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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
I. Read and translate the text. В результате освоения дисциплины обучающийся должен. I. Read and translate the text.Стр 1 из 10Следующая ⇒
Введение Целью учебного пособия является совершенствование навыков чтения, понимания, анализа и перевода аутентичных англоязычных текстов по деловому английскому языку, снятие лексико-грамматических трудностей при выполнении заданий, ознакомление студентов с принципами делового общения на иностранном языке и с терминологическим аппаратом, необходимым для лучшего усвоения материала и развития навыков устной речи.
В результате освоения дисциплины обучающийся должен:
Вариант 1 I. Read and translate the text. VI. Open the brackets using the appropriate form of the verbs.
1. What you (to do) when I (to come) in? 2. When I (to come) to his house, they (to tell) me that he (to leave) an hour before. 3. On checking up his answers he (to find) out that he (to make) several mistakes. 4. When I (to leave) home, the snow already (to stop), but a strong wind (to blow). 5. You (to read) this book? — Yes, I (to read) it. I (to think) it (to be) very interesting. 6. What the children (to do) now? — Oh, they (to play) the new table game which I (to buy) for them the day before yesterday. 7. They (to reach) the corner of the street by now and (to stand) at the bus stop. 8. After we (to walk) about two hours, we arrived at a picturesque glade covered with fresh grass. 9. We could not go out because it (to rain) hard since early morning. 10. She (to teach) at our school for twenty years now. 11. Ring me up as soon as you (to come) home. 12. He (to begin) to write his composition at three o'clock. It is already eleven, and he still (to write) it. He says he (to finish) it by twelve. 13. We (to help) our librarian to put the books in the right order for already three days, but we (to arrange) only half the books. 14. I would be delighted if I (to have) such a beautiful fur-coat. 15. If it (to rain), we will have to stay at home. 16. If he (to work) hard, he would have achieved great progress. 17. If it is not too cold, I (not to put) on my coat. 5. I (to write) the composition long ago if you had not disturbed me. 18. If he (not to read) so much, he would not be so clever. 19. If my friend (to be) at home, he will tell us what to do. 20. If he were not such an outstanding actor, he (not to have) so many admirers. 21. If you (to give) me your address, I will write you a letter 22. If she (not to be) so absent-minded, she would be a much better student. 23. If your mother (not to scold) you, you would have felt happier. 24. Their father often (go) to rock concerts. 25. It’s already 10:00, but Jane (not to finish) her homework yet.
Вариант 2 I. Read and translate the text. Advertising 1. Advertising is one of the largest industries. 2. In 1986, for example, American business spent over $100 billion to advertise its products. 3. Since consumers are the principal targets of these sales campaigns, we ought to know something about the services advertisers perform, as well as some of the techniques they use. The Benefits of Advertising 4. Advertising benefits consumers and the economy in a number of ways: 5. It provides us with information about prices, recent improvements in certain goods and services, and the availability of new ones. 6. Advertising often results in lower prices. 7. Large-scale production can reduce costs. 8. By creating mass markets, advertising enables producers to reduce the costs of their products and pass those savings on to the consuming public. 9. Advertising stimulates competition, and competition benefits us all. 10. Advertising by one firm puts pressure on others within the industry to do at least as well to attract the consumer’s money. 11. Advertising pays most of the cost of magazines and newspapers, and all of the cost of commercial radio and TV. 12. Advertising helps the economy as a whole by stimulating consumer demand. 13. Consumer spending has a direct effect on the health of the economy. 14. Advertising helps to keep that spending at healthy levels. The Price We Pay for Advertising 15. Not everyone agrees that advertising benefits the economy. 16. Critics list the following points of its disadvantages: 17. The information contained in advertising does not inform and often misleads the consumer. 18. Because it costs money to advertise, this cost adds to the price consumers pay. 19. Consumers are tempted to spend money for products they do not really need. 20. Radio and TV are not really free because the cost of advertising on them is also passed on to the consumer. Advertising Strategies 21. Three strategies that have been especially popular with advertisers can be classified as slogans, rational appeals, and emotional appeals. 22. Slogans Advertisers often use slogans that sound great but mean little or nothing. 23. Yet, advertisers seem to feel that such slogans, when repeated often enough, do increase sales. 24. Rational Appeals Rational appeals rely upon logic or reason to convince the consumer to buy a product. 25. “Our Cookies Contain 25% Fewer Calories Than the Next Leading Brand. 26. ” This is an example of an advertisement that appeals to reason. 27. Ads for health foods, pain relievers and home remedies tend to use this technique. 28. Emotional Appeals Emotional appeals rely upon the use of psychology. 29. The following is a sampling of such strategies: 30. Testimonials These are the advertisements in which famous people claim they use and enjoy a particular product. 31. Ads for sports equipment frequently rely on this strategy. 32. The Bandwagon The bandwagon appeal implies that everybody is using a particular product and that if you don’t, you will be left out. 33. The term derives from the practice, during nineteenth-century circus or political parades, of jumping on or following behind the wagon carrying the band. 34. Soft drink and automobile ads use this appeal. 35. Popularity Some advertisements suggest that simply by using the advertised product you will be popular or find romance. 36. Toothpaste ads showing moments of romance between handsome young men and women are typical of these kinds of campaigns. 37. Every day you as a consumer are the object of the marketing efforts of American and foreign companies. 38. The advertising on television and radio and in the newspaper that come to your house is just some of the ways that sales promotions reach you. 39. Can you think of other ways that sales promotions reach you. 40. Can you think of other ways? 41. Most of these marketing strategies represent honest efforts to convince you to buy a product or service. 42. Nevertheless, you are responsible for evaluating advertising directed at you, separating fact from emodon, and deciding whether or not to buy the product.
Vocabulary advertising – реклама industries – отрасли промышленности consumer – потребитель target – цель services – услуги techniques – технологии benefit – выгода improvement – усовершенствование availability – доступность cost – издержки enable - давать возможность savings – сбережения competition – конкуренция put – оказывать pressure – давление mislead - вводить в заблуждение rational appeal – рациональное общение emotional appeal – эмоциональное общение increase – увеличивать reliever – мучение testimonial – характеристика appeal – подразумевать evaluating – оценка
Exercises II. Find the Russian Equivalents: Product, strategies, benefits, advertising, competition, product, industries, spend, services, mislead, stimulated, reduce, attract, pressure, disadvantage, tempted, slogan, convince, emotional and rational appeals, reliever, testimonial, claim, term, the bandwagon, circus, parades, popularity, promotion, effort, evaluating.
III. Find the English Equivalents: Реклама, цена, отрасль промышленности, потребитель, конкуренция, цель, выгоды от рекламы, усовершенствования, продукты и услуги, издержки, массовые рынки, стимулировать, недостатки, вводить в заблуждение, стратегия, слоганы, рациональное и эмоциональное общение, характеристика, использовать, популярность, зубная паста, объект усилий, маркетинг.
IV. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text: 1. … is one of the largest industries. 2. Advertising … consumers and the economy in a number of ways. 3. Advertising stimulated … , and … benefits us all. 4. Advertising helps the … as a whole by stimulating consumer demand. 5. The information contained in advertising does not inform and often … the consumer. 6. Consumers are … to spend money for products they do not really need. 7. Tree strategies that have been especially popular with advertisers can be classified as … , … … , and … … . 8. Emotional Appeals consist of … , … , … . 9. Some advertisements suggest that simply by using the advertised product you will be … or … … . 10. Advertising often use … that sound great but mean little or nothing.
V. Answer the questions: 1. In what way do consumers and the economy benefit from advertising? 2. What are the benefits of advertising? 3. What are the disadvantages of advertising? 4. How are advertising strategies classified? 5. Can you give the examples of different advertising strategies on Russian TV? 6. What are the methods and types of advertising? 7. Does advertising influence your personal decisions to buy or not to buy ?
Business ethics 1. Ethics is the system of moral principles, rules of conduct and morality of choices that individuals make. 2. Business ethics is the application of moral standards to business situations. 3. Business ethics has become a matter of public concern. 4. All business people face ethical issues daily, and they stem from a variety of sources. 5. Although some types of issues arise infrequently, others occur regularly. 6. Let’s take a closer look at several ethical issues. 7. Fairness and Honesty. Fairness and honesty in business are two important ethical concerns. Besides obeying all lows and regulations, business people should refrain from deceiving, misrepresenting, or intimidating others. 8. Organizational Relationship. A business person may be tempted to place his or her personal welfare above the welfare of the organization. Relationship with customers and coworkers often create ethical problems – since confidential information should be secret and all obligations should be honoured. Unethical behavior in these areas includes not meeting one’s obligations in a mutual agreement, and pressuring others to behave unethically. 9. Conflict of Interest. Conflict of interest result when a business person takes advantage of a situation for his or her own personal interest rather than for the employer’s or organization’s interest. Such conflict may occur when payments and gifts make their way into business deals. A wise rule to remember is that anything given to a person that might unfairly influence that person’s business decisions is a bribe, and all bribes are unethical. 10. Communications. Business communications, especially advertising, can present ethical questions. False and misleading advertising is illegal and unethical, and it can infuriate customers. Sponsors of advertisements aimed at children must be especially careful to avoid misleading messages. Advertisers of health-related products must also take precautions against deception.
11. Relationships. Business ethics involves relationships between a firm and its investors, customers, employees, creditors and competitors. Each group has specific concerns, and each exerts some type of pressure on management. Investors want management to make financial decisions that will boost sales, profits, and returns on their investments. Customers expect a firm’s products to be safe, reliable, and reasonably priced. - Employees want to be treated fairly in hiring, promotion, and compensation - Creditors require bills to be paid in time and the accounting information furnished by the firm to be accurate. Competitors expect the firm’s marketing activities to portray its products truthfully. 11. Business ethics. Although there are exceptions, it is relatively easy for management to respond in an ethical manner when business is good and profit is high. However, concern for ethics can dwindle under the pressure of low or declining profit. In such circumstances, ethical behaviour may be compromised. Expanding international trade has also led to an ethical dilemma for many firms operating in countries where bribes and payoffs are an accepted part of business. In the U. S. government agencies have prosecuted several companies for «illegal payoffs», in spite of the fact that there is as yet no international code of business ethics. Unit stronger international laws or ethics codes are in place, such cases will be difficult to investigate and effective prosecution is not possible. Encouraging ethical behavior 12. Ethics. When no company policy exists, a quick check if behaviour is ethical is to see if others- coworkers, customers, suppliers, and the like- approve of it. Openness will often create trust and help build solid business relationships. What affects a person’s inclination to make either ethical or unethical decisions is not entirely clear. There general sets of factors influence the ethics of decisions making. First, an individual’s values, attitudes, experiences, and knowledge influence decision making. Second, the absence of an employer’s official code of behaviors and values of others, such as coworkers, supervisor, and company official, affect the ethics of a person. 13. Ethics and etiquette. There is some difference between business ethics and etiquette. Etiquette means rules for formal relations or polite social behavior among people in a society or a profession. If you are a manager you should stick to the following rules in your everyday activities. - Don’t order, ask and be polite. - Remember that people work with you, not for you. They like to be treated as associates, not slaves. - Keep your promises, both important and less important promises. - Criticize, if you must, only in private-and do it objectively. Never criticize anyone in public or in anger. You should say «Good morning» when you come in and «please» and «Thank you» at every opportunity. Vocabulary public concern – общественная значимость face – сталкиваться stem – возникать, происходить closer – более тщательно refrain (from) – воздерживаться (от) misrepresent – представлять в ложном свете intimidate – запугивать coworker – сотрудник, коллега meet obligation – выполнять обязательства take advantage (of) – воспользоваться make way – проникать bribe – взятка infuriate – приводить в ярость aim (at) – предназначать (для) health-related – относящийся к здоровью take precautions – принять меры предосторожности involve – включать boost – повышать hire – нанимать furnish – предоставлять in an ethical manner – этически dwindle – уменьшаться, ухудшаться decline – понижаться payoff – оплата, вознаграждение prosecute – преследовать в судебном порядке code – кодекс code of ethics – моральный кодекс be in place – вводить encourage – поощрять supplier – поставщик inclination – склонность stick (of) – придерживаться (чего-либо)
Exercises II. Find the Russian Equivalents: Rules of conduct, morality of choices, ethical issues, fairness and honesty, lows and regulations, personal welfare, relationship, coworker, unethical behavior, mutual agreement, business deal, payments and gifts, bribe, false and misleading, advertising, misleading message, advertiser, health-related product, deception, precaution, precaution against deception, return on the investment, safe and reliable products, gifts, accurate accounting information, illegal payoff, low and declining profit, international trade, ethics code, effective prosecution, trust, ethical decision making, individual’s values, deceive, misrepresent, intimidate, obey, create, meet obligations, press, approve (of), affect, take advantage (of), investigate, respond.
III. Find the English Equivalents: Справедливость и честность, законы и постановления, правила поведения, этичное поведение, неэтичное поведение, взаимоотношения с сотрудниками, личное благосостояние, деловая этика, конфиденциальная информация, конфликт интересов, ложное и вводящее в заблуждение рекламирование, реклама, рекламодатель, взятка, обман, оплата, предосторожность, деловая сделка, конкурент, низка прибыль, моральный кодекс, безопасная и надежная продукция, доверие, достоинства личности, сталкивать с этическими вопросами, обманывать, запугивать, представлять в ложном света, выполнять обязательства, оказывать давление на руководство, создавать доверие, воспользоваться (чем-либо), воздерживаться от обмана, принятие этических решений.
IV. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text: 1. Fairness and … in business are two important ethical … . 2. A business person may be tempted to place his/her personal … above the welfare of others. 3. A conflict of interest results when a business person … of a situation for his or her own personal interest rather than for the employer’s or organization’s interest. 4. Anything given to a person that might unfairly influence that person’s business decision is a … and all … are unethical. 5. Business people should refrain from deceiving, misrepresenting, or … others. 6. Employees want to be treated … in hiring, promotion, and … . 7. Concern for ethics can dwindle under the pressure of low or declining … . 8. False and … advertising is illegal and … . 9. Government agencies have prosecuted several companies for … in spite of the fact that there is as yet no international code of business ethics.
V. Answer the questions: 1. What is ethics? 2. Give the definition of business ethics. 3. What are two important ethical concerns? 4. What can you say about false and misleading? 5. What do employees want in their relationship with management? 6. Why is effective prosecution of «illegal payoffs» difficult in international trade? 7. State the difference between ethics and etiquette.
Вариант 4 Market economies 1. In a true market economy the government plays no role in the management of the economy, the government does not intervene in it. 2. The system is based on private enterprise with private ownership of the means or production and private supplies of capital which can be defined as surplus income available for investment in new business activities. Workers are paid wages by employers according to how skilled they are and how many firms wish to employ them. 3. They spend their wages on the products and services they need. 4. Consumers are willing to spend more on products and services, which are favored. 5. Firms producing these goods will make more profits and this will persuade more firms to produce these particular goods rather than less favored ones. 6. Thus, we can see that in a market economy consumers decide what is be produced. 7. Consumers will be willing to pay high prices for products they particularly desire. 8. Firms, which are privately owned, see the opportunity of increased profits and produce the new fashionable and favored products. 9. Such a system is, at first view, very attractive. The economy adjusts automatically to meet changing demands. 10. No planners have to be employed, which allows more resources to be available for production. Firms tend, to be highly competitive in such an environment. 11. New advanced products and low prices are good ways to increase sales and profits. Since all firms are privately owned they try to make the largest profits possible. 12. In a free market individual, people are free to pursue their own interests. 13. They can become millionaires, for example. 14. Suppose you invent a new kind of car. You want to make money out of it in your own interests. 15. But when you have that car produced, you are in fact moving the production possibility frontier outwards. 16. You actually make the society better-off by creating new jobs and opportunities, even though you become a millionaire in the process, and you do it without any government help or intervention. 17. Not surprisingly there are also problems. 18. Some goods would be underpurchased if the government did not provide free or subsidized supplies. 19. Examples of this type of good and service are health and education. 20. There are other goods and services, such as defense and policing, that are impossible to supply individually in response to consumer spending. 21. Once defense or a police force is supplied to a country then everyone in this country benefits. 22. A cornerstone of the market system is that production alters swiftly to meet changing demands. These swift changes can, however, have serious consequences. 23. Imagine a firm, which switches from labour-intensive production to the one where new technology is employed in the factory. 24. The resulting unemployment could lead to many social as well as economic problems. 25. In a market economy there might be minimal control on working conditions and safety standards concerning products and services. 26. It is necessary to have large-scale government intervention to pass laws to protect consumers and workers. 27. Some firms produce goods and then advertise heavily to gain sufficient sales. 28. Besides wasting resources on advertising, firms may also duplicate one another’s services. 29. Rival firms providing roll services for example, could mean that two or more systems of rail are laid. 30. Finally, firms have to have confidence in future sales if they are to produce new goods and services. 31. At certain times they tend to lack confidence and cut back on production and the development of new ideas. 32. This decision, when taken by many firms, can lead to a recession. 33. A recession means less spending, fewer jobs and a decline in the prosperity of the nation.
Vocabulary private enterprise (entrepreneurship) – частное предпринимательство public property, common ownership — общественная собственность state-owned property, state ownership – государственная собственность private supplies of capital — частный капитал surplus income available for investment in new business activities — дополнительный доход, который можно вложить в новое дело to employ — использовать, предоставлять работу, нанимать to adjust automatically — автоматически приспосабливаться; приводиться в соответствие make the largest profits possible — получить наибольшую возможную прибыль to make money out of it – зарабатывать деньги на том to move the production possibility frontier outwards – продвинуть вперед предел производственных возможностей to make the society better-off – сделать общество более состоятельным to create new jobs and opportunities – создать новые рабочие места, новые возможности to provide free or subsidized – обеспечить бесплатное или субсидированное (дотированное) предоставление (товаров, услуг) in response to (in answer to) – в ответ на a cornerstone – краеугольный камень to alter swiftly – быстро меняться labor-intensive production – трудоемкое производство safety standards – нормы техники безопасности large-scale intervention – широкомасштабное вмешательство to pass laws – принимать законы to gain sufficient – добиться достаточного объема продаж rival firms – фирмы-конкуренты, соперники
Exercises II. Find the Russian Equivalents: New advanced products; products, which are favored; they try to make the largest profits possible; provide free or subsidized supplies; produce goods and then advertise heavily; a firm which switches from labour-intensive production to a new one; a decline in the prosperity of the nation; to create new jobs and opportunities; safety standards; to move the production possibility frontier outwards; to make the society better-off; to pass laws.
III. Find the English Equivalents: процветание нации; управление экономикой; быстро меняться; широкомасштабное вмешательство правительства; принимать законы; автоматически изменяться (приспосабливаться); быть конкурентоспособным; частные фирмы; фирмы, принадлежащие государству и управляемые им; краеугольный камень; иметь серьезные последствии для; трудоемкое производство; сокращать производство; быть уверенным в …; не хватает уверенности в ...; дорого платить за что-либо.
IV. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text: 1. The system is based on … with …of … . 2. Consumers are willing to spend more on. products and services, which ... . 3. More profits will ... more firms to produce those particular goods that are favoured. 4. In a market economy it is ... who decide what is to be produced. 5. The economy ... automatically to meet changing demands. 6. Firms tend to be highly ... in such an environment. 7. In a free market individual people are free ... . 8. You actually make .... by … even though you become a millionaire in the process, and you do it without ... or ... . 9. Some goods would be ... if the government did not provide ... supplies. 10. Some other goods and services, such as defense and policing, are impossible to ... in response to consumer spending.
V. Answer the questions: 1. What is a market economy? 2. What is the mechanism of. producing goods and services in a market economy? 3. In what way do changing demands affect production in a market economy? 4. What is the main difference between a market economy and a planned economy? 5. What are the advantages of a market economy ? 6. What are the disadvantages of a market economy?
Вариант 5 Motivation Definition of motivation 1. Motivation is the personal internal «force» that causes people to work to achieve organizational goals and by doing it to satisfy their personal needs. 2. When we say that a job motivates employees, we mean that it activates this force or the process within employees to behave in a particular way. 3. When it seems that employees work only to achieve the general goals of an organization, they behave in this way only to achieve their own purposes to satisfy their needs. 4. The task of the manager is to create the possibilities for the employees to satisfy their needs to the full extent as a reward for their work and skills. 5. Practical management is based on certain scientific theories. Scientific theories of motivation 6. There are several scientific theories of motivation. 7. Taken together, these models of motivation represent a good «guide book» for managers. 8. We shall consider only some of them. 9. One of the first approaches to employee’s motivation was Frederick Taylor’s scientific theory. Taylor believed that employees work only for money and that they must be closely supervised and managed. 10.He reasoned that the pay should be tied to output because workers «soldiered» or worked slowly. He said that the more a person produced, the more he or she should be paid. 11.This gave rise to the piece-rate system under which employees are paid a certain amount for each unit of output they produce. 12.This theory didn’t take into account social processes in the workplace. 13.Douglas McGregor labeled this view Theory X and than described an alternative view called Theory Y which was based on the idea that employees can be motivated to behave as responsible members of an organization when it is clear to them that accomplishing the organizational goals will bring them personal rewards. 14.This leads to the dedication and loyalty to the firm that are in evidence at the Japanese firms with the common desire to do thus increase productivity. 15.People will work towards goals to which they are committed. 16.McGregor maintained that his theory (Theory Y) was much more effective as a guide for managers. 17.However, human motivation is a complex and dynamic process to which there is no simple key. A variety of factors must be considered in any attempt to increase motivation. Hierarchy of needs 18.Abraham Maslow, an American psychologist, advanced a theory of a hierarchy of needs. Maslow assumed that people seek to a variety of needs. 19.He assumed that they can be arranged according to their importance in sequence known as Maslow,s hierarchy of needs or Maslow,s pyramid of needs: Physiological needs. Safety needs. Social needs. Esteem needs. Self-realization needs. 20.At the most basic level are physiological needs, the things we require to survive. 21.These needs include food and water, clothing, shelter, and sleep. 22. In the employment context, these needs are usually satisfied through adequate wages. 23. At the next level are safety needs, the things we require for physical and emotional security. Safety needs may be satisfied through job security, health insurance, pension plans, and safe working conditions. 24. Next are the social needs, the human requirements for love and affection and a sense of belonging. 25. To an extent, these needs can be satisfied through the work environment and the informal organization. 26. But social relationship beyond the workplace-with family and friends, for example- are usually needed too. 27. At the level of esteem needs, we require respect and recognition (the esteem of others), as well as a sense of our own accomplishment and worth (self-esteem). 28. These needs may be satisfied through personal accomplishment, promotion to more responsible jobs, various honors and awards, and other forms of recognition. 29.At the uppermost level are self-realization needs, the needs of people to increase all their human potentials and capabilities. 30. These are the most difficult needs to satisfy, and the means of satisfying them vary with the individual. 31. For some people, learning a new skill, starting a new career, or becoming «the best» at some endeavor may be the way to satisfy the self-realization needs. 32. Maslow suggested that people work to satisfy their physiological needs first, then their safety needs, and so on up the «needs ladder». 33. In general, they are motivated by the needs at the lowest (most important) level that remain unsatisfied. 34. However, needs at the next-higher level come into play. 35. If the majority of a person’s physiological and safety needs are satisfied, that persons will be motivated primarily by social needs. 36. As needs at one level are ratified, people try to satisfy needs at the next level.
Vocabulary by doing it – зд. Тем самым within (employees) – зд. У (работников) to the full extent – в полной мере guide book – руководство closely – зд. тщательно reason – зд. доказывать output – производительность, выработка solider – разг. Увиливать от работы, «сачковать» give rise (to) – вызывать, порождать piece-rate – сдельный under which – зд. Согласно которой unit of output – единица продукции label - зд. Называть Theory X – теория Х Theory Y – теория У be in evidence – зд. наблюдаться towards – зд. Ради (чего-либо) a variety (of) – ряд employment context – рабочая среда safety needs – потребность в безопасности job security – безопасность работы pension plans – зд. Пенсионное обеспечение requirement for – потребность в to an extent – в некоторой степени work environment – рабочая обстановка esteem needs – потребность в уважении accomplishment – зд. достижение uppermost – самый верхний self-realization needs – потребность в самореализации endeavor – предприятие needs ladder – лестница потребностей come into play – зд. Вступают в действие
Exercises II. Find the Russian Equivalents: Rate system, unit of output, dedication and loyalty, hierarchy of needs, variety of needs, sequence, psychological needs, esteem needs, social needs, safety needs, self-realization needs, adequate wages, physical and emotional security, job security, health insurance, sense of belonging, respect and recognition, self-esteem, personal accomplishment, promotion, honors and rewards, endeavor, majority, achieve goals, behave, create, consider, supervise, advance a theory, arrange needs, satisfy needs, grow and develop, learn, represent motivate.
III. Find the English Equivalents: Личная внутренняя сила; личные потребности; достижение общих целей; их собственные цели; задача менеджера; возможность; награда; мастерство; научная теория; модели мотивации; мотивация работников; научный менеджмент; сдельная система; единица продукции; ответственные члены организации; преданность и верность; удовлетворение; признание; самоуважение; физическая безопасность; безопасность работы; страхование на случай болезни; потребности в самореализации; потребности в безопасности; физиологические потребности; ряд потребностей; иерархия потребностей; почести и награды; выдвигать теорию; удовлетворять потребности; достигать цели; расти и развиваться; мотивировать; надзирать; вести себя; создавать; выживать; предполагать; осуществлять; создавать; вызывать.
IV. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text: 1. Motivation is the personal … «Force» that causes to work to … organizational and doing it to … their personal needs. 2. Taylor believed that employees work only for … and that they must be closely supervised and management. 3. Taylor’s theory … to the piece-rate system. 4. Theory Y was based on the idea that … can be motivated to … as responsible members of the organization and this leads to … and loyalty. 5. He advanced a theory of … . 6. At the most basic level of Maslow's pyramid are … . 7. At the uppermost level of his pyramid are … . 8. Maslow suggested that people work to satisfy their … first. 9. As needs at one level are satisfied people try to … need at the next level.
V. Answer the questions: 1. What is motivation? Give a short definition. 2. What is practical management based on? 3. State the main difference between Taylor’s and McGregor’s theories (Theory X and Theory Y). 4. Which theory of these two takes into account social process in the workplace? 5. State two main factors that help increase productivity at the Japanese firms. 6. Why do people at the Japanese firms work towards organizational goals? 7. Find in the text the words and word combinations which define safety needs, social needs, and esteem needs.
Вариант 6 Planned economies 1. Planned economies are sometimes called «command economies» because the state commands the use of resources (such as labour and factories) that are used to produce goods and services as it owns factories, land and natural resources. 2. Planned economies are economies with a large amount of central planning and direction, when the government takes all the decisions, the government decides production and consumption. 3. Planning of this kind is obviously very difficult, very complicated to do, and the result is that there is no society, which is completely a command economy. 4. The actual system employed varies from state to state, but command or planned economies have a number of common features. 5. Firstly, the state decides precisely what the nation is to produce. 6. It usually plans five years ahead. 7. It is the intention of the planners that there should be enough goods and services for all. 8. Secondly, industries are asked to comply with these plans and each industries and factory is set a production target to meet. 9. If each factory and farm meets its target, then the state will meet its targets as set out in the five-year plans. 10. You could think of the factory and farm targets to be objectives which, if met, allow the nation’s overall aim to be reached. 11. A planned economy is simple to understand but not simple to operate. It does, however, have a number of advantages: everyone in society reserves enough goods and services to enjoy a basic standard of living. 12. Nations do not waste resources duplicating production. 13. The state can use its control of the economy to divert resources to wherever it wants. As a result, it can ensure that everyone receives a good education, proper health care or that transport is available. 14. Several disadvantages also exist. 15. It is these disadvantages that have led to many nations abandoning planned economies over recent years: 16. There is no incentive for individuals to work hard in planned economies. 17.Any profits that are made are paid to the government. 18.Citizens cannot start their own businesses and so new ideas rarely come forward 19.As a result, industries in planned economies can be every inefficient. 20.A major problem faced by command or planned economies is that of deciding what to produce. Command economies tend to be slow when responding to changes in people’s tastes and fashions. Planners are likely to under produce some items, as they cannot predict changes in demand. 21. Equally, some products, which consumers regard as obsolete and unattractive, may be overproduced. 22. Planners are afraid to produce goods and services unless they are sure substantial amounts will be purchased. This leads to delays and queues for some products. Mixed economies 23. Command and market economies both have significant faults. 24. Partly because of this, an intermediate system has developed, known as mixed economies. 25. A mixed economy contains elements of both market and planned economies. 26. At one extreme we have a command economy, which does not allow individuals to make economic decisions, at the other extreme we have a free market, where individuals exercise 27. considerable economic freedom of choice without any government restrictions. 28.Between these two extremes lies a mixed economy. In mixed economies some resources are controlled by the government whilst others are used in response to the demands of consumers. 29. Technically, all the economies of the world are mixed. 30. Some countries are nearer to command economies, while others are closer to free market economies. 31. The aim of mixed economies is to avoid the disadvantages of both systems while enjoying the benefits that they both offer. 32. So, in a mixed economy the government and the private sector interact in solving economic problems. 33. The state controls the share of the output through taxation and transfer payments and intervenes to supply essential items such as health, education and defense, while private firms produce cars, furniture, electrical items and similar, less essential products. 34. The UK is a country with mixed economy. Some services are provided by the state (for example, health care and defense) whilst a range of privately owned businesses offer other goods and services.
Vocabulary to own — владеть a large amount — большой объем central planning and direction — центральное планирование и руководство complicated —сложный to have a number of common features – иметь ряд общих черт to comply with — подчиняться a production target to meet — производственная задача(задание), которую надо выполнить an overall aim — общая цель to enjoy a basic standard of living — иметь основной уровень жизни to duplicate production — дублировать производство to divert — отвлекать (напр. ресурсы на др. цели) a major problem faced by command or planned economies — основная проблема, стоящая перед командной или плановой экономикой changes in tastes and fashions – изменение вкусов и моды to regard smth as... — воспринимать что-либо, относиться к чему-либо как… obsolete (syn. out of date) — устарелый, вышедший из употребления delays and queues — зд. перебои с (товарами) и очереди at one extreme... at the other extreme – на одном полюсе…на другом to exercise considerable economic freedom of choice- иметь значительную экономическую свободу выбора whilst [wailst] = while — в то время как, пока state-controlled industry —промышленность, контролируемая государством to avoid disadvantages — избегать недостатков to enjoy the benefits — иметь преимущества, пользоваться преимуществами to interact —взаимодействовать to solve economic problems — решать экономические проблемы a share of the output —доля в объеме производства essential items — товары и услуги первой необходимости a range of businesses — зд. ряд компаний, фирм
Exercises II. Find the Russian Equivalents: use of resources, command economies, produce goods and services, central planning and direction, take all the decisions, production and consumption, common features, basic standard of living, duplicating production, delays and queues, substantial amounts, to underproduce, to overproduce, an overall aim, disadvantages; health care and defense; to enjoy the benefits; to solve economic problems; to exercise considerable economic freedom of choice; state-controlled industry; a major problem faced by command or planned economies;
III. Find the English Equivalents: имеющиеся в распоряжении ресурсы; управлять использованием ресурсов; управление экономикой; отказываться от плановой экономики; иметь высокий жизненный уровень; иметь общие черты; подчиняться 5-летнему плану; значительное количество; ставить производственные задачи; полученная прибыль; стимул к эффективной работе; перебои и очереди; реагировать на изменения спроса; предсказывать изменения спроса; основная проблема, стоящая перед; ..избегать недостатков; частный сектор; налогообложение; централизованно принимать экономические решения; на одном полюсе – на другом; без ограничений; взаимодействовать в решении проблем; пользоваться благами; правительство, возглавляемое…
IV. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text: 1. The type of system chosen is ... in ..., in which businesses operate. 2. An economic system is the way in which a country uses its ... to satisfy the demands of ... for goods and services. 3. The state , factories, land and .... 4. Planned economies are economies with ... of ..., when the government ... all..., decides ... and ... . 5. The actual system employed ... from state to state, but command or planned economies have ... . 6. It is ... that there should be enough goods and services for all. 7. Nations do not waste resources … . 8. Command and market economies both have … . 9. … contains elements of both market and planned economies.… we have a command economy, which does not … , …we have a free market, where individuals ... without ... . 10. Some countries arc ... to command economies, while others are ... to free market economies. 11. It is just ... between market and planned element that ... in all the economies of the world. 12. The aim of mixed economies is ... the disadvantages of both system while ... the benefits that they both offer.
V. Answer the questions: 1. What is an economic system? 2. What does a standard of living depend on? 3. What is a planned economy? 4. What are the main features of a planned economy? 5. What are the advantages of a planned economy? 6. What are the disadvantages of a planned economy? 7. What causes delays and queues for some products? 8. What are other advantages and disadvantages of a planned economy?
VI. Open the brackets using the verbs in the correct Tense and Voice: 1. Papers (deliver) usually at 8 in the morning, they (look through) at the moment and you’ll get yours soon. 2. Dresses (make) preferably of cotton in hot countries. This wonderful costume (make) specially for this performance now. 3. What strange sounds! – Oh, our piano (tune). 4 Where is your car? – It (fill) in the garage at the moment. 5. Tea (lay) usually on the balcony in fine weather. 6. Many towns (destroy) by the earthquake in Italy last year. 8. The helicopter (construct) in Russia. 9. He (throw) out of class for cheating yesterday. 10. The pop singers arrived at the airport and (welcome) by thousands of fans. Flowers (throw) at them all the way to the exit.11. The exposition (open) when we drove up to the picture gallery. 12. The decorations (complete) an hour ago. 13. The preparations for the party just (finish) and the guests are already arriving. 14. The baby (feed) an hour ago. – Christopher (feed) yet? – Not yet. 15. He (not see) for a week already. 16. The child hopes he (give) a computer by Santa Claus, but his parents made up their minds that the boy (present) with a new scooter. 17. The boss assured the staff they (tell) about the coming changes. 18. Don’t worry! The burglars (catch) by the police – Hm, but they are sure they (not catch). 19. Get your passports ready, they (examine) by the officer. Do you remember we were warned that our papers (examine) here? 20. The whole state hoped he (elect) a congressman.
Вариант 7 Recruitment 1. When a company needs to recruit or employ new people, it may decide to advertise the job or position in the «NEED HELP» section of a newspaper. 2. People who are interested can then apply for the job by sending in a letter of application or covering letter (US coyer letter) and a curriculum vitae or CV (in US - resume) containing details of their education and experience. 3. A company may also ask candidates to complete a standard application form. 4. The company's Human Resources department will then select the most suitable applications and prepare a short list of candidates or applicants, who are invited to attend an Interview. 5. Another way for a company to hire is by using the services of a recruitment agency (in US - search firm) which provides a list of suitable candidates. 6. A growing number of companies are no longer satisfied with traditional job interviews. 7. Instead, they are requiring applicants for many white-collar jobs to submit to a series of written tests, role-playing exercises, simulated decision-making exercises. 8. Others put candidates through a long series of interviews by psychologists or trained interviewers. 9. The tests are not about mathematics or grammar, nor about any of the basic technical skills for which many production, sales and clerical workers have long been tested. 10. Rather, employers want to evaluate candidates on the following qualities: 11. Is the candidate creative and entrepreneurial? 12. Can the candidate lead and coach? 13. Is the candidate flexible and capable of learning? 14. Does the candidate have enough skills and knowledge? 15. How will the candidate function under pressure? 16. Will the potential recruit fit the corporate culture? 17. These tests, which can take from an hour to two days, are all part of a broader trend. 18. Companies are'-getting much more craftily about hiring. 19. Ten years ago, candidates could win a top job with the right look and the right answers to questions such as «Why do you want this job?» 20. Now, many candidates are having to face questions and exercises intended to learn how they get things done. 21. They may face questions such as «Who is the best manager you ever worked for and why?» or «What is your best friend like?» 22. To answers, psychologists say, reveal much about a candidate's management style and about himself or herself. 23. The reason for the interrogations is clear: many hired candidates work out badly. 24. The cost of bringing the wrong person on board is sometimes huge. 25. Searching and training can cost from $5000 for a lower-level manager to $250,000 for a top executive. 26. With the pace of change accelerating in markets and technology, companies want to know how an executive will perform, not just how he or she has performed. 27. Years ago, employers looked for experience has the candidate done this before? 28. Most companies have not changed this practice until now. 29. Research has shown that most decision makers make their hiring decision in the first five minutes of an interview and spend the rest of the time rationalizing their choice. 30. Even companies that have not started extensive testing have toughened their hiring practices. 31. They make the comprehensive testing aimed to measure skills in communications, analysis and organization, management style and personality traits. Vocabulary position — зд. работа apply for ... — подавать заявление на … letter of application = covering letter — заявление о приёме curriculum vitae = resume — автобиография experience — опыт application form — заявление о приёме нa pa6oтy short list of candidates or applicants – краткий список кандидатов interview — собеседование to hire – нанимать recruitment agency = search firm — aгентство по трудоустройству a series — ряд to simulate —моделировать
Exercises II. Find the Russian Equivalents: Interview, covering letter, psychologists, to hire, curriculum vitae, comprehensive, experience, a series, candidates, to simulate, provide, himself or herself, applicants, recruitment agency; letter of application, curriculum vitae, hiring decision; to measure skills, pace of change, short list of candidates or applicants, interrogation. III. Find the English Equivalents: Собеседование, приём на работу, нанимать, автобиография, работа, человеческие ресурсы, ряд, ссылки, предоставлять, агентство по трудоустройству, краткий список кандидатов, стиль управления, оценивать кандидата, опыт работы и образование, ролевая игра, моделировать, творческий и предприимчивый, личные черты характера.
IV. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text: 1. Searching and training can from $5000 for a lower-level manager to $250,000 for a top executive. 2.A company may also ask candidates to complete a ... form. 3. Others put candidates through a long ... interviews by psychologists or trained interviewers. 4. Ten years ago, candidates could win ... with the right look and the right answers to questions such as «Why do you want this job?» . 5. They ... the comprehensive testing aimed to measure skills in communications, analysis Now, many candidates are having to face questions and exercises. 6. … and organization, management style and personality traits. 7. ..., psychologists say, reveal much about a candidate's management style and about himself or herself.
V. Answer the questions: 1. When a company needs to recruit or employ new people what does it do? 2. What department deals with the selection of applications? 3. What kind of test do candidates do? 4. What is the searching and training cost for a top manager? 5. Are companies -getting much more craftily about hiring and why? 6. What kind of questions may they face?
VI. Open the brackets using the verbs in the correct Tense and Voice: 1 We are finishing the last preparations for the party: the lights (switch on), the floors (clean), the tables (lay). Do you think we’ll be ready on time? 2. I’ve got two questions to you First: «What language (speak) all over the world?» Second: «What language (speak) in this room?». 3. The witness (question) by the police-in-spector now. 4. The old motorway (use) by many people, but it’s not very convenient, that’s why a new ring-road (build) in the city. 5. Our luggage (examine) at the Customs now. Any luggage going abroad (check) usually here. 6 He couldn’t go out as his suit and shirt (clean). 7. The petrol tank (fill) last week. 8 The policeman noticed that the suitcase (carry) by the porter in a most strange way. 9. The naughty boy (teach) a very good lesson by his friends. 10 When I came to the skating-rink he (teach) to skate by his elder brother. 11. The paper (not read) by anyone yet. 12. The suit (not wear) for a long time. 13. This fact (not mention) in his last speech. 14. I’m happy as I just (allow) to stay here for an extra day. 15. She (teach) music in her childhood. 16. Mind, you (punish) if you disobey my orders. 17. I wonder when my project paper (publish). 18. The child (bring up) in a respectable family. 19. They made sure that the child (bring up) by decent people. 20 Don’t leave your bicycle outside. It (steal).
Вариант 8 Human Resources or «Labor» 17. Economists call the physical and mental effort that people put into the creation of goods and services labor. 18. The price paid for the use of labor is called wages. 19.Wages represent income to workers, who own their labor. Capital 20. To the economist, physical capital (or «capital» as it is commonly called), is something created by people to produce other goods and services. 21. A factory, tools and machines are capital resources because they can be used to produce other goods and services. 22. The term «capital» is often used by business people to refer to money they can use to buy factories, machinery and other similar productive resources. 23. Payment for the use of someone else's money, or capital, is called interest. Entrepreneurship 24. Closely associated with labor is the entrepreneurship, the managerial or organizational skills needed by most firms to produce goods and services. 25. The entrepreneur brings together the other three factors of production. 26.When they are successful, entrepreneurs earn profits. 27. When they are not successful, they suffer losses. 28. The reward to entrepreneurs for the risks, innovative ideas and efforts that they have put into the business, they obtain the money that remains after the owners of land, labor and capital have received their payments.
Vocabulary overall output — полный выпуск продукции cause-and-effect relationship – причино-следственные связи production and consumption — npoизводство и потребление factors of production — факторы производства natural resources – природные pecypcы human resources — человеческиe pecypcы capital and entrepreneurship — капитал и предпринимательство return or reward — доход или вознаграждение wildlife and timber resources – живая природа и ресурсы древесины to allocate the factors of production — размещать факторы производства to postpone — откладывать Exercises II. Find the Russian Equivalents: Individual consumers, overall output, total income, opportunity costs, factors of production, include, has a place in economic system, provided by nature, to include, physical and mental effort, capital resources, successful, suffer losses, to obtain, factors of production, wildlife and timber resources, to allocate the factors of production, cause- and-effect relationship, overall output,
III. Find the English Equivalents: природные ресурсы, экономическая система, порождать, направлены на создание, доход работника, деловые люди, плата, собирать воедино, остались после использования
IV. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text: 1. … is the study of the economy as a whole; … is the study of individual consumers and the business firm. 2. The factors of production include …, human resources, … and entrepreneurship. 3. Wages represent …, who own their labor. 4. The term «capital» is often used by business people to refer to money they can use to buy …, … and other similar productive resources. 5. The … brings together the other three factors of production. V. Answer the questions: 1. What's the difference between macroeconomics and microeconomics? 2. What questions does macroeconomics examine? 3. What questions does microeconomics examine? 4. What are the factors of production? 5. What is the fuel that drives the economy? 6. What are the natural resources? 7 . What is the price paid for the use of labor called? 8. What is the capital? 9. What is the role of entrepreneurship in production?
VI. Open the brackets using the verbs in the correct Tense and Voice: 1. We (give) a lot of advice by our parents. 2. All the contracts (sign) by the President. 3 You’ll have your copy soon, the contract (type). 4. You can’t use the fax now, it (fix). 5 Lots of people (operate on) in this clinic. And now unfortunately my uncle John (operate) on here. 6. His cousins (fine) for exceeding speed limit yesterday. 7. I drove up to the shop just as it (close), but the owner was kind enough to let me in. 8. They (award) the highest prize. 9. She watched television while dinner (prepare). 10. When I came into the kitchen I smelt something delicious. My favourite cookies (bake) in the oven. 11. You ever (teach) to play chess? 12. I just (advise) to keep to a diet. 13. The sportsmen (give) instructions before the match. 14. The motorist (disqualify) some five months ago. 15. I can’t believe my eyes! My book (publish) already! 16. When he turns up, he (tell) the truth. 17. The new spaceship (launch) in Florida in some days. 18. The delegation (meet) at the airport. 19. No one expected that the flight (delay). 20. We felt happy that the car (repair) the next day.
Вариант 9 What is a Manager? 1. A number of different terms are often used instead of the term “manager”, including “director”, “administrator” and “president”. 2. The term “manager” is used more frequently in profit-making organizations, while the others are used more widely in government and non-profit organizations such as universities, hospitals and social work agencies. 3. So, who do we call a “manager”? 4. In its broad meaning the term “managers” applies to the people who are responsible for making and carrying out decisions within a certain system. 5. A personnel manager directly supervises people in an organization. 6. Financial manager is a person who is responsible for finance. 7. Sales manager is responsible for selling of goods. 8. Almost everything a manager does involves decision – making. 9. When a problem exists a manager has to make a decision to solve it. 10. In decision-making there is always some uncertainty and risk. 11. Management is a variety of specific activities. 12. Management is a function of planning, organizing, coordinating, directing and controlling. 13. Any managerial system, at any managerial level, is characterized in terms of these general functions. 14. Managing is a responsible and hard job. 15. There is a lot to be done and relatively little time to do it. 16. In all types of organizations managerial efficiency depends on manager’s direct personal relationships, hard work on a variety of activities and preference for active tasks. 17. The characteristics of management often vary according to national culture, which can determine how managers are trained, how they lead people and how they approach their jobs. 18. The amount of responsibility of any individual in a company depends on the position that he or she occupies in its hierarchy. 19. Managers, for example, are responsible for leading the people directly under them, who are called subordinates. 20. To do this successfully, they must use their authority, which is the right to take decisions and give orders. 21. Managers often delegate authority. 22. This means that employees at lower levels in the company hierarchy can use their initiative, that is make decisions without asking their manager.
Vocabulary frequently – часто while – в то время как call – называть apply – употреблять decision – решение solve – решать uncertainty – неопределенность variety – разнообразие direct – руководить hard – тяжелая, жесткая relatively – относительно depend – зависеть relationships – отношения according to – согласно subordinate – подчинение successful – успешный authority – власть, полномочия
Exercises II. Find the Russian Equivalents: Different terms; term “manager”; frequently; non- profit; social work agencies; applies; responsible for; financial manager; sales manager; almost everything; solve; uncertainty; variety; function; planning, coordinating, directing and controlling; hard job; relatively little time; depends on; relationship; preference; occupies; hierarchy; subordinate; authority; initiative.
III. Find the English Equivalents: Термин «менеджер», часто, широкий, в то время как, больницы, агентства социальной работы, употреблять, решение, ответственный за, функция, финансовый менеджер, менеджер по продаже, почти все, решать, неопределенность, разнообразие специфической деятельности, руководство и контроль, относительно, отношения, зависит от, занимать, иерархия, низший уровень, подчиненный, власть, успешный, инициатива.
IV. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text: 1. The … … is used more frequently in profit- marking organization. 2. The term “manager” applies to the people who are … … and … out … within a certain system. 3. Financial manager is a person who is … for … . 4. Sales manager is responsible for … of goods. 5. Almost everything a manager does involves … . 6. Management is a … of specific … . 7. Managing is a responsible and … … . 8. Managers often delegate … . 9. This means that employees at lower levels in the company … use their … .
V. Answer the questions: 1. What is manager’s role in an organization? 2. What concrete activities a production manager (financial manager, personnel manager, marketing manager) is responsible for? 3. What is the difference between sales management and marketing management? 4. What means to delegate authority? 5. Does the amount of responsibility of any individual in a company depend on the position that he or she occupies in its hierarchy?
VI. Open the brackets using the verbs in the correct Tense and Voice: 1. Most cameras (make) in Japan. 2. What are you doing here in the hall? –My room (clean). 3. Can you hear footsteps behind? We (follow). 4. This bill often (refer to). 5. He is such a nice chap. Why he so often (laugh at)? 6.The windows look dirty though they (clean) yesterday. 7. Steve and Sue couldn’t play football on the lawn as it (mow).8. I (ask) a lot of questions about my private life.9. Mr. Day couldn’t wear his favourite trousers as they (clean). 10. The computer program was very easy. It (learn) for a couple of hours. 11. I am not going to the party I (not invite). 12. The first baths (build) by the Romans. 13.Where is my bicycle? It’s gone. It (steal). 14.This room looks different. It (paint) since I was last here? 15. Why have you come today? – The date of the meeting (change). 16. Did he tell you if the money (pay) in September? 17 The committee informs that the food (send) to Africa next week. 18. You (give) two hours to make your decision. 19. The young man added that flowers (send) to her every day. 20. We were assured the dog (look after) well. Введение Целью учебного пособия является совершенствование навыков чтения, понимания, анализа и перевода аутентичных англоязычных текстов по деловому английскому языку, снятие лексико-грамматических трудностей при выполнении заданий, ознакомление студентов с принципами делового общения на иностранном языке и с терминологическим аппаратом, необходимым для лучшего усвоения материала и развития навыков устной речи.
В результате освоения дисциплины обучающийся должен:
Вариант 1 I. Read and translate the text. |
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