EVOLUTION OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

NORTH KAZAKHSTAN

STATE UNIVERSITY

 

Essay on topic

EVOLUTION OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

 

Prepared by student:Orinbasar M.K

Faculty:FESN

Group:TPP-17k

The supervisor:Kalinichenko.S.A

 

 

Petropavlovsk

2018

EVOLUTION OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

Computer software is roughly divided into two main categories - application software and operating system software. Applications are programs used by people to carry out various tasks, such as writing a letter, creating a financial spreadsheet, or querying a customer database. Operating systems, on the other hand, manage the computer system on which these applications run. Without an operating system, it would be impossible to run any of the application software we use every day, or even to boot up the computer. The early computers of the late 1940s had no operating system. Human operators scheduled jobs for execution and supervised the use of the computer’s resources. Because these early computers were very expensive, the main purpose of an operating system in these early days was to make the hardware as efficient as possible. Now, computer hardware is relatively cheap by comparison with the cost of the personnel required to operate it, so the purpose of the operating system has evolved to encompass the task of making the user as efficient as possible.

An operating system functions in much the same way as other software. It is a collection of programs that are loaded into memory and executed by the processor. When the computer is powered down it exists only as a collection of files on a disk drive. The main difference is that, once it is running, it has a large measure of control over both the processor itself and other system resources. In fact, the operating system only relinquishes control to allow other programs to execute. An application program is frequently given control of the processors for short periods of time in order to carry out its allotted task, but control always reverts to the operating system, which can then either use the processor itself or allocate it to another program.

The operating system, then, controls the operation of the computer. This includes determining which programs may use the processor at any given time, managing system resources such as working memory and secondary storage, and controlling access to input and output devices. In addition to controlling the system itself, the operating must provide an interface between the system and the user which allows the user to interact with the system in an optimal manner. Increasingly these days, the operating system provides sophisticated networking functionality, and is expected to be compatible with a growing range of communication devices and other peripherals. In recent years, the implementation of an application programming interface (API) has been a feature of most operating systems, making the process of writing application programs for those operating systems much easier, and creating a standardised application environment.

Windows 1.0

Working on MS-DOS was a little bit tough for the users because it dealt with playing with various commands. Taking this into consideration, Microsoft announced its first edition of Windows on 1983. Microsoft released the first version (Windows 1.0) on 2nd November 1985. Now, instead of seeing the boring black screen, the user can just move a mouse to point and manage clicks through the screen. Drop-down menus, icons and dialog boxes made the programs easier to learn and use. You’re now able to modify among many programs while not having to quit and restart all.

You might be wondering about the features...

MS‑DOS file management, Paint, Notepad, Calculator, and a Calendar, these features were a part of the introductory Operating System. A game called “Reversi” was also a included in the first edition.

Trivia: MS‑DOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System.

Windows 2.0

On December 9, 1987, Microsoft released the second version of Windows, the Windows 2.0. With the improved speed, reliability and usability, computers now started becoming a part of daily life for some workers. Desktop icons and use of keyboard shortcuts helped to speed up the work.

Trivia: Control Panel makes its first appearance in Windows 2.0.

Windows ME

ME here stands for Millennium Edition. This edition of Windows was rushed into the market on September 2000. It had features like Internet Explorer 5.5, Windows Media Player 7, and the new Windows Movie Maker software, which provided basic video editing and was designed to be easy to use. Compared with alternative releases of Windows, Windows ME had a shelf-life of simply over a year.

Windows ME was often criticized for being buggy, slow and unstable. Windows ME, along with Windows 2000, were soon replaced by the NT-based Windows XP.

Windows 8.1

Here’s why…

The vision of Windows 8 to provide powerful apps and cloud connectivity let the upgrade to Windows 8.1. Changes in user interface and desktop, online services and functionality, security and hardware compatibility etc are improvements to name a few. In addition, some very interesting apps were also shipped in Windows8.1, some of them are, Bing Smart Search so you can find what you’re looking for across the PC or the web, Bing Food & Drink, Bing Health & Fitness, and great utility apps like Reading List, Calculator, and Alarms.

Windows 8.1 Operating System the following editions:

· Windows RT 8.1

· Windows 8.1 Edition

· Windows 8.1 Pro Edition

· Windows 8.1 Enterprise Edition

Windows 10

The recent addition to the windows family is Windows 10. It was introduced to the world on 29 July 2015. A number of new features like Cortana, the Microsoft Edge, The Start menu, Windowed Windows Store apps, Virtual desktops/Task View, Action Center, Revamped core apps, The Xbox app, Continuum, Unified settings etc made their existence in this latest edition. Microsoft Edge is the new Web browser of Windows 10 which is specially designed to be a lightweight web browser. Till date, Microsoft has released numerous versions of Windows 10. If you are a genuine Windows 10 holder then you can upgrade Windows 10 for free.

Sources:

1. http://techtrickle.com/history-of-windous

2. http://www.bestreferat.ru/referat-140706.html

3. http://studentpmr.ru/?p=27

4. http://www.spinfold.com/evolution-of-windows-os/

NORTH KAZAKHSTAN

STATE UNIVERSITY

 

Essay on topic

EVOLUTION OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

 

Prepared by student:Orinbasar M.K

Faculty:FESN

Group:TPP-17k

The supervisor:Kalinichenko.S.A

 

 

Petropavlovsk

2018

EVOLUTION OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

Computer software is roughly divided into two main categories - application software and operating system software. Applications are programs used by people to carry out various tasks, such as writing a letter, creating a financial spreadsheet, or querying a customer database. Operating systems, on the other hand, manage the computer system on which these applications run. Without an operating system, it would be impossible to run any of the application software we use every day, or even to boot up the computer. The early computers of the late 1940s had no operating system. Human operators scheduled jobs for execution and supervised the use of the computer’s resources. Because these early computers were very expensive, the main purpose of an operating system in these early days was to make the hardware as efficient as possible. Now, computer hardware is relatively cheap by comparison with the cost of the personnel required to operate it, so the purpose of the operating system has evolved to encompass the task of making the user as efficient as possible.

An operating system functions in much the same way as other software. It is a collection of programs that are loaded into memory and executed by the processor. When the computer is powered down it exists only as a collection of files on a disk drive. The main difference is that, once it is running, it has a large measure of control over both the processor itself and other system resources. In fact, the operating system only relinquishes control to allow other programs to execute. An application program is frequently given control of the processors for short periods of time in order to carry out its allotted task, but control always reverts to the operating system, which can then either use the processor itself or allocate it to another program.

The operating system, then, controls the operation of the computer. This includes determining which programs may use the processor at any given time, managing system resources such as working memory and secondary storage, and controlling access to input and output devices. In addition to controlling the system itself, the operating must provide an interface between the system and the user which allows the user to interact with the system in an optimal manner. Increasingly these days, the operating system provides sophisticated networking functionality, and is expected to be compatible with a growing range of communication devices and other peripherals. In recent years, the implementation of an application programming interface (API) has been a feature of most operating systems, making the process of writing application programs for those operating systems much easier, and creating a standardised application environment.

Windows 1.0

Working on MS-DOS was a little bit tough for the users because it dealt with playing with various commands. Taking this into consideration, Microsoft announced its first edition of Windows on 1983. Microsoft released the first version (Windows 1.0) on 2nd November 1985. Now, instead of seeing the boring black screen, the user can just move a mouse to point and manage clicks through the screen. Drop-down menus, icons and dialog boxes made the programs easier to learn and use. You’re now able to modify among many programs while not having to quit and restart all.

You might be wondering about the features...

MS‑DOS file management, Paint, Notepad, Calculator, and a Calendar, these features were a part of the introductory Operating System. A game called “Reversi” was also a included in the first edition.

Trivia: MS‑DOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System.

Windows 2.0

On December 9, 1987, Microsoft released the second version of Windows, the Windows 2.0. With the improved speed, reliability and usability, computers now started becoming a part of daily life for some workers. Desktop icons and use of keyboard shortcuts helped to speed up the work.

Trivia: Control Panel makes its first appearance in Windows 2.0.

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