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Prevention and Measures for Control of Epidermophytosis and Rubromycosis



The principal conditions for the organization of effective preventive measures are recording of the morbidity (among the various population groups, at various enterprises, etc.), its analysis, and active detection and timely treatment of all sick individuals, including those with the subclinical form of the disease. The staff of public baths, showers, and swimming pools as well as athletes participating in water sports are subject to particularly careful control.

The measures of collective prevention at an enterprise are determined by the type of the works. In coal-mining and mining industries, for instance, measures are applied to reduce dust and the increased humidity, in metallurgical and textile industries overheating of the body is controlled, etc. All wooden gratings at public baths and showers (the most common places of infection) should be covered with oil-paints or replaced by rubber mats (without seams). Wash-basins, wash-tubs, floors, benches, and floorings in public baths, showers, and swimming pools should be disinfected daily with 3 per cent clarified calcium hypochlorite solution, 5 per cent chloramine or lysol solution. Bathing sandals, individual rubber footwear or bathing shoes are recommended for wearing when taking showers at industrial enterprises. Bathing shoes may also be worn in public baths, showers, and swimming pools. For the prevention of foot mycosis some authors recommended formaldehyde foot baths (taken under the control of medical personnel) or 'water mats' for use on coming out of the public bath or shower room. The footwear of sick individuals as well as sports shoes and sports boots shared in common are disinfected in a formalin-vapour chamber. Sponges and wash-cloths are disinfected by boiling for 10 minutes.

Trichophytoses

The group of trichophytoses includes three forms of the disease: superficial, chronic, and infiltrative-suppurative, or zoophilic trichophytosis. In each of these forms only the scalp, or the smooth skin, or (less frequently) the nail plates may be involved. Some patients have combined lesions, e.g. affection of the scalp and smooth skin, affection of the scalp, the smooth skin, and the nail plates, etc.

Etiology. Superficial and chronic forms of trichophytosis are caused by the same causative agents, which are called anthropophilic fungi. They are characterized by the fact that they parasitize only on human skin and its appendages, in involvement of the hairs they are localized within the hair shaft ( Trichophyton endothrix ), and cause mild inflammatory changes of the skin. This group of fungi includes T. violaceum and T. tonsurans (crateriforme). Infiltrative-suppurative, or zoophilic, trichophytosis is caused by zooanthropophilic fungi. They are characterized by the possible occurrence both in animals (mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, cows, calves, horses, etc.) and in humans. In affection of the hairs, these fungi are found on the surface of the hair shaft ( T. ectothrix ) and produce an inflammatory reaction on the skin, ranging in intensity from mild to violent with involvement of the subcutaneous fat in the process. This group of fungi includes T'. mentagrophytes (a variant of T. gypseum ) and T. verrucosum (faviforme). When the species of the causative agent in the given patient is known, adequate therapy will be applied and the epidemiological measures will be scientifically substantiated.

Epidemiology. Infection with anthropophilic fungi occurs from direct contact with a sick individual or through articles of everyday use (combs, hats, scarfs, hair-clippers, etc.) and objects (toys, pillow-cases, etc.) contaminated with fungi. Children acquire superficial trichophytosis from other children who have this form of the disease or from adults (mother, grandmother, and others) with chronic trichophytosis of adults. Infection with zooanthropophilic fungi is transmitted by persons sick with the corresponding disease, through contaminated articles or from animals suffering from trichophytosis (calves, horses, etc.), and through scales and hairs left by animals, e.g. on hay, straw, and other objects.


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