Describe the main parts of Drought management plans (drought – 7)

We know that there is drought when: soil water content has decreased, decreas of water table, yield decrease, food safety, increase in food price, increase in agriculture water use.

 

Drought management plan

• Common risk treatment

• Comprehensive water management (cross border activities)

• Establish of water supply conditions, new water systems (Hungary)

• Drought/flood induced migration.

• Biomass production – to what extent it can increase water shortage and scarcity?

• Role of alternative resources in the mitigation of water scarcity (treated wastewater, sea water desalination, etc.

• Close cooperation between agricultural and environmental sector with intention to find of what are true possibilities for adaptation related to available water resources balancing of consumption of water for agriculture

• Drawing attention to the need to providing water supply during drought periods at all potential risk areas.

• Enough or too much water various is various about: distribution of precipitation in space and time, the kind of plants are cultivated (C4 , C3, length of vegetation etc.), static water demand, amount of available water content in space and time, critical soil water depletion.

 

 

19. Describe the role of remote sensing and thermographic survey in drought monitoring (drought– 12+15)

 

The Earth Observation satellites which include both geostationary and polar orbiting satellites provide comprehensive, synoptic and multi temporal coverage of large areas in real time and at frequent intervals and ‘thus’ - have become valuable for continuous monitoring of atmospheric as well as surface parameters related to droughts and floods. Geo-stationary satellites provide continuous and synoptic observations over large areas on weather including cyclone monitoring. Polar orbiting satellites have the advantage of providing much higher resolution imageries, even though at low temporal frequency, which could be used for detailed monitoring, damage assessment and long-term relief management. Remote sensing could prepare us for: drought prevention, prediction, rainfall monitoring, surface temperature estimation, soil moisture estimation, vegetation monitoring.

 

 

Termography is based on the fact, that all the objects in our environment, which are to a certain extent warmer then the absolute zero, emit radiations in the infrared wavelength range. From the temperature of the plant can be deduced its level of water availability and for changes in temperature, it can be determined the drought stress

The use of thermal imaging is a fast growing and potentially important tool in various fields of agriculture. The technology visually identified the rise of temperature in crop canopy which occurs as a result of drought and allows the precise scheduling of crop irrigation.

Thermographic cameras usually detect radiation in the long-infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 9,000–14,000 nanometers or 9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation, called thermograms

 

 

20. Specify the important definitions: crop evapotranspiration (crop water need) (ET) (slide 07 – 12-15)

 

Evapotranspiration is the combination of two separate processes whereby water lost on the one hand from the soil surface by evaporation and on the other hand from the crop by transpiration is referred to as evapotranspiration. Evaporation is the process whereby liquid water is converted to water vapor

(vaporization) and removed from the evaporating surface (vapor removal). Water evaporates from a variety of surfaces, such as lakes, rivers, pavements, soils and wet vegetation. Transpiration consists of the vaporization of liquid water contained in plant tissues and the vapor removal to the atmosphere. Crops predominately lose their waterthrough stomata. These are small openings on the plant leaf through which gases and water vapor pass.

 

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