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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
II. Direct and Reported Speech.Стр 1 из 6Следующая ⇒
ТЕМА 2
Grammar: The Passive Voice. Direct and Reported Speech. Vocabulary: My country. The place I was born. Содержание темы I. The Passive Voice. 1. Verb Form of the Passive Voice. 1.1. Present simple. 1.2. Present continuous. 1.3.Past simple. 1.4. Past continuous. 1.5. Present perfect simple. 1.6. Past perfect simple. 1.7. Future simple. 1.8. Future perfect simple. 1.9. Perfect cont. passives. 2. Use. 2.1. Agent and instruments. 2.2. Verbs with an object. 2.3. Verbs with two objects. 2.4. Verbs with object and complement. 3. Using and not mentioning the agent. 4. Have something done, Causative Verbs. 5. Get something done. 6. Need doing. 7. Passive get. 8. Reporting verbs. 9. Verb with prepositions.
II. Direct and Reported Speech. 1. Direct and Reported Speech. 2. Say. Tell. Ask. 3. Expressions with say, tell and ask. 4. Reported statements. 5. Reported Questions. 6. Reported Commands/Requests/Suggestions.
Рекомендуемая литература
(pp 82-91, 92-95).
(рр 58-65, 86-98).
Раздел: Учебно-методические материалы Вспомогательные материалы
Grammar
I. The Passive Voice. 1. Form: Although it is possible to form a wide range of passive tenses, the most used are present simple and continuous, past simple and continuous, present perfect simple, past perfect simple, will future, and future perfect. There are also present and past passive infinitives.
2. Use 2.1 Agent and instrument The person who performs an action in a passive sentence is called the agent, introduced by by. The agent may or may not be mentioned. An object, which causes something to happen, is called an instrument, introduced by with. My purse was found by one of the cleaners. He was hit on the head with a hammer. 2.2 Most verbs with an object (transitive verbs) can be made passive. Common verbs not used in the passive include: Using and not mentioning the agent 3.1 Change of focus: Jack won the prize, (focus on Jack). The prize was won by Jack. (focus on the prize) 3.2 Unknown agent: My wallet has been taken. In this case, there is no point in adding an agent: 'by somebody' 3.3 Generalized agent: Bicycles are widely, used in the city instead of public transport. 3.4 Obvious agent: Linda has been arrested! (we assume by the police). The company agreed to our request and a new car park was opened. 3.5 Unimportant agent: / was advised to obtain a visa in advance. 3.6 Impersonality: It has been decided to reduce all salaries by 10%. 3.7 In descriptions of processes: Then the packets are packed into boxes of twenty-four. Have something done 4.1 Have something done usually describes a service performed for us by someone else: I' ve just had my car serviced. 4.2 It can also describe something unfortunate that happens to someone. We have had our car stolen so we need a lift. 4.3 This applies to a range of tenses: I'm having my flat painted next week. I have it done every year. Sheila had her hair done yesterday. I was having the roof repaired when it happened. 4.4 Note the quite different colloquial expressions have someone round/over. In this case, there is no sense of a service. We had some friends round for dinner last night.
Get something done 5.1 Get cannot be used in all the same contexts as have in this case. Get is common where there is a feeling that something must be done: I must get my car serviced. 5.2 It is also common in orders and imperatives: Get your hair cut! 5.3 There is also a feeling of eventually managing something in some uses: I eventually got the car fixed. 6. Need doing (can be described the need to have a service done). Your hair needs cutting. 7. Passive get Get can be used instead of be in spoken language. Martin got arrested at a football match. Reporting verbs: 8.1 Present reference: With verbs such as believe, know, say, think which report people's opinions, a passive construction is often used to give a generalized opinion. With present reference, the passive is followed by the present infinitive. People think that Smith is in England. Smith is thought to be in England. 8.2 Past reference: With past reference, the passive is followed by the past infinitive. People believe that Smith left England last week. Smith is believed to have left England last week. With passive infinitive Everyone knows the portrait was painted by an Italian. The portrait is known to have been painted by an Italian. 8.4 Past reporting verb: If the reporting verb is in the past, the past infinitive tends to follow, though not always if the verb be is used. People thought Sue had paid too much. Sue was thought to have paid too much. The police thought that the thief was still in the house. The thief was thought to still be in the house. 8.5 If there are two objects, two versions are possible. The portrait is known to have been painted by an Italian. An Italian is known to have painted the portrait. 8.6 Continuous infinitive Past and present continuous infinitives are also used. Mary is thought to be living in Scotland. 9. Verbs with prepositions: 9.1 At the end of the sentence: Someone broke into our house. Our house was broken into. 9.2 By and with With is used after participles such as filled, packed, crowded, crammed. The train was packed with commuters. The difference between by and with may involve the presence of a person: Dave was hit by a branch. (an accident) Dave was hit with a branch. (a person hit him with one) 9.3 Make is followed by to when used in the passive. My boss made me work hard. I was made to work hard by my boss. 9.4 Cover and verbs which involve similar ideas, such as surround, decorate can use with or by. Cover can also be followed by in.
Direct and Reported Speech We use direct speech to quote people's exact words. We use inverted commas (" " ) in direct speech. " I come from Ireland, " Fiona said. We use reported speech to report the exact meaning of what someone said, but not the exact words. We do not use inverted commas in reported speech. Personal pronouns, possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns change according to the meaning of the sentence. Fiona said that she comes from Ireland. We can report someone's words either a long time after they were said (out-of-date reporting) or a short time after they were said (up-to-date reporting). 2. Say • Tell • Ask 2.1 Say can be used both in direct and reported speech. It is used with or without a personal object. When used with a personal object, it is always followed by the preposition to (said to me). In reported speech, say is not followed by an object pronoun, but it can be followed by that. She said, " I'm happy.” She said to me, " I'm happy.” She said (that) she was happy. 2.2 Tell can be used both in direct and reported speech. It is always followed by a personal object (told me). She told me, " I'm happy." She told me (that) she was happy. 2.3 Ask is used in reported questions and requests. It is also used in direct questions. " Where is Tom? " he asked me. He asked me where Tom was. " Will you do me a favour? " Mary said to me. Mary asked me to do her a favour. Reported Statements Verb tenses and time expressions change in reported speech: 4.1 When the introductory verb is in a past tense. " I'm buying a new car next month, " he said. He said that he was buying a new car the following month.
4.2 In out-of-date reporting. (Wednesday 11 May) Tim said, " I have caught a cold." (Sunday 15 May) Tim said that he had caught a cold. 4.3 When we consider what the speaker says to be untrue. " Peter and I are business partners, " Jill said to me. Jill said that she and Peter were business partners, (but Peter had never met her.) 5. Tenses do not change in reported speech when: 5.1 the introductory verb is in the present simple, future or present perfect. " I live in Tokyo, " he says. He says (that) he lives in Tokyo. 5.2 the speaker reports something a short time after it was said " There is plenty of food in the fridge, " Mum said, Mum said (that) there is plenty of food in the fridge. 5.3 the reported sentence deals with type 2 or type 3 conditionals. " If I had the money, I would travel abroad, " Kelly said. Kelly said (that) if she had the money, she would travel abroad. 5.4 Tenses can either change or remain the same in reported speech when the speaker reports a general truth, a law of nature or a permanent state. " The sun sets in the west, " the teacher said. The teacher said (that) the sun sets/set in the west 6. The tenses change as follows:
7. Some words and time expressions change according to the meaning of the sentence: now - then, at the time, immediately come - go tomorrow - the next/following day here – there two days ago - two days before this week - that week today, tonight - that day, that night yesterday - the day before, the previous day last month - the month before, the previous month next month - the month after, the following month Modal Verbs
Reported Questions 9.1 Reported questions are usually introduced with the verbs ask, inquire, wonder or the expression want to know. The verb is in the affirmative. The question mark and words/expressions such as please, well, oh, etc., are omitted. The verb tenses, pronouns and time expressions change as in statements. 9.2 When the direct question begins with a question word (who, where, when, why, what, how old, how long, etc) the reported question is introduced with the same question word. When the direct question begins with an auxiliary verb (is, do, have) or a modal verb (can, may, etc) then the reported question begins with if or whether. " Where are you from? " she asked me. She asked me where I was from. " Can you speak Italian? " Tom asked me. Tom asked me if I could speak Italian. Vocabulary
Study the important vocabulary: Towns can be convenient places to live in because they have many facilities: Sports: swimming pool, sports center, golf course, tennis courts, skating rink Cultural: theatre, opera, concert hall, radio station, art gallery Educational: school, college, university, library, evening classes, museum Catering and night life: restaurant, café, nightclub, take away, hotel, B and B (bed and breakfast), youth hostel, dance hall, disco Transport: bus service, taxi, car hire agency, car park, parking area Other: health center, law courts, registry office, citizens, advice bureau, job center, bank, department store, chemist's, estate agent, garden, center, police station, Town or City Hall, suburbs, housing estate, industrial estate, pedestrian precinct, blocks of flats….. Towns also have their own special problems: Traffic jams - every day, particularly in the rush hour, the streets get so packed with traffic that travel is very slow or even comes to a standstill this is permanently stressful for commuters, people who travel to work in the town; Slums – are certain parts of the city which are poor and in very bad conditions; Vandalism - pointless destruction of other people's property; Overcrowding - too many people live in too small a place; Pollution - the air and the water are no longer pure as they were
Some useful adjectives for describing towns: Picturesque, historic, spacious, elegant, magnificent, atmospheric, quaint, lively, hectic, deserted, bustling, crowded, packed, filthy, run down, shabby…. Some useful words for describing buildings: aerial, curtains, drive, parking, shelf, central heating, dishwasher, furniture, radiator, stool, cook, doormat, landing, stove/cooker, rug, door knocker, letter box, settee/sofa, washing machine, shutters, ceiling, chimney, pillow, kennel, blind, cushion, roof, rubbish, urban, bunk, eiderdown, litter, rural, hedge, fence……..
Names of Countries: The USA, The United Kingdom, the Philippines, the Netherlands, (the) Lebanon, (the) Gambia, (the) Ukraine
Nationalities: a Finn, a Swede, a Turk, a Spaniard, a Dane, a Briton, an Arab, an Italian, a Belgian, a Catalan, a Greek, an African, a Dutch man, a French woman
Adjectives referring to countries and languages: British, Irish, Flemish; Canadian, Brazilian; Japanese, Chinese; Israeli, Iraqi; Icelandic, Arabic, Swiss, Thai, Greek, Dutch, Cypriot
Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы Grammar 1. Yuri Gagarin ’s was a dangerous flight. He ____. 1) must have been killed 2) was able to kill 3) could have been killed 4) could have killed
2. The manuscript ____ in the 15-th century. 1) believed to be written 2) is believed to have been written 3) was believed must have written 4) has believed to have been written
3. Little Abraham ____ and ____ his clothes. 1) was aroused, was made to put on 2) was rising, was made put on 3) had got up, was put on 4) had raised, put on
4. They both looked around them as if they ____ afraid that they ____. 1) had been, were watched 2) have been, watched 3) may be, were watching 4) were, were being watched 5. He ____ an opportunity to go to Columbia ____ attend the Winter Meeting of the Physical Society. 1) gave, in order to 2) was given, to 3) has been given, for 4) was giving, -
6. The moment you ____ something you want, you want something else. 1) are offered 2) offer 3) have offered 4) are offering
7. She did all the rough work in the house, spoke when she ____, but not otherwise, and ate a very great deal of food at lunch. 1) was spoken with, a 2) spoke to, - 3) was being spoken, the 4) was spoken to, - 8. His place in history is secure. He ____ long after his enemies ____. 1) will remember, have forgotten 2) remembers, forget 3) will be remembered, have been forgotten 4) may be remembered, will be forgotten 9. Mrs. Chester began to talk about Basil – of how well ______ at school, of how ______ him. 1) had he been, had everyone liked 2) he had been, everyone liked 3) was he at school, did everyone like him 4) is he, everyone liked
10. Can’t you see? You ____, that’s all. 1) are being made a fool of 2) made a fool of 3) are making a fool 4) had made a fool of
11. I don’t know ____. They ____ about it. 1) not a thing, are reserved 2) anything, reserved 3) something, have reserved 4) anything, are so reserved
12. If you ____ so late the front door ____ and you’ll have to go by the back door. 1) will come, will be locked 2) come, will lock 3) will come, is locked 4) come, will be locked
13. What sort of research ____, and who will be doing it? 1) will have done 2) will be being done 3) will be done 4) has done
14. You can see that this glass ____. 1) has used 2) has been being used 3) has been used 4) is using
15. All of a sudden he realized the full force of what he ____. 1) had told 2) has said 3) had been told 4) had been being told
16. She has taught at a school in the north of England and at two schools in Germany, and ____ to be an excellent teacher. 1) is believing 2) has believed 3) is believed 4) had been believed 17. Mary wondered what ______ to talk about. 1) does he want 2) did he want 3) he wanted 4) he wants
18. Nancy looked displeased and ____ me she ____ to fetch the breakfast tray. 1) said to, has been sent 2) said, was sent 3) told to, had sent 4) told, had been sent
19. She had an uncomfortable feeling that she ____ and it pleased her. 1) is looked at 2) was being looked at 3) was looking at 4) had looked at
20. She telephoned to know where the meeting ____. 1) will be hold 2) would hold 3) would be held 4) might be hold 21. Charlie replied angrily that he _______ to his people that he _____ fail his examinations. 1) would have to explain, might fail 2) is to explain, can 3) has explained, may fail 4) has to explain, has failed
22. The room looked as if it ____ for years. 1) has not been lived in 2) did not live in 3) was not living in 4) had not been lived in
23. It ____ that we ____ to prevent cancer soon. 1) thinks, shall be able 2) was thought, must 3) is thought, shall be able 4) is thinking, are
24. Even nowadays one can see that a top hat ____ at weddings. 1) is sometimes worn 2) is often wearing 3) is sometimes being wearing 4) has worn
25. The Prime Minister ____ at three o’clock. But he didn’t turn up till five. 1) was expecting 2) had expected 3) was being expect 4) was expected
26. Mary knows that she ____ a silver teapot for her birthday. 1) has been being given 2) will give 3) can have given 4) will be given
27. Mr. Black ____ three days to finish the job before he ____. 1) had, dismissed 2) got, had dismissed 3) was allowed, was dismissed 4) had been given, was dismissing
28. I was in a hurry, so asked my Dad if he _______ me a lift. 1) gave 2) would give 3) had given 4) was going to give 29. Many beautiful old buildings in cities. If this replacement______ very long before a city loses its character. 1) are being replaced modern ones, is not controlled 2) are replaced by modern ones, were not controlled 3) are replaced by modern ones, won't be controlled 4) are being replaced by modem ones, is not controlled
30. He_____ with the new boss, so he____ to another branch of the company. 1) doesn't get on, asked to transfer 2) hasn't got on, had asked to have been transferred 3) doesn't get on, has asked to be transferred 4) isn't getting on, has asked to be transferred
31. In the drawing room the music of Mozart ________ by an orchestra ___ on the screen. 1) was playing, to see 2) had been played, seen 3) was being played, seen 4) has been playing, having seen
32. Karen said that his sister ______ the next Sunday. 1) could get married 2) was going to get married 3) was getting married 4) would get married 33. I ________the other day. I ______ telling lies. I _____ like this. 1) was shocked, was accused of, had never been treated 2) have been shocked, have been accused, had never treated 3) will be shocked, will be accused, have never been treated 4) was shocked, was accused, had never treated 34. Two people are reported ________ in the explosion. It has been informed that the investigation now. 1) have been killed, was being held 2) to have been killed, is being held 3) being killed, was being held 4) killing, are being held 35. It ____ __for some time that if the young of domestic animals_____ penicillin their V ocabulary
Find the right word. 1. It is difficult to ……………… the beauty of London. 1) prescribe 2) describe 3) subscribe 2. Moscow is the major…………. of the Russian Federation. 1) metropolis 2) metropole 3) monitor 3. The ……………. of the country is increasing every year. 1) punctuation 2) population 3) pronunciation 4.The main business and shopping center ………… on the island. 1) lies 2)lays 3) lined 5. The buses tend to be ……………… in the cities. 1) overwhelmed 2) overbooked 3) overcrowded 6. The 19th century building was ……………by a famous architect. 1) designed 2) destroyed 3) developed 7. The Art Gallery is …………. seeing. 1) wealth 2) worth 3) word 8. Tourists from all over the word …………….. the beauty and charm of these medieval villages. 1) appoint 2) appeal 3) appreciate 9. Annually the town council organizes ………….. to commemorate the names of famous citizens. 1) exhibitions 2) executions 3) excursions 10. Residential areas encircle the city center and industrial acres were moved to the …………... 1) harbour 2) headquarters 3) outskirts Find the right word. 1. One advantage of traveling by train is that you can forget about traffic jams 1) scenery 2) scene 3)site 2. Many ………………... in this part of the town date back from XVII to XIX centuries. 1) buildings 2) constructions 3) blocks 3. We began climbing the narrow path before dawn, and when we reached the ….……., the plain below was still shrouded in mist. 1) summit 2) side 3) pick 4. From this point on, the landscape becomes increasingly bare, until the rocky 1) valley 2) desert 3) scenery 5. In the garden, almost hidden by overhanging trees, was a round …………….. full of lilies and croaking frogs. 1) estuary 2) lake 3) pond
TEXT Skye is located off Scotland's northwest coast, some 184km from Glasgow. The island measures 77km in length and 38km at its widest. The largest island in Scotland's Inner Hebrides, Skye covers an area of l, 740sq km about half the size of the state of Rhode bland in the USA. Skye's landscape is dominated by the spectacular Black Cuillin Hills, which an English journalist H.V. Morton (1892-1979) described in his book “In Search of Scotland”. Imagine Wagner's " Ride of the Valkyries” frozen in stone and hung up like a colossal screen against the sky. It seems as if Nature when she hurled the Coolins up.. said: " I will make mountains which shall be the essence of all that can be terrible in mountains". According to legend, the island, once flat, was inhabited by Cailleach Bhur, the goddess of winter. She had enslaved a beautiful girl, the sweetheart of spring, who appealed to the sun for help. In response, the angry sun hurled his burning spear at Cailleach Bhur as she rode across Skye. But he missed his mark and destroyed the landscape which broke into a range of hills - the Cuillins. Skye's inhabitants often tell this tale to explain the curious fact that these hills are rarely snow-covered, even in winter. When surrounding hills are covered with snow, the Black Cuillins stand dark against the sky. Twenty peaks feature in the Black Cuillins, 15 of them more than 914m in height. The tallest, Sgur Alasdair, stands 1, 009m high. The peaks came into existence some 50 million years ago. The Red Cuillin Hills, some 16km to the east are more rounded than the Black Cuillins. hi the south of the island stands the unusual rock known as the Old Man of Storr. Both these formations had their beginnings 10, 000 years ago. Little of Skye's landscape can support the barley, oats and other crops grown elsewhere in Scotland. Areas of human settlement occur only rarely. Thousands of seabirds nest on the island's coast and shore. The puffin which nests on dangerous rocks, can catch small fish in great numbers. It is not unusual for a puffin to return to its nest with as many as 14 fish in its mouth. Yet Skye's puffin population is far from " growing due largely to the attacks of lesser black-backed gulls which rob the puffins of their catch before they can reach their nests to feed their young. (Word count 408) Answer the questions to text: According to legend, 1) the sun got angry with a beautiful girl who had become the sweetheart of spring 2) the goddess of winter was enslaved by the sun 3) Cailleach Bhur terribly missed the sun 4) the angry sun made the Black Cuillins almost never snow covered ТЕСТ Выберите единственный правильный вариант из предложенных:
1. English is worth _____. It is _____ in a lot of the countries. 1) learned, spoken 2) learning, speaking 3) learning, spoken 4) to learn, spoke
2. This office is very inefficient. The telephone_____ promptly and no proper records _____. 1) is never answered, are kept 2) never answers, have kept 3) is never answered, are keeping 4) has never answered, are kept
3. She likes_____ and needs_____ care of. 1) look at, take 2) being looked at, to be taken 3) looking at, be taking 4) to look at, to be taken
4. I really love parties! Who is going _____? 1) been invited 2) to be inviting 3) to have invited 4) to be invited
5. Henry ______ for something he didn't do. 1) has punished 2) is punishing 3) punishes 4) was punished
6. A business letter should ______ on one side of the paper only. 1) have written 2) being writing 3) be written 4) write
7. The majority of the planes ______ with electronically coded security systems. 1) equipped 2) are equipped 3) has equipped 4) are equipping
8. He knew that _____ suspected person _____ by Inspector Jarvis at 10 o'clock this morning. 1) a, was interviewing 2) the, was being interviewed 3) -, had been interviewed 4) the, interviewed 9. The police_____ that there had been a mistake. 1) was not informed 2) were not informing 3) were not informed 4) has been informed
10. The information about the trip _____ in the brochure. 1) is included 2) includes 3) is including 4) has included
11. He explained that the dogs on the farm ______ for a walk twice a day. 1) are being taken 2) were being taken 3) had taken 4) were taken 12. Aunt Polly wanted to know where ______. 1) would Tom go to 2) had Tom gone to 3) was Tom going to 4) Tom was about to go
13) She explained that the house whose roof ______ yesterday in the earthquake _____ hers. 1) collapsed. Is 2) had collapsed, was 3) had collapsed, had been 4) collapsed, would be
14. The mayor ______ the school and _____ one of the pupils why _____ to clean the beach. 1) had visited, asked, had they decided 2) had visited, asked, they had decided 3) visited, asked, they decided 4) visited, asked, they had decided
15. She said that it ____ while she ______ her car filled with petrol. 1) had happened, was having 2) happened, had 3) would happen, would be having 4) happens, is having
ТЕМА 2
Grammar: The Passive Voice. Direct and Reported Speech. Vocabulary: My country. The place I was born. Содержание темы I. The Passive Voice. 1. Verb Form of the Passive Voice. 1.1. Present simple. 1.2. Present continuous. 1.3.Past simple. 1.4. Past continuous. 1.5. Present perfect simple. 1.6. Past perfect simple. 1.7. Future simple. 1.8. Future perfect simple. 1.9. Perfect cont. passives. 2. Use. 2.1. Agent and instruments. 2.2. Verbs with an object. 2.3. Verbs with two objects. 2.4. Verbs with object and complement. 3. Using and not mentioning the agent. 4. Have something done, Causative Verbs. 5. Get something done. 6. Need doing. 7. Passive get. 8. Reporting verbs. 9. Verb with prepositions.
II. Direct and Reported Speech. 1. Direct and Reported Speech. 2. Say. Tell. Ask. 3. Expressions with say, tell and ask. 4. Reported statements. 5. Reported Questions. 6. Reported Commands/Requests/Suggestions.
Рекомендуемая литература
(pp 82-91, 92-95).
(рр 58-65, 86-98).
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