The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northernn Irland

APPENDIX 1

1. Read and translate the text “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northernn Irland”

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northernn Irland

The United Kingdom (or Great Britain) is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and about five thousand small islands. Their total area is over '44 000 square kilometres. The United Kingdom (UK) is made up of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland (on the island of Great Britain) and Northern Ireland (on the island of Ireland). Their capitals are London, Cardiff, Edinburgh and Belfast respectively. The capital of the UK is London.

The British Isles are separated from the European continent by і he North Sea and the English Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea.

The surface of the British Isles varies very much. The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called the Highlands, while the south, which has beautiful valleys and plains, is called the Lowlands. The north and west of England are mountainous, but all the rest — east, centre, and south-east — is a vast plain. Mountains are not very high. Men Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain (1343 m).

There are a lot of rivers in Great Britain, but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames is the deepest one. The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of Gulf Stream influence on the climate of the British Isles. It is mild the whole year round.

 

Choose the correct answer in the test

1.The highest mountain in Australia is..?

A Mount Cook

B Mount Kosciuszko

C Mount Warning

D Ben Nevis

2. The population of New Zealand is roughly:

A 2 million

B 4 million

C 6 million

D 12 million

3. This city, famous for music, is the capital of Austria

A Venice

B Vienna

C Salzburg

D Paris

4. What's the unit of currency in England called?

A The crown

B The shilling

C The pound

D The dollar

5. What are Canada’s two national sports?

A Ice Hockey, Basketball

B Baseball, Tennis

C Basketball, Lacrosse

D Lacrosse, Ice Hockey

6. How many lakes are there in Canada?

A Unknown

B 500 thousand

C 1 million

D 5 million

7. What are the two major parties in the US?.

A The Republicans and the Democrats.

B The Republics and the Socialists.

C The Democrats and the Socialists.

D The Conservationists and the Democrats.

8. What do Americans celebrate on July 4th?

A Flag Day.

B The Revolution.

C The Discovery of America.

D Independence Day.

9. Great Britain is ...

A an island.

B a peninsula.

C situated on a continent.

D the federation

10. The longest river in Great Britain is ...

A the Thames.

B the Severn.

C the Avon.

D the Danube

11. What kind of state is Great Britain?

A Absolute Monarchy.

B President Republic.

C Parliamentary Monarchy.

D Parliamentary Federation

12. 10 Downing Street is the address of ...

A the Prime Minister of Great Britain.

B the Royal family.

C the Government of Great Britain.

D Sherlock Holms

 

 

APPENDIX 2

1. Read and translate the text “The Climate of Great Britain”

APPENDIX 3

1.Read and translate the text “London is the Capital of Great Britain”

APPENDIX 4

1. Read and translate the text “The Weather in England”

The Weather in England

The weather in England is very changeable. A fine morning can change into a wet afternoon, and a nastymorning can change into a fine afternoon. That is why it is natural for the English to use the comparison "as changeable as the weather" of a person who often changes his mood or opinion about something. "Other countries have a climate; in England we have weather". This statement is often made by the English to describe the meteorological conditions of their country.

The English also say that they have three variants of weather: when it rains in the morning, when it rains in the afternoon or when it rains all day long.

The weather is the favourite conversational topic in England. When two Englishmen meet, their first words will be "How are you?" And after the reply "Very well, thank you; how are you?" the next remark is almost certain to be about the weather. When they go abroad the English often surprise people of other nationalities by this tendency to talk about the weather, a topic of conversation that other people do not find so interesting.

The best time of the year in England is spring (of course, it rains in spring too). The two worst months in Britain are January and February. They are cold, damp and unpleasant. The best place in the world then is at home by the fire.

APPENDIX 5

1.Read and translate the text “Great Britain and Eastern Europe”

APPENDIX 6

1. Read and render the text “Life of Youth in Britain”

Life of Youth in Britain

Young people from all walks of life are united according to their interests by the established youth organizations in Britain. These organizations develop because of the contribution of both full-time and part-time youth workers and a great number of volunteers.

Outdoor pursuits involve anything from pony trekking to rock-climbing or canoeing and help young people go out from the confines of their home or their environment. Such pursuits nourish a spirit of self-relianceand help realize the importance of teamwork under a good leadership. All the major yputh organizations hold outdoor pursuits either by organizing special residential courses or by sending their members to take part in established courses or seminars in other cities and countries.

Local authorities and a number of multipurpose youth organizations provide the place for such activities as canoeing, sailing, rock-climbing, map reading, orienteering and cooking for survival; all of them encourage initiative and self-discipline.

Young people participate in "expedition courses" lasting 8, 12 or 20 days and involving adventurousjourneys by land or sea. There are also "specialist courses" for young people aged 17 and over to become involved in work with such groups as the homeless, the elderly and the disabled.

 

APPENDIX 7

1. Read and render the text “The Problems of Environment in Great Britain”

APPENDIX 8

1. Read and render the text “Holidays in Great Britain”

Holidays in Great Britain

There are fewer public holidays in Great Britain than in other European countries. They are: Christmas Day, Boxing Day, New Year's Day, Good Friday, Easter Monday, May Day, Spring Bank Holiday and Summer Bank Holiday. Public holidays in Britain are called bank holidays, because the banks as well as most of the offices and shops are closed.

The most favourite holiday is Christmas. Every year the people of Norway present the city of London a big Christmas tree and it stands in the Trafalgar Square.

Before Christmas, groups of singers go from house to house. They collect money for charities and singcarols, traditional Christmas songs. Many churches hold a service on the Sunday before Christmas.

The fun starts the night before, on the 24th of December. Traditionally this is the day when people decorate their trees. Children hang stockings at their beds, hoping that Father Christmas will come down thechimney during the night and fill them with toys and sweets.

Christmas is a family holiday. All the family usually meet for the big Christmas dinner of turkey and Christmas pudding. And everyone gives and receives presents. New Year's Day is less favourite in Britain than Christmas. But in Scotland Hogmanay, New Year's Eve is the biggest festival of the year.

Besides public holidays, there are some special festivals in Great Britain. One of them takes place on the 5th of November. On that day, in 1605, Guy Fawkes tried to blow up the Houses of Parliament and kill King James I. He didn't succeed. The King's men found the bomb, took Guy Fawkes to the Tower and cut off his head.

 

 

APPENDIX 9

APPENDIX 10

1. Read and render a professionally oriented text “Outstanding People of Great Britain: Madame Tussaud”

 

APPENDIX 1 1

1.Read and translate the text “Education In Great Britain: Schools”

APPENDIX 12

1.Read and translate the text “Education in Great Britain: Higher Education ”

APPENDIX 13

1.Read and translate the text “Sports in Great Britain”

Sports in Great Britain

The British are known to be great sports-lovers, so when they are neither playing, nor watching games, they like to talk about them. Many of the games we play now have come from Britain.

One of the most British games is cricket. It is often played in schools, colleges, universities, and by club teams all over the country. Summer isn't summer without cricket. To many Englishmen cricket is both a game and the way of life.

But as almost everywhere else in the world, the game, which attracts the greatest attention, is football, orsoccer. There are plenty of professional and amateur soccer clubs all over Britain. International football matches and the Cup Finals take place at Wembley Stadium. Rugby football is also very popular, but it is played mainly by amateurs. Next to football, the chief spectator sport in British life is horse-racing. A lot of people are interested in the races and risk money on the horse, which they think, will win. Derby is perhaps the most famous race-course competition in the whole world.

Britain is also famous for motor-car racing, dog-racing, boat-racing, and even races for donkeys. The famous boat-racing between the teams of Oxford and Cambridge attracts large crowds of people.

The British also like to play golf, baseball, hockey, and grass-hockey. Various kinds of athletics, such as running, jumping, swimming, boxing are also popular. You can sometimes hear that there are no winter sports in England.

 

APPENDIX 14

1ю Read and translate the text “English Meals”

English Meals

The English usually have four meals a day: breakfast, lunch, tea (five o'clock) and dinner. Breakfast can be a full "English breakfast" of corn-flakes with milk and sugar, or bacon and eggs, toast and marmalade, tea or coffee. Some people, however, have just a cup of tea or coffee with a toast or something similar. This is usually called a "continental breakfast".

At midday everything is stopped for lunch. Most offices and small shops are closed for an hour and the city pavements are full of people on their way to cafes, coffee bars, restaurants. Factory and plant workers usually eat in their canteens.

The English like what they call "good plain food". Usually they like steak, roast beef, Yorkshire pudding, and fish and chips.

Afternoon tea is taken at about five o'clock, but it can hardly be called a meal. It is a cup of tea and a cake or biscuits. At the weekends afternoon tea is a special occasion. Friends and visitors are Often invited to have a chat over a cup of tea.

Dinner is the most substantial meal of the whole day. It is usually eaten at seven o'clock. The first coursemay be soup (though the English don't like it very much). The main course will often be fish or meat, perhaps the traditional roast beef of old England, and a lot of vegetables. The next course will be something sweet and often baked, such as a fruit pie. Last of all there may be cheese, often with biscuits.

APPENDIX 1 5

1. Read and translate the text “The USA”

The USA

The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada and China). Itoccupies the southern part of North America and stretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It alsoincludes Alaska in the north and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The total area of the country is about nine and a half million square kilometres. The USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south. It also has a sea border with Russia.

The USA is made up of 50 states and the District of Columbia where the capital of the country, Washington, is situated. The population of the country is about 250 million.

If we look at the map of the USA, we can see lowlands and mountains. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada. The highest peak is Mount McKinley, whichis located in Alaska.

America's largest rivers are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Rio Grande and the Columbia. The Great Lakes on the border with Canada are the largest and deepest in the USA.

The climate of the country varies greatly. The coldest regions are in the north. The climate of Alaska is arctic. The climate of the central part of the country is continental. The south has subtropical climate. Hot winds .blowing from 'the Gulf of Mexico often bring typhoons. The climate along the Pacific coast is much warmer than that of the Atlantic coast.

 

APPENDIX 1 6

1.Read and render the text “Washington, D.C.”

Washington, D.C.

Washington is the capital of the United States of America. It is situated in the District of Columbia and is like no other city of the USA. It's the world's largest one-industry city. And that industry isgovernment.The White House, where the US President lives and works, the Capitol, the home of the US Congress, and the Supreme Court are all in Washington.

Washington was named after the first US President George Washington. He selected the place for the capital and Pierre L'Enfant, a French engineer, designed the city. Washington was settled in 1790 and since 1800 it has been the Federal capital. Washington is one of the most beautiful and unusual cities in the United States. In the very centre of it rises the huge dome of the Capitol — a big white dome standing on a circle of pillars. The 535 members of the Congress meet here to discuss the nation's affairs.It's easy to get lost in this huge building, full of paintings and statues.

Not far from the Capitol is the Library of Congress, the largest library in the States. It contains more than 13 million books and more than 19 million manuscripts, including the personal papers of the US Presidents.

The White House is the official residence of the US President. He works in the Oval Office.

One can hardly find a park, a square or an open area in Washington without a monument or a memorial. The most impressive and the best-known ones are the Lincoln Memorial and the Washington Monument.

 

APPENDIX 1 7

1.Read and render the text “Education”

Education

Education is not mentioned in the Constitution, nor is there any federal department of education, so the matter is left to individual states. Education is free and compulsory in all states, however, from the age of 6 till 16 (or 18).

At 6 years of age children begin the first year of elementary school, which is called grade 1 or first grade (the second year is "grade 2", etc). At elementary school the emphasis is placed on the basic skills (speaking, reading, writing and arithmetic), though the general principle throughout the American school system is that children should be helped and encouraged to develop their own particular interests.

Children move on to high school in the ninth grade, where they continue until the twelfth grade. There are two basic types of high school: one with a more academic curriculum, preparing students for admission to college, and the other offering primarily vocational education (training in a skill or trade). The local school board decides which courses are compulsory. There is great freedom of choice, however, and an important figure in high schools is the guidance counsellor, who advises the students on what courses to take on the basis of their career choices and frequent aptitude and ability tests.

In order to receive the high school diploma necessary in most states to get into college, students must accumulate a minimum number of credits, which are awarded for the successful completion of each one — or half-year course.

 

APPENDIX 1 8

1.Read and render the text “Higher Education”

Higher Education

There are about 3000 colleges and universities, both private and public, in the United States. They are all independent, offering their own choice of studies, setting their own admission standards and deciding which students meet those standards. The greater the prestige of the university, the higher the creditsand grades required.

The terms "college" and "university" are often used interchangeably, as "college" is used to refer to all undergraduate education and the four-year undergraduate programme, leading to a bachelor'sdegree,can be followed at either college or university. Universities tend to be larger than colleges and also have graduate schools where students can receive postgraduate education. Advanced or graduate university degrees include law and medicine.

During the first two years students usually follow general courses in the arts or sciences and then choose a major (the subject or area of studies in which they concentrate — the other subjects are called minors). Credits (with grades) are awarded for the successful completion of each course. These credits are often transferable, so

students who have not done well in high school can choose a junior college (or community college), which offers a two-year "transfer" programme, preparing students for degree-granting institutions. Community colleges also offer two-year courses of a vocational nature, leading to technical and semi-professional occupations, such as journalism.

 

 

APPENDIX 1 9

The Newspapers of The USA

In the USA daily newspapers are published in 34 different languages. The daily newspapers are of two kinds: quality and popular. A quality paper is a serious newspaper, which publishes articles and commentaries on politics. A popular paper contains many photographs; its articles are often sensational and mostly deal with private life of famous people.

The "Wall Street Journal" is a quality paper. It covers national and international news. It is a business newspaper with the largest circulation in the country. The "Washington Post", a serious daily newspaper, covers the meetings of the Congress. The "US Today" has a circulation of 1,2 million. It was meant to be the only truly national newspaper. But its circulation is not enough for the country where state, city and local news most deeply affect the reader.

One can say that there is no national paper in the USA. Most papers are distributed locally. But in another sense there is a national press in the USA. Some of the largest newspapers not only print, but also collect and sell news, news features and photographs. The "New York Times", the "Washington Post", the "Los Angeles Times" are

the best news services in the country. There are, also newspapers in the USA, which are famous all over the world for their quality. The "New York Times" is "the world's top daily".

 

APPENDIX 2 0

1.Read and render a professionally oriented text “American Food”

 

American Food

Americans have a wider assortment of foods to choose from than consumers in any other country. Meats, fish, fruit, vegetables, nuts, cereals from various parts of the nation are available throughout the country during any season of the year. Frequently, the problem for the consumer is not the lack of variety of brands of food, but rather too wide assortment from which one must choose. In addition, the consumer can choose from foods that are fresh, frozen, canned and cooked or uncooked. Currently, virtually all food stores have available a wide array of frozen foods especially prepared to be heated or cooked in a microwave oven.

The microwave oven has revolutionized the home preparation of meals. It, along with the supermarket, where virtually any kind of

foods are available, make the preparation of food the most time-efficient in the world. A family can make only one trip a week to the supermarket to purchase its food needs for an entire week. Americans have access to computer-based shopping enabling them to make their buying decisions at home and picking up their purchases at the store or having them delivered to their homes.

Since the 1950s fast-food and take-away restaurants have had a phenomenal proliferation, first in the US, and more recently throughout the world. The first fast-food chains like McDonalds, Burger King, Arby's and Wendy's which offer sandwiches, hamburgers, French-fried potatoes, hot dogs, pizzas, pancakes, chili and fried chicken, have been joined by other chains some of which offer Mexican, Chinese and other ethnic foods.

APPENDIX 21

1.Read and translate the text “New Zealand Way of Life”

New Zealand Way of Life

New Zealand have a high standard of living. New Zealanders eat more butter and meat per person than do the people of any other country. The government's medical program provides excellent health care. About 70% of New

Zealand people own their houses. Almost every family has a car.

Most New Zealanders live in singlefamily houses with a small vegetable gardens. In the larger cities, some people live in highrise apartment buildings. Almost in every New Zealand home there are refrigerators, wash mashines, and other modern electrical appliances. But air conditioning and central heating are rare because the weather rarely becomes extremely hot or extremely cold. In summer, New Zealanders prefer to keep windows open. In winter, fireplaces or electric heater keep the homes warm.

Although about fourfifths of New Zealand's population live in urban areas, cities are uncrowded. Traffic jams seldom occur, even in downtown areas. Large cities have excellent restaurants, milk bars, theatres, concert halls, and other places of entertainment. City life in New Zealand tends to be rather quiet. However it is changing in larger cities, where international tourism is developing rapidly.

Near a fifth of New Zealand's people live in rural areas — in some of them, small settlements are linked by good roads. But in other areas, rancher's nearest neighbours may live kilometers away. Some ranchers live almost in isolation. Nevertheless, most farms and ranches have electricity. Many farm families run their farms with little or no hired help.

 

APPENDIX 22

1.Read and translate the text “Australia. Geographical Position ”

APPENDIX 2 3

1.Read and translate the text “Sydney”

Sydney

Sydney, say the "Sydneysiders", is the most beautiful city on earth. You can't believe everything they say, but it's hard to disagree. Sydney lies in beautiful hills beside one of the best harbours in the world near 60 kilometres of wonderful beaches. It has a perfect Mediterranean climate, fresh sea air and exciting people from all over the world. In fact, a quarter of Sydney's population weren't even born in Australia.

Sydney is Australia's oldest city. Captain Cook stopped near here at Botany Bay in 1770. The first Europeans who came to Australia put up their tents at Sydney Cove. Soon the first houses were built, and in only 200 years the city turned into a megapolis for 3,5 million people.

Sydney is the most modern place in Australia. Its buildings are the highest, its fashions are the newest and its colours are the brightest. A lot of Australia's exciting cultural life is found in Sydney. Artists, writers, opera singers and film makers all live here. So some people call the city "the Paris of the Pacific". But that doesn't seem quite right. Paris hasn't got all that sea, sand, sun and surf.

Sydneysiders, as well as many visitors to Australia, come to Bondi Beach to relax and take a rest. Some of them really relax. Others are too busy — they're jogging, swimming or riding the great waves on their surfboards.

Paddington is an area of beautiful houses one hundred years old near the centre of Sydney.

 

APPENDIX 2 4

1.Read and translate the text “ Canada ”

Canada

Canada is situated on the north of Northern America, washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west, and the Arctic Ocean in the north and in the northeast by the Baffin Bay and the Davis Strait, which separate it from Greenland, In the south and in the north Canada borders on the USA. It is a land of vast distances and rich natural resources. Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867 while retaining ties to the British crown. Canada's territory is the world's second largest country, surpassed in size only by Russia. It includes many islands, notably the Canadian Arctic Islands, also called Arctic Archipelago in the Arctic Ocean. Economically and technologically the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbour to the south. The total area is about 10 million sq km. Canada is slightly larger than the US. It is an important manufacturer, and its major cities, such as Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Edmonton, Calgary and Winnipeg are centres of commerce and industry.

The climate of Canada varies from temperate in the south to subarctic and arctic in the north. The highest Canadian point is Mount Logan 5,959 m. The population of Canada is about 32 million people. There are two state languages: English and French. English is spoken by 60 % of population; French is spoken by 23 % of people.

APPENDIX 2 5

1.Read and translate the text “The Ukrainian Diaspora in Canada”

APPENDIX 2 6

1.Read and render the text “Australian Cities and Towns”

Australian Cities and Towns

The capital of Australia, Canberra, is a young and comparatively small city. It was founded in the 20th century and now has a population of about 260 000 people. The centre of Canberra is a small hill. Several streets run from that hill. Special charm is given to Canberra by an artificial lake in the centre of the city.

A fountain more than 100 metres high is in the western part of the lake. At night powerful lights illuminate the water. It is the Captain Cook Fountain, one of the main places of interest in Canberra. Another one is a memorial military museum.

The building of the Australian Academy of Sciences is quite unusual in form — it is like a huge overturned bowl. Melbourne is the second largest city in Australia. It was the capital of the country till 1927 and now is the centre of Australian business world.

It is also one of the largest ports in the country. Melbourne is a beautiful city with numerous skyscrapers, straight boulevards and large parks and gardens. One of Melbourne’s places of interest is the house of Captain Cook, the famous British navigator.

Sydney is Australia’s largest and oldest city. It was the first British settlement. Sydney has the oldest in the country botanical gardens and the Zoo. One of the main places of interest of the city is the famous bridge over the Bay of Port Jackson. Another one is the Opera House, which resembles large white shells in form. It is surrounded by the sea on three sides. Sydney is the city of three universities.

 

APPENDIX 2 7

Read and render the text “Sport in Australia”

Sport in Australia

A lot of Australians think you shouldn't worry too much about life.

But some things in life are really important, and to many Australian men, one of these things is sport. It's something they don't joke about. Sport matters. In pubs, clubs and even at work you'll often find men who can talk about only one thing — sport.

Australians are lucky. They have a perfect climate, and an endless amount of land. They have wonderful waves for surfers on their beaches. They also have a strong wish to win. Put these together and you get a lot of good sportsmen and women. In fact, Australia has a very high number of world champions, in all kinds of sports, for a country of only 16 million people.

Around the country you'll find plenty of opportunities for golf, squash, tennis, trail riding (horse or motorcycle), fishing and so on. Surfing is almost a religion for many Australians who follow the waves around the country and there are a number of important surfing contests.

You'll find football of assorted types including the unique Australian Rules Football. Then there's motor racing and motorcycle racing, horse racing, yacht racing, cricket matches and lots more.

The best thing, of course, is to play sport yourself. But if you can't, or you don't want to, then you can watch other people doing it. Every year, more than 100,000 people go to the final of Australian Rules Football. Crowds of more than 90,000 watch the big cricket matches against India, Pakistan, New Zealand and England

 

APPENDIX 2 8

1.Read and render the text “Paris”

Paris

Paris is the capital of France and the country's largest city. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France. The city of Paris has an estimated population of 2,167,994 but Paris as the metropolitan area has a population of over 11 million and is one of the most populated metropolitan areas in Europe.

Today Paris is one of the world's leading business and cultural centres, and its influence in politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science and the arts contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities.

Paris is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world, with 45 million tourists every year, 60% of whom are foreign visitors. There are numerous iconic landmarks among its many attractions, along with world-famous institutions and popular parks.

From the eleventh century Paris has been a popular destination for traders, students and religious pilgrims, but its tourist industry began on a large scale only with the 19th-century appearance of rail travel, namely from the state's organisation of France rail network, with Paris as its centre, from 1848.

Paris is a major holiday destination in the world, offering the endless choice of

tourist attractions. It always can offer something for everyone and you just need an

experienced tour guide to show you this magic fairytale. One of the four global cities of the world, Paris is world-renowned for its unique cosmopolitan culture and rich architectural heritage. The major tourist attractions in the capital are its world-famous museums, art galleries, theaters and operas, shopping avenues and amazing architectural and recreational attractions. Paris museums and monuments are among its highest-esteemed ones.

 

 

APPENDIX 2 9

1.Read and render the text “Berlin”.

Berlin

Berlin, the capital of a reunified Germany and one of the European best cities, seems to have started its march to glory and unparalleled development. It is one of the congregation points of most European cultures, politics and science.

Tourism is booming in Berlin. It is currently ranked as the 8th most visited city worldwide. With a wave of new construction coupled with Berlin historical charm, the city is being restored. Tourists pour in to have a mix taste of the old and the new. Concentration of a large number of tourist attractions that includes museums, theatres, operas, recreation spots, and lively nightlife pulls domestic and international tourists. Sports lovers and movie lovers keep thronging Berlin as it hosts a large number of national and international sporting events and film festivals. Summer months, starting from May till the end of October, witness a large number of visitors.

Sightseeing in Berlin is amazing for anybody and everybody around. The Berlin Wall is still a magnificent thing to watch out. The Parliament building, Reichstag, located north of Brandenburg gate is the architectural building of Berlin as well.

Sightseeing in Berlin is not complete without visiting the Jewish museum which represents the Jewish culture. The Berlin Wall Museum represents the history of the Berlin Wall. The Pergamon museum demonstrates the rich culture of Berlin with fantastic arts and crafts. The Atles Museum is famous for its architectural collections.

 

APPENDIX 30

1.Read and render a professionally oriented text “Rome”

 

Rome

No other city in the world equals the history of the Eternal City. Founded more than 2700 years ago, the city of Rome reigned as the Caput Mundi, or Capital of the World. It was the centre of the Roman Empire, which dominated Europe, North Africa and the Middle East for over four hundred years from the 1st century BC until the 4th century AD. Rome has a significant place in Christianity and is the present day home of the Roman Catholic Church and the site of the Vatican City, an independent city-state run by the Catholic Church. As one of the few major European cities that escaped World War II relatively unscathed, central Rome remains essentially Renaissance and Baroque in character. Rome is the third most-visited tourist destination in the European Union, and its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

Monumental buildings like the Colosseum and the Pantheon are reminiscent of the era when emperors like Nero, Trajan and Hadrian ruled the Roman Empire. The Colosseum is probably the most impressive building. Originally known as the Flavian Amphitheater, it was the largest building of the era. The monumental structure has fallen into ruins, but even today it is an imposing and beautiful sight. Emperor Vespasian started the construction of the Colosseum in 72 AD. It was completed in 80 AD, the year after Vespasian's death. The huge amphitheater was built on the site of an artificial lake, part of Nero's huge park in the center of Rome which also included the Golden House (Domus Aurea) and the nearby Colossus statue.

APPENDIX 1

1. Read and translate the text “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northernn Irland”

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northernn Irland

The United Kingdom (or Great Britain) is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and about five thousand small islands. Their total area is over '44 000 square kilometres. The United Kingdom (UK) is made up of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland (on the island of Great Britain) and Northern Ireland (on the island of Ireland). Their capitals are London, Cardiff, Edinburgh and Belfast respectively. The capital of the UK is London.

The British Isles are separated from the European continent by і he North Sea and the English Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea.

The surface of the British Isles varies very much. The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called the Highlands, while the south, which has beautiful valleys and plains, is called the Lowlands. The north and west of England are mountainous, but all the rest — east, centre, and south-east — is a vast plain. Mountains are not very high. Men Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain (1343 m).

There are a lot of rivers in Great Britain, but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames is the deepest one. The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of Gulf Stream influence on the climate of the British Isles. It is mild the whole year round.

 

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