettee, D. (1968). Dishonest behavior as a function of different levels of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 121-127.

 

 

58. Zimbardo, P. (1969). The cognitive control of motivation. Glencoe, IL: Scott, Foresman.

 

 

59. Brehm, J. (1962). Motivational effects of cognitive dissonance. In Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1962 (pp. 51-77). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

 

 

60. Brehm, J., amp; Cohen, A. (1962). Explorations in cognitive dissonance. New York: Wiley.

 

 

61. Aronson, E. (1960). The cognitive and behavioral consequences of the confirmation and disconfirmation of expentancies.Unpublished manuscript, Harvard University, Aronson, E., amp; Carlsmith, J.M. (1962). Performance expectancy as a determinant of actual performance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 65, 178-182. Aron-son, E., amp; Mettee, D.R. (1968). Dishonest behavior as a function of differential levels of induced self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 121-27. Nel, E., Helmreich, R., amp; Aronson, E. (1969). Opinion change in the advocate as a function of the persuasibility of his audience: A clarification of the meaning of dissonance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12, 117- 24. Aronson, E., Chase, Т., Helmreich, R., amp; Ruhnke, R. (1974). A two-factor theory of dissonance reduction: The effect of feeling stupid or feeling ‹awful› on opinion change. International Journal for Research and Communication, 3, 59-74.

 

 

62. Rosenberg, M.J. (1965). When dissonance fails: On eliminating evaluation apprehension from attitude measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 28-42.

 

 

63. binder, D.L., Cooper, J., amp; Jones, E.E. (1967). Decision freedom as a determinant of the role of incentive magnitude in attitude change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6, 245-254.

 

 

64. Goethals, G., Cooper, J., amp; Anahita, N. (1979). Role of foreseen, foreseeable, and unforeseeable behavioral consequences in the arousal of cognitive dissonance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1179-1185.

 

 

65. Bern, D.J. (1967). Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena. Psychological Review, 74, 183-200.

 

 

66. Jones, R.A., binder, D.E., Kiesler, C.A., Zanna, M., amp; Brehm, J. W. (1968). Internal states or external stimuli: Observers' attitude judgments and the dissonance theory - self-persuasion controversy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 4, 247-269. Piliavin, J.A., Piliavin, 1.M., Loewenton, E.P., McCauley, C., amp; Hammond, P. (1969). On observers' reproduction of dissonance effects: The right answers for the wrong reasons? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 98-106.

 

 

67. Fazio, R., Zanna, M., amp; Cooper, J. (1977). Dissonance and self-perception: An integrative view of each theory's proper domain of application. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 464-479. Ronis, D., amp; Greenwald, A. (1979). Dissonance theory revised again: Comment on the paper by Fazio, Zanna, and Cooper. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15, 62-69. Fazio, R., Zanna, M., amp; Cooper, J. (1979). On the relationship of data to theory: A reply to Ronis and Greenwald. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15, 70-76.

 

 

68. Pallak, M.S., amp; Pittman, T.S. (1972). General motivational effects of dissonance arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 349-358.

 

 

69. Zanna, M., amp; Cooper, J. (1974). Dissonance and the pill: An attribution approach to studying the arousal properties of dissonance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 703-709.

 

 

70. Bond, С. (1981). Dissonance and the pill: An interpersonal simulation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7, 398-403.

 

 

71. Mountain West Research, Inc. (1979). Three Mile Island telephone survey. Preliminary report on procedures and findings, report submitted to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NUREG CR-1093).

 

 

72. News-week, April 16, 1979, pp. 93, 35. CBS News-New York Times Poll, The New York Times, April 10, 1979, pp. 1, 16.

 

 

73. Axsom, D., amp; Cooper, J. (1981). Reducing weight by reducing dissonance: The role of effort justification in inducing weight loss. In E. Aronson (Ed.), Readings aboufthe social animal (pp. 181-196). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.

 

 

74. Stone, J., Aronson, E., Grain, A.L., Winslow, M.P., amp; Fried, C.B. (1994). Inducing hypocrisy as a means of encouraging young adults to use condorns. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 116-128.

 

 

75. Dicker-son, C.A., Thibodeau, R., Aronson, E., amp; Miller, D. (1992). Using cognitive dissonance to encourage water conservation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 841-854.

 

 

76. Johnson, L.B. (1971). The vantage point: Perspectives of the presidency 1963-69. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

 

 

77. Reagan, R. (1990). An American life (p. 405). New York: Simon amp; Schuster.

 

 

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