Park yesterday. Where is the money? — It is on the table.

You may take it.

So syntactically you and it may be both subject and object. Note that when you functions as object it may be either direct or indirect while it is generally the direct object except for the cases when it is referred to the word baby. For example: / saw you yesterday, (direct) / gave you a book, (indirect) / looked for the book but couldn't

see it. When I find it I'll give it to you. (direct) How is the baby? I gave it the medicine, (indirect)

The category of Gender of personal pronouns is expressed by the opposition of the pronouns of the third person singular he (masculine gender), she (feminine gender) and it (neuter gender). These pronouns help to distinguish the gender of nouns: male beings (man, sun, lord, actor) are referred to as he, female beings (woman, daughter, lady, actress) are referred to as she, and inanimate things (pen, book, house, tree) are referred to as it. In the case of nouns denoting human beings of either sex like friend, teacher, doctor, etc. the personal pronouns of the third person are used to specify their gender. (See 1.3.6.}

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns have the same grammatical categories as personal pronouns, i.e. Person, Number and Gender. Besides, possessive pronouns have double grammatical forms, namely the conjoint form — my — our (the first person: singular and plural), your (the second person), his, her, its, their (the third person singular: masculine, feminine, neuter gender, plural) and the absolute form — mine, ours (the first person: singular and plural), yours (the second person), his, hers, theirs (the third person singular: masculine, feminine, plural). The difference between the two is determined by the syntactic functions they perform. The conjoint forms are always used attributively while the absolute forms may occur as both subject or part of predicate. Compare: Your

room is at the end of the passage, (attribute) — This is our room, and yours is at the end of the passage, (subject) This room is yours, (predicative) His coat is very expensive. (attribute) — Which coat is John's? Is this one his? (predicative) His is hanging on the hook, (subject)

The conjoint forms of possessive pronouns may be used in postposition to nouns and perform an attributive function. For example: a friend of mine/yours/his/hers/ ours/theirs, a(n) suggestion/idea of yours/his/hers/theirs.

From the above examples follows that possessive pronouns may be used in place of both nouns and adjectives.

Reflexive pronouns

Reflexive pronouns have the categories of Person, Number and in the third person singular the category of Gender. They are: myself— ourselves (the first person — singular and plural), yourself — yourselves, (the second person — singular and plural), himself, herself, itself — themselves (the third person — singular: masculine, feminine and neuter gender, plural).

Reflexive pronouns are noun-substitutes and in the sentence usually function as objects. They are used when the subject and the object are the same. For example: He cut himself while he was shaving. The party was great. We enjoyed ourselves, (direct object) / don't want you pay for me. I'll pay for myself. The old lady sat in a corner talking to herself. He is pleased with himself, (indirect object)

The reflexive pronouns are not normally used after the verbs feel, relax, concentrate, meet, shave, wash, dress: I feel fine now. Sit down and relax. I cut myself when I was shaving. Stop talking! I can't concentrate. The child­ren washed and then went to bed.

Sometimes reflexive pronouns are used to emphasize the doer (or agent) of action and thus function as either subject or object: My husband and myself are both tea­chers. I'll do it myself, if you won't. I myself wrote it. They built the house themselves, (subject) / want to speak to the director himself, (object)

Besides, reflexive pronouns may be predicatives, at­tributes and adverbial modifiers. For example: She was ill yesterday, but she is more herself today, (predicative) She was anxious to keep away from the subject of herself. (attribute) / like living by myself. Did you go on holiday by. yourself? (adverbial modifier)

Oneself is a reflexive form of the pronoun one (see 4.10.). One can't enjoy oneself if one is too tired.

Reciprocal pronouns

Reciprocal pronouns are the group pronouns each other and one another which are normally interchange­able. They show that each of two or more does something to the other(s) thus expressing mutual action or relation. For example: The students in the class told each other about their own countries. They haven't seen one another for years.

Reciprocal pronouns being noun-substitutes have the category of Case which is constituted by the opposition of

the Common case and Possessive case. The Common case of reciprocal pronouns is used as object while the Possessive case is used attributively. Compare: They looked at each other. They hit one another, (object) — They held each other's hands. They often stay at one another's houses, (attribute)

Reciprocal pronouns are never used as subject.

Demonstrative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns this (these), that (those), same, such point out the person or thing that is meant and separate it from others.

The demonstrative pronouns this and that have two number forms: this — these, that — those. This/these indi­cate the one or more people or things that is nearer in time, space or thought while that/those refer to the one or more people or things that are further away in time, space, thought, etc. Compare: I'm surprised you like that picture; I prefer this one. You look in this box and I'll look in that one. You check these figures and I'll check

those ones.

This/these and that/those are used instead of adjec­tives and may function as subjects, predicatives, objects and attributes. For example: This has been the best year in the company's history, (subject) Who was that I saw you with last night? (predicative) Who told you that? The cost of the air fare is higher than that of the rail fare, (object) Wait until you've heard this story, (attribute)

The pronoun such is both noun- and adjective-sub­stitute used as subject, predicative, and attribute: We pre-

dieted their victory and such was the result, (subject) The force of the explosion was such that it blew out all the win­dows, (predicative) Such people as him shouldn't be allowed in here, (attribute)

The pronoun same usually performs the attributive function though it may be used as subject, predicative, object and adverbial modifier. It is always used with the definite article. For example: You've made the same mis-take as last time. My father sits in the same chair every evening, (attribute) You are wrong.— The same can be said about you. (subject) These programmes are too much the same. They may look the same, but they really quite different, (predicative) They always say the same, (object) They feel the same about this question as I do. These two words are pronounced differently but they are spelt the same, (adverbial modifier)

Interrogative pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are used to form special questions. They are: who, whose, what, which.

Who is a noun-substitute, whose is always used instead of adjectives, what and which may function as both noun- and adjective-substitutes

The interrogative pronoun who has the category of Case which is constituted by the two categorial forms: the Nominative case — who and the Objective case — whom Who can be used in the function of both subject and object. For example: Who is that woman over there? Who did you stay with? (subject) Whom did you see? (object)

Connective pronouns

Connective pronouns such as who, whose, which, what, that are used to connect a relative clause to the rest of the sentence thus performing a syncategorematic function. Besides, they have a syntactic function of their own — that of subject, object, attribute, etc. in the clause they introduce. For example: A postman is a man who/ that delivers letters, (subject) This is the man whose house was burned down, (attribute) This is the book that/which I told you about, (object)

Depending on the type of a clause they are linked to connectives are divided into relative — who, whose, which and that, and conjunctive pronouns — who, what, which.

Relative pronouns

Relative pronouns introduce attributive clauses: who,

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